推薦論文摘要

武建勇，薛達(dá)元，趙富偉，等

推薦論文摘要

中國(guó)生物多樣性調(diào)查與保護(hù)研究進(jìn)展

武建勇，薛達(dá)元，趙富偉，等

中國(guó)是世界上生物多樣性最豐富的國(guó)家之一，同時(shí)也是生物多樣性受威脅最嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家之一。20世紀(jì)50—60年代開始開展大規(guī)模的生物多樣性調(diào)查，調(diào)查成果為植被志、植物志和動(dòng)物志等各類志書的編寫奠定了基礎(chǔ)；90年代以來又對(duì)重點(diǎn)地區(qū)、重要類型資源展開調(diào)查，研究了瀕危等級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)體系，完成了野生動(dòng)植物物種瀕危等級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)，開展了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)瀕危等級(jí)示范評(píng)價(jià)；在遷地、就地保護(hù)方面也取得了重要進(jìn)展；發(fā)布了一系列相關(guān)保護(hù)規(guī)劃等文件。該文基于生物多樣性調(diào)查與保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的代表性研究成果，從生物多樣性調(diào)查、瀕危等級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)、就地與遷地保護(hù)以及保護(hù)政策與規(guī)劃等方面概述了近20 a中國(guó)生物多樣性調(diào)查與保護(hù)研究的進(jìn)展，針對(duì)存在問題提出了未來的研究方向。認(rèn)為生物多樣性調(diào)查是一項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作，建議進(jìn)一步開展生物多樣性本底綜合調(diào)查和評(píng)估工作，建立生物多樣性監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系。

生物多樣性調(diào)查；就地保護(hù)；遷地保護(hù)；瀕危等級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)；研究進(jìn)展

來源出版物：生態(tài)與農(nóng)村環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 29(2): 146-151

湖泊富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化及其生態(tài)系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)

秦伯強(qiáng)，高光，朱廣偉

摘要：我國(guó)是一個(gè)多湖泊的國(guó)家。其中約1/3是淡水湖泊，主要分布在長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)。這些湖泊中的絕大部分已處于中營(yíng)養(yǎng)或富營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平。湖泊富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化是當(dāng)前我國(guó)湖泊面臨的主要生態(tài)環(huán)境問題之一。湖泊富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化后會(huì)導(dǎo)致一系列的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)異常響應(yīng)。這些響應(yīng)包括沉水植物消亡、藍(lán)藻水華頻發(fā)、微生物的生物量與生產(chǎn)力增加，生物多樣性下降，營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽的循環(huán)與利用效率加快等。整個(gè)湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，也會(huì)伴隨著富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的發(fā)展，呈現(xiàn)出生物多樣性下降、生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)趨于單一、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)趨于不穩(wěn)定的現(xiàn)象。在淺水湖泊中，還會(huì)進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致從“清水態(tài)”的草型生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，逐步轉(zhuǎn)換為“渾水態(tài)”的藻型生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的這種演替機(jī)制，推測(cè)是水生植物與浮游植物利用營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽的效率不同所致。而對(duì)于嚴(yán)重富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的湖泊，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)最終的演替趨勢(shì)則是從浮游植物為主的自養(yǎng)型湖泊轉(zhuǎn)化為以微生物、原生動(dòng)物等為主的異養(yǎng)型湖泊。

關(guān)鍵詞：湖泊；富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化；浮游植物；水生植物； 微生物；生物多樣性；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)演替

來源出版物：科學(xué)通報(bào), 2013, 58(10): 855-864

土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)微生物多樣性-穩(wěn)定性關(guān)系的思考

