余韜 魏鳳香,2★ 溫麗娟
冬凌草甲素抑制胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞增殖誘導(dǎo)DNA損傷相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的實驗研究
余韜1魏鳳香1,2★溫麗娟1
目的探索冬凌草甲素對胃癌細(xì)胞增殖及DNA損傷相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的影響。方法MTT法檢測冬凌草甲素對胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖活性的影響;Westernblot檢測H2AX、γH2AX、ATM、phospho?ATM、phospho?P53、P53、phospho?CHK2等DNA損傷相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的變化;免疫熒光檢測冬凌草甲素對phospho?ATM和γ?H2AX焦點形成的影響。結(jié)果MTT結(jié)果顯示冬凌草甲素能夠抑制胃癌細(xì)胞增殖,具有劑量依賴關(guān)系;Western blot結(jié)果顯示γH2AX、phospho?ATM、phospho?P53、P53、phospho?CHK2蛋白水平呈劑量依賴性增高;免疫熒光結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)phospho?ATM、γH2AX焦點隨著藥物濃度增大而增多。結(jié)論冬凌草甲素可以抑制胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)DNA損傷及相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá),且具有劑量依賴性,但DNA損傷信號通路詳細(xì)機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
冬凌草甲素;DNA損傷;γH2AX;phospho?ATM
胃癌是我國常見惡性腫瘤之一,在我國各種消化道惡性腫瘤中發(fā)病率居首位[1],且進(jìn)展快、生存期短、預(yù)后較差。然而,目前治療效果仍然不理想,幾乎沒有取得整體生存效率的提高。因此,尋求最有效的治療方法是非常必要的。冬凌草甲素是一種二萜類化合物,能夠抑制多種細(xì)胞增殖和誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,研究表明冬凌草甲素能對乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、食管癌、肝癌、宮頸癌細(xì)胞等多種腫瘤[2?8]細(xì)胞有抑制或殺傷作用,但冬凌草甲素對細(xì)胞的生長抑制作用方式尚不清楚。DNA損傷修復(fù)受共濟(jì)失調(diào)毛細(xì)血管突變基因(ataxia?telangiectasia mutated,ATM)調(diào)控,ATM還能磷酸化其底物p53和細(xì)胞周期檢測點激酶2(Checkpoint kinase 2,CHK2)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期發(fā)生阻滯[9?10]。在本項研究中,以胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞為研究對象,對冬凌草甲素在胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞中DNA損傷的影響和可能的機(jī)制進(jìn)行了分析。
1.1 試劑
胃癌細(xì)胞SGC?7901由佳木斯大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院提供;冬凌草甲素(純度為98%)、四甲基偶氮唑鹽(thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide,MTT)、二甲基亞砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)購自美國sigma公司;RPMI?1640培養(yǎng)基來自美國Thermo公司;胎牛血清購自中國杭州四季青公司;兔抗人H2AX和γH2AX、鼠抗人ATM和phospho?ATM(S1981)均購于美國Cell Signaling公司;RNase和碘化丙啶(propidine iodide,PI)溶液均購于美國Sigma公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 四氮噻唑藍(lán)(MTT)法分析細(xì)胞增殖
