河南 趙 煒 龐先慶(特級(jí)教師)
鏈接高考真題 把握英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)和句子成分
河南 趙 煒 龐先慶(特級(jí)教師)
1. While intelligent people can often simplify the complex,a fool is more likely to complicate the simple.(2013,湖北卷,23)
【精品譯文】聰明的人常簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)雜的東西,而愚者傾向于使簡(jiǎn)單的東西復(fù)雜化。
【核心提煉】句子成分和詞類(lèi)的概念以及二者的關(guān)系。
【解讀與歸納】根據(jù)詞的形式、意義及其在句中的功用將詞分為若干類(lèi),這種類(lèi)別叫作詞類(lèi),包括名詞(noun,縮寫(xiě)為n.)、代詞(pronoun,縮寫(xiě)為pron.)、形容詞(adjective,縮寫(xiě)為adj.)、數(shù)詞(numeral,縮寫(xiě)為num.)、動(dòng)詞(verb,縮寫(xiě)為v.)、副詞(adverb,縮寫(xiě)為adv.)、冠詞(article,縮寫(xiě)為art.)、介詞(preposition,縮寫(xiě)為prep.)、連詞(conjunction,縮寫(xiě)為conj.)和感嘆詞(interjection,縮寫(xiě)為int.)十大類(lèi)。
一個(gè)句子由各個(gè)功用不同的部分構(gòu)成,這些部分叫作句子成分。在句子里,一定的句子成分由一定的詞類(lèi)來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。英語(yǔ)句子主要有主語(yǔ)(subject)、謂語(yǔ)(predicate)、表語(yǔ)(predicative)、賓語(yǔ)(object)、定語(yǔ)(attribute)、狀語(yǔ)(adverbial)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(object complement)七種成分。
【即時(shí)演練】說(shuō)出下面句子畫(huà)線部分的詞類(lèi)或句法功能。
(1)When the group discussion is nearing its end,make sure to conclude it with important points.
【Key】本句中,When the group discussion is nearing its end是連詞when引導(dǎo)的從句,作狀語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞make sure作謂語(yǔ),不定式短語(yǔ)to conclude it作賓語(yǔ)。
(2)According to the law,all foreigners have to register with the local police within two weeks of arrival.
【Key】本句中,all是形容詞,作定語(yǔ);名詞foreigners作主語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞have to和register分別是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,二者作復(fù)合謂語(yǔ),三個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)According to the law,with the local police和within two weeks作狀語(yǔ)。
2. You are the team star!Working with others is really your cup of tea.(2010,安徽卷,21)
【精品譯文】你是球隊(duì)明星!與他人合作必須是你喜歡做的事。
It’s a good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai world expo that gives them pleasure.(2010,福建卷,21)
【精品譯文】人們喜歡上海世博會(huì)給他們的快樂(lè),這是一種不錯(cuò)的感覺(jué)。
【核心提煉】主語(yǔ)(subject)。
【解讀與歸納】主語(yǔ)是句子敘述的主體,是句子所要說(shuō)明的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”,可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞,短語(yǔ)和句子等來(lái)充當(dāng),通常位于句首。
【即時(shí)演練】找出下面句子中的主語(yǔ),并說(shuō)出其類(lèi)型。
(3)First impressions are the most lasting. After all,you never get a second chance to make a first impression.