賀紀(jì)正，李晶，鄭袁明，等

摘要：自20世紀(jì)50年代以來，生物多樣性與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系一直是生態(tài)學(xué)中重點(diǎn)討論的理論問題之一。在當(dāng)今人類活動(dòng)對(duì)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生重大影響的情況下，全面理解生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性與穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系，有助于我們更好地應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境變化和生物多樣性喪失等生態(tài)問題。在陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，關(guān)注重點(diǎn)多集中在地上植物生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；而對(duì)地下生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，尤其是對(duì)微生物多樣性與系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性關(guān)系的研究尚重視不夠。事實(shí)上，土壤微生物作為生命元素循環(huán)的驅(qū)動(dòng)者，主導(dǎo)和參與地下生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中一系列重要生態(tài)過程，對(duì)土壤能否正常有序地執(zhí)行各項(xiàng)生態(tài)功能至關(guān)重要。對(duì)土壤微生物多樣性的研究，能使我們明確土壤中微生物對(duì)各種環(huán)境條件（包括自然和人為因素）變化的響應(yīng)機(jī)制，更好地維持土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性及其生態(tài)服務(wù)功能。本文在介紹土壤微生物多樣性概念、研究方法、地下生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的基礎(chǔ)上，重點(diǎn)討論了土壤微生物多樣性對(duì)土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的影響，對(duì)多樣性-穩(wěn)定性關(guān)系在土壤微生物生態(tài)學(xué)中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了較為深入和全面的思考。作者提出，土壤微生物系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)變化的自組織系統(tǒng)，通過遺傳來維持其組成和結(jié)構(gòu)的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性，通過變異而適應(yīng)外界干擾，共同構(gòu)成土壤微生物系統(tǒng)的抵抗力（resistance）和恢復(fù)力（resilience），維護(hù)土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性。今后土壤微生物多樣性-穩(wěn)定性關(guān)系的研究，需要注重地上與地下生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)合與統(tǒng)一，借鑒宏觀生態(tài)學(xué)理論來構(gòu)建微生物生態(tài)學(xué)的理論框架，建立微生物多樣性-穩(wěn)定性關(guān)系的機(jī)理模型，從定性描述向定量表征方向發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：多樣性-穩(wěn)定性；土壤微生物；多重功能性；功能冗余；遺傳與變異；機(jī)理模型

來源出版物：生物多樣性, 2013, 21 (4): 411-420

生物多樣性喪失機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

魏輔文，聶永剛，苗海霞，等

摘要：生物多樣性是地球上所有生命形式的總稱，包括物種多樣性、遺傳多樣性以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性。其中，物種多樣性是核心，它既體現(xiàn)了生物與環(huán)境之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系，又體現(xiàn)了生物資源的豐富性；物種的保護(hù)是生物多樣性保護(hù)的主要內(nèi)容。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量流動(dòng)是通過許多錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的食物鏈和食物網(wǎng)完成的，而動(dòng)物有機(jī)體在此過程中起關(guān)鍵作用。因此，物種多樣性，特別是動(dòng)物種類多樣性將直接影響整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能。然而，隨著世界人口的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的快速發(fā)展，人類社會(huì)對(duì)地球上的生物多樣性造成了愈來愈顯著的影響，在這一過程中產(chǎn)生的諸如棲息地喪失與破碎化、過度利用、環(huán)境污染、氣候變化等現(xiàn)象已對(duì)物種的生存產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重威脅。本文以生物多樣性喪失為主線，回顧了近10多年來在該方向的主要進(jìn)展，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注人類活動(dòng)對(duì)物種多樣性的影響，分析了生物多樣性喪失的主要原因、特征及其危害，介紹了生物多樣性研究的最新方法，并根據(jù)我國(guó)生物多樣性的現(xiàn)狀提出了未來生物多樣性研究中需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的科學(xué)問題。

關(guān)鍵詞：物種多樣性；遺傳多樣性；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性；多樣性喪失；人類活動(dòng)；保護(hù)基因組學(xué)

來源出版物：科學(xué)通報(bào), 2014, 59(6): 430-437

1990—2010年中國(guó)土地利用變化對(duì)生物多樣性保護(hù)重點(diǎn)區(qū)域的擾動(dòng)