常規(guī)胰酶消化細(xì)胞,取對數(shù)期胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞接種于96孔板中,混勻后于5%二氧化碳、37° C培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),24 h后,用不同濃度冬凌草甲素(10、20、30、40、50 μmol/L)處理細(xì)胞,同時設(shè)置對照組(細(xì)胞、培養(yǎng)基、0.05%DMSO,不加藥物),空白組(沒有細(xì)胞,加培養(yǎng)基、DMSO),每組設(shè)6個復(fù)孔,常規(guī)培養(yǎng)24 h后,每孔加入5 mg/mL MTT 100 μL,4 h后,吸棄各孔液體,每孔加入DMSO 140 μL,于微孔板快速振蕩器震蕩10 min。于酶標(biāo)儀570 nm檢測細(xì)胞吸光度(OD值),確定藥物對細(xì)胞生長的抑制率。細(xì)胞抑制率(%)=(A對照組?A實驗組)/(A對照組?A空白組)×100%。
1.2.2 Western blot檢測相關(guān)蛋白
不同濃度的冬凌草甲素(0、10、20、40 μmol/L)處理細(xì)胞24 h后,取出6孔板置于冰上,吸棄培養(yǎng)液,冰PBS處理2次,加入細(xì)胞裂解液,在冰上裂解30 min后,收集蛋白于EP管后,利用考馬斯亮藍(lán)法(波長595 nm)測定蛋白濃度,然后進(jìn)行聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,凝膠電泳后,進(jìn)行免疫印跡,將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移醋酸纖維膜(NC)上,浸沒于5%牛血清白蛋白液封閉1 h,然后用一抗,4℃孵育過夜。一抗孵育完成后,TBST洗膜4次,每次10 min;二抗室溫下孵育1 h,孵育完后用PBST洗膜4次,每次10 min。然后用ECL發(fā)光液顯色曝光,β?actin作為內(nèi)參蛋白。
1.2.3 免疫熒光檢測γ?H2AX、phospho?ATM焦點
調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度1×105/mL,接種于6孔板中,不同濃度冬凌草甲素(10、20、40 μmol/L)處理細(xì)胞,孵育24 h后,冰PBS洗3次,4%聚甲醛固定30 min,PBS洗3次、5 min/次;室溫下用0.3% Triton X?100對胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞通透處理30 min,PBS輕輕漂洗3次;Blocking buffer 200 μL室溫封閉1 h;1∶50一抗4℃孵育過夜;熒光二抗孵育1 h后,0.5 μg/mL的DAPI室溫避光孵育10 min后,冷風(fēng)吹干,加入抗淬滅劑,用熒光顯微鏡計數(shù),每張玻片至少100個細(xì)胞,然后觀察熒光焦點,采集圖像,每組實驗重復(fù)3次。
1.3 統(tǒng)計分析
2.1 MTT法檢測細(xì)胞增殖變化
不同濃度冬凌草甲素(10、20、30、40、50 μmol/L)均可抑制胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞生長,且隨時間延長及藥物濃度的增加,作用逐漸增強(qiáng),呈時間劑量依賴性,見表1,與對照組相比差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 Western Blot印跡檢測DNA損傷相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)
不同濃度的冬凌草甲素(0、10、20、40 μmol/L)處理 SGC?7901細(xì)胞 24 h后,phospho?ATM、γH2AX、phospho?P53、P53、phospho?CHK2蛋白水平隨著藥物濃度的增加而增加,見圖1。
表1 不同濃度冬凌草甲素對胃癌細(xì)胞SGC?7901的抑制率(±s,%)Table 1 Oridonin’s inhibition rate against SGC?7901 gastric cancer cells by MTT assays(±s,%)
表1 不同濃度冬凌草甲素對胃癌細(xì)胞SGC?7901的抑制率(±s,%)Table 1 Oridonin’s inhibition rate against SGC?7901 gastric cancer cells by MTT assays(±s,%)
時間(h)/濃度(μmol/L)12 24 0 0 0 10 13.6±2.15 15.9±2.12 20 23.4±2.07 26.1±2.01 30 67.9±2.19 69.1±2.20 40 93.2±2.04 93.8±2.03 50 94.5±2.09 95±2.02
圖1 Western Blot印跡檢測DNA損傷相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)Figure 1 Expression of DNA damage related proteins by Western Blot
2.3 冬凌草甲素對phospho?ATM和γ?H2AX焦點形成的影響