【Key】名詞impression,代詞you。
(4)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
【Key】動(dòng)名詞Being able to afford a drink。
【溫馨提醒】形式主語(yǔ)it的用法
當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),為避免頭重腳輕,通常在句首使用形式主語(yǔ)it,而把真正的主語(yǔ)放在句子末尾。例如:
●The doctor thought it would be good for you to have a holiday. 醫(yī)生認(rèn)為度假對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)是有好處的。(2010,全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,14)
●It is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger,more prosperous economy.我們的信念就是衛(wèi)生保健的改善會(huì)帶來(lái)更強(qiáng)、更繁榮的經(jīng)濟(jì)。(2006,浙江卷,4)
3. Many lifestyle patterns do such great harm to health that they actually speed up the weakening of the human body.(2010,浙江卷,2)
【精品譯文】許多生活方式對(duì)人類(lèi)的健康有害,他們加速了人類(lèi)身體的衰退。
This restaurant has become popular for its wide range of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.(2010,湖北卷,21)
【精品譯文】這家餐館越來(lái)越出名是因?yàn)樗峁└鞣N各樣的適應(yīng)各種類(lèi)型人群的食物。
【核心提煉】謂語(yǔ)(predicate)。
【解讀與歸納】謂語(yǔ)陳述或說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”、“是什么”或是“怎么樣”,常位于主語(yǔ)之后,有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。依據(jù)其在句中的繁簡(jiǎn)程度可把謂語(yǔ)分為簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)(由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組構(gòu)成)和復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)(由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞+不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式或由連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成)兩類(lèi)。
【即時(shí)演練】找出下面句子中的謂語(yǔ),并說(shuō)出其類(lèi)型。
(5)Everything comes with a price;there is no such thing as free lunch in the world.
【Key】簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ):實(shí)意動(dòng)詞comes;復(fù)合謂語(yǔ):連系動(dòng)詞is。
(6)If you are going to follow someone,focus on their talent,not their bad character or unacceptable behaviour.
【Key】復(fù)合謂語(yǔ):are going to follow;簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ):實(shí)意動(dòng)詞focus on。
4. Helping others is a habit,one you can learn even at an early age.(2010,山東卷,32)
【精品譯文】幫助別人是一種習(xí)慣,一個(gè)你在很小時(shí)就能學(xué)會(huì)的習(xí)慣。
Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden?They are for everyone’s enjoyment.(2010,北京卷,29)
【精品譯文】請(qǐng)不要在花園里摘花好嗎?它們是供所有人欣賞的。
【核心提煉】表語(yǔ)(predicative)。
【解讀與歸納】表語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài),常位于系動(dòng)詞(be,become,appear,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等詞)之后,由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、從句等來(lái)充當(dāng)。
【即時(shí)演練】找出下面句子中的表語(yǔ),并說(shuō)出其類(lèi)型。
(7)My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop.
【Key】形容詞available。
(8)Swimming is my favorite sport.
【Key】名詞 sport。
(9)Neither side is prepared to talk to the other unless we can smooth thing over between them.
【Key】非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞prepared。
(10)On my desk is a photo that my father took of me when I was a baby.
【Key】介詞短語(yǔ)On my desk。
(11)All that’s important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction.
【Key】從句that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction。
5. The Smiths don’t usually like staying at hotels,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.(2012,江西卷,21)
【精品譯文】史密斯一家通常不喜歡住旅館,但去年夏天他們?cè)诤_呉患也诲e(cuò)的旅館住了幾天。
We’ve offered her the job,but I don’t know whether she’ll accept it.(2011,山東卷,33)
【精品譯文】我們把這份工作給了她,但我不知道她是否會(huì)接受它。
【核心提煉】賓語(yǔ)(object)。
【解讀與歸納】賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者,常位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞之后,一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和句子等來(lái)充當(dāng)。賓語(yǔ)可分為單賓語(yǔ)、雙賓語(yǔ)、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)三種形式。
【即時(shí)演練】找出下面句子中的賓語(yǔ),并說(shuō)出其類(lèi)型。
(12)Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him,but neither of them wants to,because they have work to do.
【Key】復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him;單賓語(yǔ)work。
(13)If our parents do everything for us children,we won’t learn to depend on ourselves.
【Key】代詞everything;不定式to depend on ourselves。
(14)I’ll spend half of my holiday practicing English and the other half learning drawing.
【Key】單賓語(yǔ)half of my holiday。
(15)I have seldom seen my mother so pleased with my progress as she is now.