趙國(guó)松，劉紀(jì)遠(yuǎn)，匡文慧，等

摘要：基于人類土地利用活動(dòng)對(duì)不同生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生物多樣性保護(hù)服務(wù)的影響，構(gòu)建生態(tài)系統(tǒng)綜合人類擾動(dòng)指數(shù)，結(jié)合不同級(jí)別的生物多樣性保護(hù)區(qū)域（一般重要、中等重要、重要、極重要四個(gè)級(jí)別）從全國(guó)尺度及區(qū)域尺度分析了中國(guó)1990—2010年土地利用變化對(duì)生物多樣性保護(hù)重點(diǎn)區(qū)域的擾動(dòng)。結(jié)果表明：就2010年現(xiàn)狀而言，我國(guó)中東部地區(qū)人類擾動(dòng)程度較大，西部地區(qū)人類擾動(dòng)程度較低，全國(guó)生物多樣性保護(hù)中等重要、重要、極重要區(qū)域的人類擾動(dòng)程度低于全國(guó)整體（包括所有級(jí)別）均值。就20年來人類擾動(dòng)程度變化態(tài)勢(shì)而言，全國(guó)中東部人類擾動(dòng)程度變化幅度總體高于西部，生物多樣性保護(hù)中等重要、重要、極重要區(qū)域人類擾動(dòng)程度均呈輕微上升趨勢(shì)，但增加幅度低于全國(guó)整體增加幅度。隨著東部地區(qū)的快速城市化以及東北、新疆等地區(qū)的農(nóng)田開墾等土地利用活動(dòng)，生物多樣性保護(hù)中等重要、重要、極重要區(qū)域等重點(diǎn)區(qū)域人類擾動(dòng)程度呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì)，應(yīng)引起重視；而隨著黃土高原等地區(qū)退耕還林還草工程的實(shí)施，人類擾動(dòng)程度整體則呈現(xiàn)一定的下降趨勢(shì)。青藏高原區(qū)擾動(dòng)變化幅度很小，幾乎沒有變化?？傮w而言，中國(guó)目前陸地國(guó)土開發(fā)利用的空間格局與生物多樣性保護(hù)保護(hù)重要區(qū)域的空間分布是相互匹配的，這有利于國(guó)家生物多樣性保護(hù)的整體布局。同時(shí)，20年來生態(tài)系統(tǒng)綜合人類擾動(dòng)指數(shù)變幅的區(qū)域分異也與生物多樣性保護(hù)重要性空間格局相吻合，說明20年來針對(duì)生態(tài)保護(hù)的各項(xiàng)政策與措施在減少生物多樣性保護(hù)重點(diǎn)區(qū)域人類擾動(dòng)方面產(chǎn)生了積極的成效。

關(guān)鍵詞：土地利用；生物多樣性；擾動(dòng)；變化態(tài)勢(shì)；中國(guó)

來源出版物：地理學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 69(11): 1640-1650

土壤生物多樣性研究：歷史、現(xiàn)狀與挑戰(zhàn)

時(shí)雷雷，傅聲雷

摘要：土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是地球上生物多樣性最豐富的生境。土壤生物多樣性在維持陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳動(dòng)態(tài)和養(yǎng)分循環(huán)方面具有重要的作用，是目前土壤生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域最為重要的熱點(diǎn)研究問題。本文綜述了過去20年對(duì)土壤生物多樣性研究經(jīng)歷的過程和取得的成果。首先，介紹了土壤生物多樣性研究的歷史發(fā)展過程，從早期問題的提出與研討，到大規(guī)模的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，再到對(duì)土壤生物多樣性的監(jiān)測(cè)、評(píng)價(jià)和保護(hù)。其次，重點(diǎn)介紹了土壤生物多樣性研究領(lǐng)域的4個(gè)核心問題及其進(jìn)展，包括土壤生物多樣性的維持機(jī)制、土壤生物多樣性與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能之間的關(guān)系、土壤生物多樣性的分布格局及土壤生物多樣性與植物多樣性之間的關(guān)系。最后指出，盡管人們對(duì)上述土壤生物多樣性的問題取得了一些研究成果，然而，在土壤生物多樣性的研究方法、土壤生物多樣性的大尺度地理分布格局及其機(jī)制、人類活動(dòng)和全球變化對(duì)土壤生物多樣性的影響以及土壤生物多樣性在污染治理和生態(tài)恢復(fù)中的應(yīng)用等方面還面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。

關(guān)鍵詞：土壤生物多樣性；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能；地理分布格局；全球變化；生態(tài)恢復(fù)