DNA雙鏈斷裂時,ATM在斷裂處活化為phospho?ATM,然后使H2AX磷酸化形成γH2AX并結(jié)合到斷裂點處,本實驗采用特異性熒光抗體(二抗),抗體結(jié)合到斷裂點后在熒光顯微鏡下顯示為熒光焦點,一個焦點代表一處DNA損傷,焦點越多說明DNA斷裂點越多,DNA損傷越嚴(yán)重。本實驗對照組沒有熒光焦點的形成,而實驗組phospho?ATM(綠色)和γ?H2AX(紅色)焦點隨著冬凌草甲素濃度的增加而增加,見圖2。
圖2 冬凌草甲素對胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞phospho?ATM和γ?H2AX焦點形成的影響Figure 2 Oridonin’s effects on ATM phosphorylation and γ?H2AX foci formation
冬凌草甲素是一種二萜類化合物,具有治療咽喉腫痛、毒蛇咬傷、昆蟲叮咬的作用,還用于扁桃體炎癥,在20世紀(jì)70年代早期被證明具有抗癌活性[11],研究證明冬凌草甲素能夠直接抑制多種腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[12],其抗癌作用機(jī)制有以下幾點:1)抑制腫瘤增殖;2)誘導(dǎo)腫瘤凋亡、自噬及壞死[13]。研究表明,冬凌草甲素可抑制SGC?7901細(xì)胞增殖和誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,并且阻滯于G2/M期,其凋亡機(jī)制可能與降低bcl?2蛋白表達(dá)以及激活Caspase?3激活相關(guān)[14?15],邱冰等[9]研究證明冬凌草甲素可以誘導(dǎo)胰腺癌SW1900細(xì)胞DNA損傷,并且使H2AX蛋白發(fā)生磷酸化。
外部環(huán)境和生物體自身因素都會導(dǎo)致DNA分子的損傷,受損的DNA可以激活細(xì)胞周期檢查點,并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞在細(xì)胞進(jìn)入有絲分裂期之前修復(fù)受損的DNA,從而保持基因組的完整性[16]。如果DNA的損傷或遺傳信息的變化不能修正,會導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞增殖失控,最終導(dǎo)致癌變,所以在進(jìn)化過程中生物細(xì)胞所獲得的修復(fù)DNA損傷的能力就顯得十分重要,也是生物能保持遺傳穩(wěn)定性之所在[17]。DNA損傷可誘導(dǎo)H2AX磷酸化和激活A(yù)TM,它們可以檢測DNA的損傷,并將信號傳向下游目標(biāo)蛋白并促進(jìn)細(xì)胞周期阻滯,完成DNA損傷修復(fù)或誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[18?20]。
DNA損傷可以誘導(dǎo)H2AX(γ?H2AX形式)的磷酸化,其已被認(rèn)為是檢測DNA損傷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[26]。在本研究中,免疫熒光及Western Blot結(jié)果顯示phospho?ATM、γ?H2AX表達(dá)量增加,證實冬凌草甲素能夠誘導(dǎo)DNA損傷,并且隨著藥物濃度逐漸增加,DNA損傷逐漸加重。Western Blot顯示phospho?ATM、γ?H2AX、phospho?CHK2、phos?pho?P53、P53蛋白水平呈增加趨勢,表明冬凌草甲素通過激活“ATM?p53?CHK2”通路誘導(dǎo)G2/M期阻滯,損傷后的DNA誘導(dǎo)H2AX蛋白的磷酸化,隨后通過ATM的自磷酸化(S1981)激活A(yù)TM[22?26],在相關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白的參與下,將DNA損傷信號傳遞到下游蛋白并作用于效應(yīng)蛋白,這導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期停滯,DNA修復(fù)或者細(xì)胞凋亡。雖然本實驗驗證了DNA損傷相關(guān)蛋白水平變化,但本實驗還存在一些限制,下游相關(guān)效應(yīng)蛋白的表達(dá)沒有完全通過Western印跡評估,這使得冬凌草甲素誘導(dǎo)的胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞DNA損傷的詳細(xì)機(jī)制受到限制,需要進(jìn)一步的實驗來解決這些問題??傊瑪?shù)據(jù)表明,冬凌草甲素可以通過激活A(yù)TM及H2AX,使得phospho?ATM及γ?H2AX蛋白水平及熒光焦點隨著藥物濃度的增加而增加,DNA損傷程度隨著藥物濃度的增加而加重。
[1]郭蕾,白玉賢,魏孝禮,等.局域進(jìn)展期胃癌新輔助化學(xué)治療研究進(jìn)展[J].新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報,2016,33(4):343?346.