【Key】復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)my mother so pleased。
有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。
【即時(shí)演練】找出下面句子中的賓語(yǔ),并說(shuō)出其類(lèi)型。
(16)It’s a good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai world expo that gives them pleasure.
【Key】單賓語(yǔ)the Shanghai world expo;間接賓語(yǔ)them;直接賓語(yǔ)pleasure。
【溫馨提醒】形式賓語(yǔ)it
當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等復(fù)雜成分用作賓語(yǔ)且其后跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),通常會(huì)在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)前使用形式賓語(yǔ)it,而將真正的賓語(yǔ)移至句末,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“動(dòng)詞+it+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(adj./n.)+(for sb.)+不定式(動(dòng)名詞或從句)”。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞通常是 think,find,feel,believe,take,consider,make,suppose等。例如:
●The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other. 這兩個(gè)女孩長(zhǎng)得很相似,不熟悉的人很難將她倆區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。(2011,山東卷,24)
但“動(dòng)詞(have,take,put,like等)+ it + that-從句”、“動(dòng)詞(enjoy,hate,love,like,dislike,appreciate,prefer等)+ it + when(if)-從句”、“動(dòng)詞(see to,look to,insist on,stick to,depend on,answer for,rely on 等)+prep. + it + that-從句”和“動(dòng)詞(take it for granted,bring it to sb’s attention,owe it to sb 等)+ it + 介詞短語(yǔ)+ that-從句”四類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)中的形式賓語(yǔ)it無(wú)實(shí)際意義,由于英文句法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,其后沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:
●Legend has it that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is to recall the soul of Qu Yuan. 端午節(jié)相傳起源于回憶屈原精神。(2014,江蘇卷,33)
●I’d appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. 如果你能提前讓我知道你是否要回來(lái)我會(huì)感激不盡。(2014,陜西卷,21)
6. After the earthquake,the first thing the local government did was to provide accommodation for the homeless families.(2010,湖北卷,22)
【精品譯文】地震發(fā)生后,當(dāng)?shù)卣龅牡谝患戮褪菫闊o(wú)家可歸的家庭提供住宿。
We give dogs time,space and love we can spare,and in return,dogs give us their all.(2010,江西卷,29)
【精品譯文】我們給狗以我們閑暇的時(shí)間和多余的空間以及騰出來(lái)的愛(ài),作為回報(bào),狗也會(huì)把它們的一切給予我們。
Fortunately,I didn’t get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.(2015,全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,閱讀理解A篇)
【精品譯文】慶幸我自己沒(méi)有整夜播放電影的頻道,那樣的話,自己就不能睡覺(jué)了。
【核心提煉】定語(yǔ)(attribute)。
【解讀與歸納】定語(yǔ)修飾、限定、說(shuō)明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征,常由名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、從句等來(lái)充當(dāng)。定語(yǔ)和中心語(yǔ)之間是修飾和被修飾、限制和被限制的關(guān)系。 單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語(yǔ)。
【即時(shí)演練】找出下面句子中的定語(yǔ),并說(shuō)出其類(lèi)型。
(17)There are over 58 000 rocky objects in space,about 900 of which could fall down onto the earth.
【Key】數(shù)詞58 000;形容詞rocky。
(18)It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park. It was a three-hour journey.
【Key】形容詞long;名詞amusement;形容詞threehour。
(19)Even below the driving limit,driving will be affected.
【Key】動(dòng)名詞driving。
(20)In the spoken English of some areas in the US,the“r”sounds at the end of the words are dropped.
【Key】過(guò)去分詞spoken。
(21)Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
【Key】從句who are not active,whose diet is high in fat。
(22)The“Chinese Dream”is a dream to improve people’s wellbeing and a dream of harmony,peace and development.