來源出版物：科學(xué)通報(bào), 2014, 59(6): 493-509

中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物多樣性

蔣志剛，馬勇，吳毅

摘要：中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物區(qū)系有鮮明的特色：有青藏高原分布的特有種屬，有第三紀(jì)孑遺動(dòng)物——大熊貓科和白鱀豚科，世界一半以上的鼠兔科動(dòng)物為中國(guó)特有種，中國(guó)還是世界有蹄類最豐富的國(guó)家。新世紀(jì)以來，世界哺乳動(dòng)物分類體系發(fā)生了變化，中國(guó)也發(fā)現(xiàn)一批哺乳動(dòng)物新種和新記錄種。因此，有必要對(duì)中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物多樣性名錄進(jìn)行及時(shí)更新和完善。我們?cè)凇吨袊?guó)生物多樣性紅色名錄·哺乳動(dòng)物卷》的編研中，對(duì)中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物的目級(jí)階元采用在系統(tǒng)發(fā)育基因組學(xué)已經(jīng)取得一致意見的方案;在科及以下階元以《中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物種與亞種分類名錄與分布大全》和Mammal Species of the World:A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference（第3版）的分類系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)，有蹄類的分類采用Ungulate Taxonomy分類系統(tǒng)；收集整理了中國(guó)（包括臺(tái)灣地區(qū)）所有哺乳動(dòng)物資料，增加了截至2015年3月31日學(xué)術(shù)期刊發(fā)表的中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物新種和新記錄種，通過會(huì)議評(píng)審和通訊評(píng)審，調(diào)整了一些物種的名稱和分類地位，確定了《中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物名錄（2015）》。該名錄收錄了中國(guó)現(xiàn)有哺乳動(dòng)物12目55科245屬673種，其中，新種18種（包括11種最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的或利用分子生物學(xué)方法確定的、尚有爭(zhēng)議的新種）、新記錄種18種、60個(gè)亞種提升為種。根據(jù)研究結(jié)果和專家意見，剔除了52種哺乳動(dòng)物。此外，中國(guó)分類學(xué)家對(duì)新版名錄中的20種嚙類（Glires）的分類地位持不同意見，這些種類需要進(jìn)一步研究。以《中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物名錄（2015）》收錄的中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物種數(shù)與其他國(guó)家比較，中國(guó)哺乳動(dòng)物種數(shù)超過IUCN（2014）報(bào)道的世界哺乳動(dòng)物排序第一的印度尼西亞（670種）。中國(guó)有150種特有哺乳動(dòng)物，特有種比例為22.3%。兔形目特有種比例達(dá)43%，鼠兔科特有種比例更高達(dá)52%。勞亞食蟲目的特有種比例為35%。中國(guó)靈長(zhǎng)目、嚙齒目和翼手目特有種比例約占各目總種數(shù)的1/5，翼手目特有種包括近十年發(fā)表、模式產(chǎn)地為中國(guó)的12個(gè)蝙蝠新種?！吨袊?guó)哺乳動(dòng)物名錄（2015）》為生物多樣性研究與保護(hù)提供了最新的本底資料。

關(guān)鍵詞：哺乳動(dòng)物；編目；生物多樣性；特有種

來源出版物：生物多樣性, 2015, 23(3): 351-364

中國(guó)城市生物多樣性保護(hù)規(guī)劃編制值得關(guān)注的問題

郝日明，張明娟

摘要：生物多樣性保護(hù)是人類可持續(xù)發(fā)展的根本保障。針對(duì)城市生物多樣性保護(hù)規(guī)劃編制存在的問題，從樹種規(guī)劃、樹種配置比例和棲息地構(gòu)建3個(gè)方面有針對(duì)性地闡述城市生物多樣性保護(hù)的切入點(diǎn)和有效途徑。樹種規(guī)劃應(yīng)從組成上體現(xiàn)為各類動(dòng)物提供食物，樹種配置比例要重視灌木和草本類型，應(yīng)通過構(gòu)建各類棲息地的方法進(jìn)行動(dòng)物多樣性的保護(hù)。植物多樣性是生物多樣性保護(hù)的關(guān)鍵，為城市生物多樣性保護(hù)規(guī)劃編制提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：風(fēng)景園林； 城市生物多樣性；樹種規(guī)劃；一般樹種

來源出版物：中國(guó)園林, 2015, (8): 5-9

我國(guó)生物多樣性保護(hù)與減貧協(xié)同發(fā)展模式探索

張麗榮，王夏暉，侯一蕾，等

摘要：生物多樣性和貧困是全球關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)論題，生物多樣性保護(hù)與減貧是關(guān)乎我國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展、人民生活水平提高和2020年能否全面實(shí)現(xiàn)小康社會(huì)的重要問題。近年來，生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)特別是生物多樣性保護(hù)與貧困地區(qū)區(qū)域整體協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展越來越受到社會(huì)各界的關(guān)注。本文對(duì)我國(guó)生物多樣性保護(hù)與減貧的積極和消極影響關(guān)系進(jìn)行了梳理和分析，采用態(tài)勢(shì)分析法對(duì)我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的生物多樣性保護(hù)與減貧的宏觀政策在未來二者協(xié)同發(fā)展過程中的優(yōu)勢(shì)、劣勢(shì)、機(jī)會(huì)和威脅進(jìn)行了深入探討。并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)以生物多樣性可持續(xù)利用為核心的保護(hù)與減貧協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的途徑進(jìn)行了探索，提出了促進(jìn)二者協(xié)同發(fā)展的生態(tài)移民、綠色資本帶動(dòng)、生態(tài)旅游、綠色考評(píng)等模式，以期對(duì)我國(guó)推進(jìn)生物多樣性保護(hù)與減貧協(xié)同發(fā)展提供借鑒。