[2]Abdolmaleky SH,skandari M E,Li L,et al.Abstract A60:Epigenetic modifications of huntingtin related genes by dietary components for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer[J]. Cancer Prev Res,2010,3(1):A60.
[3]Xiao X,He Z,Cao W,et al.Oridonin inhibits gefi?tinib?resistant lung cancer cells by suppressing EGFR/ ERK/MMP?12 and CIP2A/Akt signaling pathways[J]. Int J Oncol,2016,48(6):2608?2618.
[4]Ming M,Sun FY,Zhang W,et al.Therapeutic effect of oridonin on mice with prostate cancer[J].Asian Pac J Trop Med,2016,9(2):184?187.
[5]Gui Z,Li S,Liu X,et al.Oridonin alters the expres?sion profiles of MicroRNAs in BxPC?3 human pancre?aticcancercells[J]. BMC ComplementAltern Med,2015,15(1):1?10.
[6]Wang C,Jiang L,Wang S,et al.The antitumor activ?ity of the novel compound jesridonin on human esopha?geal carcinoma cells[J].Plos One,2015,10(6):e0130284.
[7]Bohanon FJ,Wang X,Ding C,et al.Oridonin inhib?its hepatic stellate cell proliferation and fibrogenesis[J].J Surg Res,2014,190(1):55?63.
[8]Zhang YH,Wu YL,Tashiro S,et al.Reactive oxy?gen species contribute to oridonin?induced apoptosis and autophagy in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin,2011,32(10):1266?1275.
[9]Geri? M,Gajski G,Garaj?Vrhovac V.γ?H2AX as a biomarker for DNA double?strand breaks in ecotoxicol?ogy[J].Ecotoxicol Environ Saf,2014,105(10):13?21.
[10]Wang H,Zhang X,Teng L,et al.DNA damage checkpoint recovery and cancer development[J].Exp Cell Res,2015,334(2):350?358.
[11]Zhang W,Huang Q,Hua Z,et al.Oridonin:A prom?ising anticancer drug from China[J].Front Biol,2010,5(6):540?545.
[12]馮耀榮,陳紅淑.冬凌草甲素抗腫瘤活性研究進(jìn)展[J].中國中醫(yī)藥科技,2016,23(1):125?126.
[13]Liu QQ,Chen K,Ye Q,et al.Oridonin inhibits pan?creatic cancer cell migration and epithelial?mesenchy?mal transition by suppressing Wnt/β?catenin signaling pathway[J].Cancer Cell Int,2016,16(1):1?8.
[14]劉家云,顧琴龍,楊忠印,等.冬凌草甲素誘導(dǎo)胃癌SGC?7901細(xì)胞凋亡及機(jī)制[J].中華實驗外科雜志,2010,27(4):447?449.
[15]高成偉,李文強(qiáng).冬凌草甲素通過抑制COX?2表達(dá)及PGE2合成降低人胃癌HGC?27細(xì)胞侵襲能力的研究[J].臨床急診雜志,2016,17(8):625?627.
[16]羅蘭,侯杰.冬凌草甲素誘導(dǎo)人胰腺癌SW1900細(xì)胞DNA損傷及對H2AX蛋白表達(dá)的影響[J].中國老年學(xué)雜志,2013,33(16):3881?3883.
[17]Liu Y,Liu JH,Chai K,et al.Inhibition of c?Met pro?moted apoptosis,autophagy and loss of the mitochon?drial transmembrane potential in oridonin?induced A549 lung cancer cells[J].J Pharm Pharmacol,2013,65(11):1622?1642.