【Key】不定式to improve people’s wellbeing。
7. If we sit near the front of the bus,we’ll have a better view.(2010,山東卷,22)
【精品譯文】如果我們坐在公共汽車(chē)的前部,就會(huì)有更好的視野。
He... then sat there,lost and lonely in a strange city...(2014,全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,閱讀理解A篇)
【精品譯文】他……然后就坐在那里,在這個(gè)陌生的城市里感到失落和孤獨(dú)。
【核心提煉】狀語(yǔ)(adverbial)。
【解讀與歸納】狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句,一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或從句等來(lái)充當(dāng),說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等概念。不同的狀語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在句子中的位置也不同。
【即時(shí)演練】找出下面句子中的狀語(yǔ),并說(shuō)出其類(lèi)型。
(23)Lighthearted and optimistic,she is the sort of woman to spread sunshine to people through her smile.
【Key】形容詞Lighthearted and optimistic;介詞短語(yǔ)through her smile。
(24)To stay awake,he finished a cup of coffee and ordered another.
【Key】非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞To stay awake。
(25)When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one,total intake(攝入)jumps by 14 percent.
【Key】從句When we choose a large spoon;介詞短語(yǔ)over a smaller one,by 14 percent。
(26)Father sometimes goes to the gym with us although he dislikes going there.
【Key】副詞sometimes;從句although he dislikes going there。
8. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune was to be made.(2010,全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,32)
【精品譯文】澳洲金礦的發(fā)現(xiàn)使成千上萬(wàn)人相信將會(huì)發(fā)財(cái)。
She was born a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years.(2014,山東卷,閱讀理解C篇)
【精品譯文】她生來(lái)就是一名奴隸,并且以這個(gè)身份生活了近30年。
【核心提煉】補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(complement)。
【解讀與歸納】補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的行為、狀態(tài)、身份、特征等,一般由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等來(lái)充當(dāng)。分為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)兩種。
【即時(shí)演練】找出下面句子中的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),并說(shuō)出其類(lèi)型。
(27)The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don’t give you any direct solution.
【Key】不加to的動(dòng)詞不定式talk through。
(28)Listen!Do you hear someone calling for help?
【Key】現(xiàn)在分詞calling。
(29)An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year,making it the driest year since California became a state in 1850.
【Key】名詞the driest year。
【溫馨提醒】賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間具有邏輯的主謂關(guān)系,兩者構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。含有賓補(bǔ)的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:
●Passengers are permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. 乘客們只被允許帶一件手提行李上飛機(jī)。(2011,天津卷,7)
●The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.那個(gè)丟失的男孩最后一次被人看到時(shí)正在河邊玩。(NMET1994,25)
9. I have no idea when Chaplin_’s film will be on again.(人教必修3,U3)
【精品譯文】我不知道卓別林的電影什么時(shí)候再上映。
【核心提煉】同位語(yǔ)。
【解讀與歸納】同位語(yǔ)對(duì)句子中的某一成分作進(jìn)一步的解釋、說(shuō)明或限定,與被其說(shuō)明的先行詞在語(yǔ)法上處于同等地位,一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、從句等來(lái)充當(dāng)。當(dāng)同位關(guān)系緊密時(shí),同位語(yǔ)前后不用逗點(diǎn)隔開(kāi);當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)只作補(bǔ)充解釋時(shí)可用逗點(diǎn)隔開(kāi)。
【即時(shí)演練】找出下面句子中的同位語(yǔ),并說(shuō)出其類(lèi)型。
(30)Dr. Peter Spence,headmaster of the school,told us,a fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.
【Key】名詞headmaster。
(31)The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
【Key】代詞itself。
(32)The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all walks of life are working hard for a new Jiangsu.
【Key】從句that people from all walks of life are working hard for a new Jiangsu。
趙 煒 河南省鄭州市經(jīng)開(kāi)區(qū)謝莊學(xué)校;龐先慶 河南省鎮(zhèn)平縣雪楓中學(xué))