關(guān)鍵詞：生物多樣性；減貧；協(xié)同；發(fā)展；模式

來源出版物：生物多樣性, 2015, 23 (3): 433–434

生物多樣性事業(yè)需要科學(xué)、可操作的物種概念

洪德元

摘要：物種概念（species concept）是生物學(xué)家們持續(xù)關(guān)注的中心問題。物種概念決定物種劃分，而物種劃分的合理性關(guān)系到生物多樣性的研究、保護(hù)和可持續(xù)利用。本文把現(xiàn)有較流行的物種概念分為6類，并對(duì)它們予以述評(píng)后指出：雖然生物學(xué)物種概念、遺傳學(xué)物種概念、進(jìn)化物種概念、系統(tǒng)發(fā)生物種概念等從不同方面認(rèn)識(shí)了物種的客觀真實(shí)性和物種的本質(zhì)，但在實(shí)踐中都難以操作。絕大多數(shù)物種是由分類學(xué)家劃分的，但目前所有的分類學(xué)物種概念都包含有不同程度的主觀因素，從而造成物種劃分的人為性，對(duì)生物多樣性研究造成負(fù)面影響。因此，生物多樣性事業(yè)需要科學(xué)、可操作的物種概念。本文在吸收了生物學(xué)物種概念、遺傳學(xué)物種概念、進(jìn)化物種概念以及系統(tǒng)發(fā)生物種概念等的長(zhǎng)處,也分析了它們的不足和問題的基礎(chǔ)上提出一個(gè)新的物種概念，即形態(tài)-生物學(xué)物種概念。最后，以芍藥屬（Paeonia）幾個(gè)物種的處理為例，說明這一新的物種概念是可操作的，劃分的物種在形態(tài)上區(qū)別分明，易于鑒別。更重要的是，其結(jié)果得到基于25或26個(gè)單拷貝或寡拷貝核基因DNA序列所作的系統(tǒng)發(fā)生分析的強(qiáng)有力支持。各個(gè)物種在系統(tǒng)發(fā)生樹上形成單系和獨(dú)立的譜系，表明其間各自形成獨(dú)立的基因庫(kù),沒有基因交換，它們獨(dú)立進(jìn)化，有各自的生態(tài)位和獨(dú)立的分布區(qū)。因此，利用這一新的物種概念能夠達(dá)到預(yù)期目標(biāo)。

關(guān)鍵詞：生物多樣性；物種劃分；物種概念；生物學(xué)物種概念；遺傳學(xué)物種概念；進(jìn)化物種概念；系統(tǒng)發(fā)生物種概念；生態(tài)學(xué)物種概念；分類學(xué)物種概念；形態(tài)-生物學(xué)物種概念

來源出版物：生物多樣性, 2016, 24 (9): 979–999

生物多樣性與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多功能性：進(jìn)展與展望

徐煒，馬志遠(yuǎn)，井新，等

摘要：全球變化和人類活動(dòng)引起的生物多樣性喪失將會(huì)對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能產(chǎn)生諸多不利影響，如生產(chǎn)力下降、養(yǎng)分循環(huán)失衡等。因此，始于20世紀(jì)90年代的生物多樣性與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能（biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, BEF）研究一直是生態(tài)學(xué)界關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。然而，隨著研究的深入，人們逐步認(rèn)識(shí)到生態(tài)系統(tǒng)并非僅僅提供單個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能，而是能同時(shí)提供多個(gè)功能，這一特性被稱之為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多功能性”（ecosystem multifunctionality, EMF）。盡管有此認(rèn)識(shí)，但直到2007年，研究者才開始定量描述生物多樣性與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多功能性（biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality, BEMF）的關(guān)系。目前，BEMF研究已成為生態(tài)學(xué)研究的一個(gè)重要議題，但仍存在很多問題和爭(zhēng)議，如缺少公認(rèn)的多功能性測(cè)度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)不同功能之間的權(quán)衡問題等。本文概述了BEMF研究的發(fā)展歷程、常用的量化方法、EMF的維持機(jī)制和不同研究視角下BEMF的關(guān)系。針對(duì)現(xiàn)有研究中的不足，本文還總結(jié)了需要進(jìn)一步深入研究的地方，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了優(yōu)化EMF測(cè)度方法和研究不同維度生物多樣性與EMF間關(guān)系的重要性，以期對(duì)未來的BEMF研究有所幫助。

