動(dòng)詞不定式的易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

劉習(xí)文

動(dòng)詞不定式作為一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，歷來都是高考的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。新課標(biāo)高考對(duì)這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的考查主要體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)法填空題和短文改錯(cuò)題中。同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲱}時(shí)往往容易把不定式和動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞混淆，造成使用錯(cuò)誤。本文結(jié)合近幾年高考題和平時(shí)的運(yùn)用情況歸納了幾種易混易錯(cuò)的情況。

[不定式符號(hào)to和介詞to的混淆]

不定式的考查直接與to相關(guān)。一些固定的句式和短語(yǔ)中都帶有to，同學(xué)們很容易混淆。

例1 （2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ） It took years of work （reduce） the industrial pollution and clear the water.

解析 to reduce?？疾椴欢ㄊ皆诠潭ň涫街械倪\(yùn)用。It takes/took some time to do sth.意為“做某事花費(fèi)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”，故填to reduce。

例2 （2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ） If you find something you love doing outside of the office， youll be less likely （bring） your work home.

解析 to bring。考查固定搭配的用法。be likely to do sth.意為“可能做某事”，故填to bring。

to doing sth.這樣的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)不是很多。如：

1. 動(dòng)詞+介詞to+動(dòng)名詞

stick to doing sth. 堅(jiān)持做某事

apply to doing sth. 適用于做某事

object to doing sth. 反對(duì)做某事

see to doing sth. 負(fù)責(zé)做某事

2. 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞to+動(dòng)名詞

apply oneself to doing sth. 獻(xiàn)身于某事

have an objection to doing sth. 反對(duì)做某事

3. be+形容詞/done+介詞to+動(dòng)名詞

be used to doing sth. 習(xí)慣于做某事

be opposed to doing sth. 反對(duì)做某事

4. 其他結(jié)構(gòu)+介詞to+動(dòng)名詞

get down to doing sth. 開始做某事

look forward to doing sth. 盼望做某事

[動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)名詞還是不定式作賓語(yǔ)]

例3 （2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ） I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver， but he refused （stop） until we reached the next stop.

解析 to stop。考查不定式做賓語(yǔ)。句意為：……但司機(jī)堅(jiān)持要到下一站才停車。refuse后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，意為“拒絕做某事”。

例4 In fact， dogs that hadnt eaten it but were scolded by the misinformed owners tended ________（show） the most elements of the “guilty look”.

解析 to show。事實(shí)上，沒有吃食物的狗卻因誤報(bào)被主人責(zé)備，他們更易于表現(xiàn)出“內(nèi)疚表情”中的大多數(shù)因素。tend to do“易于、傾向于做某事”，故填to show。

[不定式符號(hào)to的省略與否]

不定式符號(hào)to常常省略的情況：

1. 不定式用于let，make，have等使役動(dòng)詞和feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch，look at，listen to，sense等感官動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)必須省略to。

They made him tell them everything.

We all felt the house shake.

當(dāng)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其后必須帶to。如：

He was made to work twenty hours a day.

當(dāng)feel后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式為to be時(shí)，不能省略to。如：

They all felt the plan to be unwise.

2. 不定式作介詞except/but的賓語(yǔ)，其前有do，則不定式不帶to；如沒有do，不定式帶to。如：

Theres little we can do except wait.

Wh have no choice but to wait.

3. 主語(yǔ)以what，all，the only thing等開頭的句子中有行為動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式省略to。

The only thing to do now is （to） go on.

4. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)作用相同的不定式并列時(shí)，通常第一個(gè)不定式用了to時(shí)，其余不定式中的to可省略。

It is easier to persuade people than （to） force them.

但如果兩者有對(duì)比關(guān)系，則后面不定式前的to不可省略。

To try and fail is better than not to try at all.

5. 為了避免重復(fù)，動(dòng)詞可以省略，但通常保留不定式符號(hào)to。

I shall go if I want to.

但被省略的不定式是to be短語(yǔ)時(shí)，則應(yīng)保留to be。

He is not the man he used to be.

6. 固定搭配。如：

had better do 最好做某事

would rather do 寧愿做某事

例5 （2015·浙江卷） The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.

解析 felt→feel。make是使役動(dòng)詞，后接動(dòng)詞原形作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成make sb do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“使某人做某事”。

例6 So it can help the tiredness out of the immune system and allow people （feel） more energetic.

解析 to feel。它（forgiveness）可以幫助減少免疫系統(tǒng)的疲勞，并使人感到更加精力充沛。allow sb. to do“允許某人做某事”，不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，故填to feel。

[作狀語(yǔ)用不定式還是現(xiàn)在分詞]

例7 （2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ） Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal （create） special designs.

解析 to create?？疾椴欢ㄊ阶髂康臓钫Z(yǔ)。句意：能工巧匠把各種硬木和金屬結(jié)合起來以創(chuàng)造出特殊的裝飾圖案。

例8 （2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ） When a new day breaks， the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough （cool） the house during the hot day.