[18]Cao LL,Shen CC,Zhu WG.Histone modifications in DNA damage response[J].Sci China Life Sci,2016,59(3):257?270.
[19]Raza MU,Tufan T,Wang Y,et al.DNA Damage in Major Psychiatric Diseases[J].Neurotox Res,2016,30(2):251?267.
[20]de Boer HR,Llobet SG,van Vugt MA.Controlling the response to DNA damage by the APC/C?Cdh1[J]. Cell Mol Life Sci,2016,73(15):2985?2998.
[21]張博,龔建平,張偉,等.管電壓對CT輻射致人外周血淋巴細(xì)胞DNA雙鏈斷裂的影響[J].中華核醫(yī)學(xué)與分子影像雜志,2016,36(5):466?467.
[22]Geyik S,Altunisik E,Neyal AM,et al.Oxidative stress and DNA damage in patients with migraine[J]. J Headache Pain,2016,17(1):10.
[23]Douglas P,Zhong J,Ye R,et al.Protein phosphatase 6 interacts with the DNA?dependent protein kinase cat?alytic subunit and dephosphorylates gamma?H2AX[J]. Mol Cell Biol,2010,30(6):1368?1381.
[24]Wang J,Yin L,Zhang J,et al.The profiles of gamma?H2AX along with ATM/DNA?PKcs activation in the lymphocytes and granulocytes of rat and human blood exposed to gamma rays[J].Radiat Environ Biophys,2016,55(3):359?370.
[25]Hartlerode AJ,Morgan MJ,Wu Y,et al.Recruitment and activation of the ATM kinase in the absence of DNA?damage sensors[J].Nat Struct Mol Biol,2015,22(9):736?743.
[26]Lilia E,Maria A,Ermolaeva,et al.DNA damage as a critical factor of stem cell aging and organ homeosta?sis[J].Curr Stem Cell Res Ther,2016,2(3):290?298.
The effect of oridonin on proliferation and expression of DNA damage?related proteins in gastric cancer cells
YU Tao1,WEI Fengxiang1,2★,WEN Lijuan1
(1.Zunyi Medical University,Zunyi,Guizhou,China,563000;2.Central Laboratory,Maternal and child health care hospital of Longgang District,Shenzhen,Guangdong,China,518172)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of oridonin on proliferation and DNA damage?related protein expression in gastric cancer cells.MethodsThe effect of oridonin on the proliferative activity of SGC?7901 gastric cancer cells was assessed with the MTT assay.The expressions of γH2AX,H2AX,ATM, phospho?ATM,phospho?P53,P53 and phospho?CHK2 were detected using western blot.The effect of oridonin on the phosphorylation of ATM and the formation of γH2AX foci was examined with immunofluorescence.ResultsThe MTT assay revealed that oridonin can inhibit SGC?7901 cell proliferation in a dose?dependent manner.Exposure of SGC?7901 cells to oridonin in varying concentrations results in a significant dose?dependent increase in the SGC?7901 cell inhibition rate.Western blot analysis showed that SGC?7901 cells exposed to oridonin exhibited a dose?dependent increase in the level of γH2AX,phospho?ATM,phospho?CHK2,phospho?P53 and P53 proteins.Additionally,the higher doses of oridonin increase γH2AX and phospho?ATM foci formation.ConclusionOridonin can inhibit the proliferation of SGC?7901 gastric cancer cells and induce DNA damage and the expression of related proteins in a dose?dependent manner.Higher concentrations of oridonin lead to the increase in expression of several DNA damage?related proteins and their phosphorylation. Further investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the DNA damage signaling is necessary.
Oridonin;DNA damage;γH2AX;phospho?ATM
廣東省自然科學(xué)基金項目(2014A030313749)
1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院,貴州,遵義563000 2.深圳市龍崗區(qū)婦幼保健院中心實驗室,廣東,深圳518172
★通訊作者:魏鳳香,E?mail:haowei727499@163.com