關(guān)鍵詞：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能；物種喪失；多功能性指數(shù)；多功能

來源出版物：生物多樣性, 2016, 24 (1): 55–71

陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)與生物多樣性研究進(jìn)展

范玉龍，胡楠，丁圣彥，等

摘要：在生物多樣性迅速消失的壓力下，人類面臨生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)質(zhì)量嚴(yán)重下降的威脅。為了使生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要功能更直觀的展現(xiàn)在人們面前，許多學(xué)者把生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)對(duì)人類的惠益進(jìn)行整理分類，最有影響力的是千年生態(tài)系統(tǒng)評(píng)估（MA，Millennium Ecosystem Assessment）把生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)分為供給、調(diào)節(jié)、文化和支持服務(wù)四類，服務(wù)的核心是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品、過程和格局。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的識(shí)別與分類是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能的對(duì)象化過程，也是以人類需求來審視生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的過程。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)通過結(jié)構(gòu)—過程—功能這一途徑來實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，各種服務(wù)的直接動(dòng)力來源于自然界生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)，生物多樣性通過生態(tài)系統(tǒng)屬性和過程來影響生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)形成和維持。生物多樣性越高，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能性狀的范圍越廣，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)質(zhì)量就越高、越穩(wěn)定。全球變化中的土地利用和土地覆蓋變化是生物多樣性快速下降的主要原因，也是目前影響生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)最廣泛、最劇烈的驅(qū)動(dòng)力，而這正是人類活動(dòng)造成的，人類需求和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有限的服務(wù)能力之間在不同尺度表現(xiàn)出嚴(yán)重沖突。要提高生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)質(zhì)量,要在不同區(qū)域進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)不同的布局，盡可能的擴(kuò)大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)規(guī)模和提高生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能，核心是提高生物多樣性水平。

關(guān)鍵詞：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)；生物多樣性；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能；全球變化

來源出版物：生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 36(15): 1-12

中國(guó)實(shí)施2020年全球生物多樣性目標(biāo)的進(jìn)展

徐海根，丁暉，歐陽(yáng)志云，等

摘要：針對(duì)日益嚴(yán)峻的生物多樣性喪失形勢(shì)，國(guó)際社會(huì)于2010年通過了《生物多樣性戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃》（2011—2020年）。該戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃確定了2020年全球生物多樣性目標(biāo)。采用“壓力-狀態(tài)-惠益-響應(yīng)”模型，建立了評(píng)估2020年目標(biāo)進(jìn)展的指標(biāo)體系。該指標(biāo)體系包括生物多樣性現(xiàn)狀、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)、壓力和響應(yīng)4個(gè)方面，涉及17個(gè)一級(jí)指標(biāo)、42個(gè)二級(jí)指標(biāo)。研究表明，除目標(biāo)2、16和18因缺乏相應(yīng)指標(biāo)無(wú)法評(píng)估外，目標(biāo)1、3、4、5、7、10、11、14、15、17、19、20的相關(guān)評(píng)估指標(biāo)均有不同程度的改善，表明這些目標(biāo)的實(shí)施正沿著正確的軌道推進(jìn)，特別是目標(biāo)3（鼓勵(lì)措施）、目標(biāo)5（減少生境退化和喪失）、目標(biāo)11（強(qiáng)化保護(hù)區(qū)系統(tǒng)和有效管理）、目標(biāo)14（恢復(fù)和保障重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)）、目標(biāo)15（增強(qiáng)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的復(fù)原力和碳儲(chǔ)量）進(jìn)展較大；但目標(biāo)5中的草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)，目標(biāo)6（可持續(xù)漁業(yè)）、目標(biāo)8（控制環(huán)境污染）、目標(biāo)9（防治外來入侵物種）、目標(biāo)12（保護(hù)受威脅物種）、目標(biāo)13（保護(hù)遺傳資源）的相關(guān)評(píng)估指標(biāo)大多呈現(xiàn)惡化的趨勢(shì)，表明雖然已開展了大量工作，但尚需采取更加有效的策略和措施才能實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)。今后應(yīng)進(jìn)一步開發(fā)生物多樣性價(jià)值、可持續(xù)消費(fèi)、生態(tài)退化、農(nóng)林漁業(yè)對(duì)生物多樣性的影響、氣候變化對(duì)生物多樣性的影響、保護(hù)區(qū)的生態(tài)代表性和管理有效性、遺傳資源和相關(guān)傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)的獲取與惠益分享等方面的指標(biāo)，更加重視生態(tài)功能和生物多樣性的恢復(fù)，重視瀕危物種和遺傳資源的保護(hù)以及外來入侵物種的防控。

