Telling the Time,Chinese Style

By+BRIAN+SALTER

WHAT do a tiger， rat， dog， ox， and pig have in common with a bell and a drum？ I have to admit that a few months ago I would have had absolutely no idea. But Im somewhat the wiser now.

I am at a historical bell museum located in Haidian District of Beijing.

Bells are considered auspicious according to Chinese tradition. During major ceremonies they are often rung 108 times. This is because the Chinese lunar calendar comprises 12 months， 24 solar terms and 72 hou （five-day period）， the sum of which is 108. According to certain Buddhists， the pealing of a bell also dispels 108 common mortal worries.

The museum， set up in 1985， houses over 800 bells， made of bronze， iron and jade. Exhibits come from all over the world. The oldest ones were cast more than 1，000 years ago.

The Dazhong （Big Bell） Temple in the western section of Beijings North Third Ring Road， built in 1733， is where emperors officiated at rituals to pray for rain. It is the only one of its kind in China.

One of the most beautiful bells on display is the Qianlong Court Bell from the reign of Qing Emperor Qianlong， who ruled from 1736-1795. As its name suggests， the bell was made for the imperial court. It is decorated with 22 flying dragon motifs， but bears no inscriptions.

Furthest away from the main entrance is the building most visitors come to see – the Big Bell Tower. Circular at the top and square beneath， its design accords with the Chinese saying “heaven is spherical and the earth is square.”

Cast in 1403， the first year of the reign of Emperor Yongle， the bell within this tower was one of the three major projects commanded by the ruler after re-establishing Beijing as the capital. The other two were the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven. The Great Bell of Yongle weighs 46.5 tons and is 6.75 meters high. It is struck at the beginning of each Chinese New Year and on other major celebrations. According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences， its loud， clear peal reaches up to 120 decibels， and can be heard 50 kilometers away late at night.

Chinese bell culture truly has a long history. There are two main types of Chinese bells – the Zhong and the Ling. Zhongs produce sound when struck from the outside with a hammer， and Lings are equipped with clappers.

Both Buddhism and Taoism have played significant roles in the history of Chinese bells. As long ago as the Sui and Tang dynasties （581-907）， most temples housed bells. The Song， Liao， Jin， and Yuan dynasties， however， saw a decline in the casting of ceremonial bells， although large amounts of iron bells appeared over this period. It was during the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644） that the casting of Buddhist and Taoist bells reached ascendancy once more.

Apart from their religious significance， bells were also an important facet of the daily lives of Chinas citizenry， as the bell and drum constituted the sole method of telling the time. Bell and drum towers consequently stood in almost every city throughout the country. Those in Beijing， however， are distinct for being placed fore-and-aft， rather than in the traditional right-and-left position.

Bell and Drum towers represented the very essence of Chinese chronology during the Yuan， Ming， and Qing dynasties. It was only in 1924， when Pu Yi（1906-1967）， last emperor of China， was forced to leave the Forbidden City， that Western-style clockwork was adopted for official time-keeping.