解析 to cool?？疾椴欢ㄊ蕉陶Z(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，表示結(jié)果。

現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)，通常表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、伴隨、方式等。不定式作狀語(yǔ)的情況有：

1. 目的狀語(yǔ)：常用的有to do，in order to do。另外，so as to do和so as to二者均不能位于句首。

She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her Chinese.

2. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：常用enough to do， too ... to do， only to do， so ... as to do， such ... as to do結(jié)構(gòu)。

He is too weak to do the work.

（1）too之前有only， only too時(shí)表示“非?！薄昂堋?。

They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit.

（2）cant ... too ... “再……也不為過”“越……越好”。

You cant be too careful when crossing the road.

（3）在“形容詞/副詞+enough+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中表示“足以……”。

He is strong enough to do the work.

（4）only to do 結(jié)果，指沒想到，意外。

He hurried home， only to find his house locked.

（5）現(xiàn)在分詞doing也可表示結(jié)果，屬于遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。

It rained for days， ruining my holidays.

[不定式的時(shí)態(tài)]

近幾年的高考題暫時(shí)沒有涉及不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式，但同學(xué)們?cè)谶\(yùn)用中很容易出錯(cuò)。

不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后，或沒有時(shí)間限制；進(jìn)行式表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。

不定式對(duì)應(yīng)不同的時(shí)態(tài)適用于以下四種情況：

1. 表示“說，相信，認(rèn)為”等含義的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

He is said to study abroad next year.

He is said to be writing a novel.

He is said to have passed the driving test.

The book is said to be published next week.

The book is said to have been translated into English.

2. 用在表示“似乎，好像”等含義的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

She seems to have been a teacher for many years.

3. 表示情緒反應(yīng)的詞作表語(yǔ)，后接不定式。如：

Im delighted to hear the news.

Im sorry to have kept you waiting.

4. 用于pretend/happen to do/to be doing/to have done結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.

He pretended to have finished his homework.

[不定式作定語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)]

... by the age of three， most children have the potential （understand） about 1000 words—most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives.

解析 to understand。句意：三歲前，大部分兒童已具備理解約1000個(gè)詞匯的強(qiáng)大能力——他們將在余生的日常交際中使用這些語(yǔ)言中的大部分。potential后接不定式作定語(yǔ)。

Tu is the first Chinese person （receive） a Nobel Prize in natural sciences.

解析 to receive。句意：屠呦呦是第一位在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的土生土長(zhǎng)的中國(guó)人。person前有the first修飾，要用不定式作定語(yǔ)，故填to receive。

不定式位于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后作后置定語(yǔ)，與前面的名詞或代詞之間常有四種邏輯關(guān)系。

1. 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。不定式與所修飾的詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如句中有不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式；反之，用被動(dòng)形式。

He has much more homework to do.

“Do you have clothes to be washed？”his mother asked.

2. 主謂關(guān)系。句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用主動(dòng)形式；反之，用被動(dòng)形式。

He was the first to come but the last to be interviewed yesterday.

3. 同位關(guān)系。不定式與所修飾的詞構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。

Everyone has the right to vote and to be voted.

4. 動(dòng)狀關(guān)系。不定式所修飾的詞是time，place，way等時(shí)，不定式作目地/方式狀語(yǔ)修飾謂語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)狀關(guān)系。

Time is limited. We have no time to play. We should first find a place to live.

We should find a way to stop pollution.

還有一些抽象名詞如ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，excuse，attempt等，常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。

The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.

[少數(shù)動(dòng)詞帶不同的非謂語(yǔ)形式]

1. 動(dòng)詞allow，permit，advise，suggest等常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（除suggest外）。

Smoking is not allowed in the office.

People are not allowed to smoke in the office.

I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.

但不能說I suggest us to spend our summer vacation in a seaside town。

2. 動(dòng)詞need， require， want（需要）和deserve等，常接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語(yǔ)。

The baby needs looking after./The baby needs to be looked after.

Tricycles are worth using/worthy of being used/worthy to be used if you want to explore the narrow hutong of old Beijing.

3. 使役動(dòng)詞have， let， make和get后接不同的非謂語(yǔ)形式作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。如：

have sb. do sth. 讓某人做某事

have sb. doing sth. 使某人持續(xù)做某事

注意 與cant，wont連用時(shí)，have有“容忍”之意，doing是動(dòng)名詞，意為“不能容忍某人做某事”。

4. 動(dòng)詞blame等常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式作表語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)含義，同學(xué)們易誤用其被動(dòng)形式。

Officials believe that more than one person may be to blame for the fire.

5. cannot help do sth. 不能幫忙做某事

cannot help doing 情不自禁做某事

6. 感官動(dòng)詞see，watch，observe，notice，hear等既可帶省略to的不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表示全過程；也可帶現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

Do you hear someone calling for help？