關(guān)鍵詞：愛知目標(biāo)；指標(biāo)體系；紅色名錄指數(shù)；海洋營(yíng)養(yǎng)指數(shù)；就地保護(hù)；生境恢復(fù)

來源出版物：生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 36(13): 1-12

基于生態(tài)環(huán)境閾限與旅游承載力背景下生物多樣性保護(hù)策略研究——以世界自然遺產(chǎn)武陵源核心景區(qū)為例

馬駿

摘要：基于積極維護(hù)全球生物多樣性的價(jià)值追求，以世界自然遺產(chǎn)武陵源核心景區(qū)為研究對(duì)象，結(jié)合近年來研究區(qū)域旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)和對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境造成的過度影響，通過測(cè)算得出其生態(tài)環(huán)境閾限與旅游承載力數(shù)值以及對(duì)生物多樣性的現(xiàn)實(shí)威脅，在此基礎(chǔ)上選取7個(gè)指標(biāo)構(gòu)建武陵源核心景區(qū)生物多樣性評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系，并綜合運(yùn)用AHP法和模糊數(shù)學(xué)方法對(duì)其生物多樣性狀況進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，采取定量和定性相結(jié)合的方法對(duì)當(dāng)前核心景區(qū)因旅游業(yè)造成生物多樣性的影響進(jìn)行分析，提出核心景區(qū)今后生物多樣性保護(hù)的具體策略，以期實(shí)現(xiàn)景區(qū)開發(fā)與生物多樣性保護(hù)的協(xié)同共贏。

關(guān)鍵詞：生物多樣性；生態(tài)環(huán)境；旅游承載力；保護(hù)策略；武陵源景區(qū)

來源出版物：經(jīng)濟(jì)地理, 2016, 36(4): 195-202

來源出版物：Ecosystems, 2015, 18(5): 881-888

Global change and local solutions: Tapping the unrealized potential of citizen science for biodiversity research

Theobald, E. J.; Ettinger, A. K.; Burgess, H. K.; et al.

Abstract:The collective impact of humans on biodiversity rivals mass extinction events defining Earth’s history, but does our large population also present opportunities to document and contend with this crisis? We provide the first quantitative review of biodiversity-related citizen science to determine whether data collected by these projects can be, and are currently being, effectively used in biodiversity research. We find strong evidence of the potential of citizen science: within projects we sampled (n=388), similar to 1.3 million volunteers participate, contributing up to $2.5 billion in-kind annually. These projects exceed most federallyfunded studies in spatial and temporal extent, and collectively they sample a breadth of taxonomic diversity. However, only 12% of the 388 projects surveyed obviously provide data to peer-reviewed scientific articles, despite the fact that a third of these projects have verifiable, standardized data that are accessible online. Factors influencing publication included project spatial scale and longevity and having publically available data, as well as one measure of scientific rigor (taxonomic identification training). Because of the low rate at which citizen science data reach publication, the large and growing citizen science movement is likely only realizing a small portion of its potential impact on thescientific research community. Strengthening connections between professional and non-professional participants in the scientific process will enable this large data resource to be better harnessed to understand and address global change impacts on biodiversity.

Keywords:biodiversity; citizen science; crowd sourcing; global change; volunteer monitoring; climate change

來源出版物：Biological Conservation, 2015, 181: 236-244

Exploring connections among nature, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health and well-being: Opportunities to enhance health and biodiversity conservation

Sandifer, Paul A.; Sutton-Grier, Ariana E.; Ward, Bethney P.; et al.

Abstract:We are at a key juncture in history where biodiversity loss is occurring daily and accelerating in the face of population growth, climate change, and rampant development. Simultaneously, we are just beginning to appreciate the wealth of human health benefits that stem from experiencing nature and biodiversity. Here we assessed the state of knowledge on relationships between human health and nature and biocliversity, and prepared a comprehensive listing of reported health effects. We found strong evidence linking biodiversity with production of ecosystem services and between nature exposure and human health, but many of these studies were limited in rigor and often only correlative. Much less information is available to link biodiversity and health. However, some robust studies indicate that exposure to microbial biodiversity can improve health, specifically in reducing certain allergic and respiratory diseases. Overall, much more research is needed on mechanisms of causation. Also needed are a re envisioning of land use planning that places human well-being at the center and a new coalition of ecologists, health and social scientists and planners to conduct research and develop policies that promote human interaction with nature and biodiversity. Improvements in these areas should enhance human health and ecosystem, community, as well as human resilience.

Keywords:ecosystem service; nature; biodiversity; human health; policy; conservation

來源出版物：Ecosystem Services, 2015, 12(S1): 1-15

Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene

McGill, Brian J.; Dornelas, Maria; Gotelli, Nicholas J.; et al.

Abstract:Humans are transforming the biosphere in unprecedented ways, raising the important question of how these impacts are changing biodiversity. Here we argue that our understanding of biodiversity trends in the Anthropocene, and our ability to protect the natural world, is impeded by a failure to consider different types of biodiversity measured at different spatial scales. We propose that ecologists should recognize and assess 15 distinct categories of biodiversity trend. We summarize what is known about each of these 15 categories, identify major gaps in our current knowledge, and recommend the next steps required for better understanding of trends in biodiversity.

Keywords:species richness; change; loss; beta diversity; alpha diversity; landscape; region; meta-community; local; Anthropocene; winners and losers

來源出版物：Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2015, 30(2): 104-113

An indicator framework for assessing ecosystem services in support of the EU biodiversity Strategy to 2020

Maes, Joachim; Liquete, Camin; Teller, Anne; et al.

Abstract:In the EU, the mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services, abbreviated to MAES, is seen as a key action for the advancement of biodiversity objectives, and also to inform the development and implementation of related policies on water, climate, agriculture, forest, marine and regional planning. In this study, we present the development of an analytical framework which ensures that consistent approaches are used throughout the EU. It is framed by a broad set of key policy questions and structured around a conceptual framework that links human societies and their well-being with the environment. Next, this framework is tested through four thematic pilot studies, including stakeholders and experts working at different scales and governance levels, which contributed indicators to assess the state of ecosystem services. Indicators were scored according to different criteria and assorted per ecosystem type and ecosystem services using the common international classification of ecosystem services (CICES) as typology. We concluded that there is potential to develop a first EU wide ecosystem assessment on the basis of existing data if they are combined in a creative way. However, substantial data gaps remain to be filled before a fully integrated and complete ecosystem assessment can be carried out.

Keywords:EU Biodiversity Strategy; CICES; indicators; MAES; natural Capital

來源出版物：Ecosystem Services, 2016, 17: 14-23

Climate velocity and the future global redistribution of marine biodiversity

Molinos, Jorge Garcia; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Schoeman, Schoeman, David S; et al.

Abstract:Anticipating the effect of climate change on biodiversity, in particular on changes in community composition, is crucial for adaptive ecosystem management (1) but remains a critical knowledge gap(2). Here, we use climate velocity trajectories(3), together with information on thermal tolerances and habitat preferences, to project changes in global patterns of marine species richness and community composition under IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways(4) (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5. Our simple, intuitive approach emphasizes climate connectivity, and enables us to model over 12 times as many species as previous studies(5, 6). We find that range expansions prevail over contractions for both RCPs up to 2100, producing a net local increase in richness globally, and temporal changes in composition, driven by the redistribution rather than the loss of diversity. Conversely, widespread invasions homogenize present-day communities across multiple regions. High extirpation rates are expected regionally (for example, Indo-Pacific), particularly under RCP8.5, leading to strong decreases in richness and the anticipated formation of noanalogue communities where invasions are common. The spatial congruence of these patterns with contemporary human impacts(7, 8) highlights potential areas of future conservation concern. These results strongly suggest that the millennial stability of current global marine diversity patterns, against which conservation plans are assessed, will change rapidly over the course of the century in response to ocean warming.

來源出版物：Nature Climate Change, 2016, 6(1): 1-8

Synergies and trade-offs in achieving global biodiversity targets

Di Marco, Moreno; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Visconti, Piero; et al.

Abstract:After their failure to achieve a significant reduction in the global rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, world governments adopted 20 new ambitious Aichi biodiversity targets to be met by 2020. Efforts to achieve one particular target can contribute to achieving others, but different targets may sometimes require conflicting solutions. Consequently, lack of strategic thinking might result, once again, in a failure to achieve global commitments to biodiversity conservation. We illustrate this dilemma by focusing on Aichi Target 11. This target requires an expansion of terrestrial protected area coverage, which could also contribute to reducing the loss of natural habitats (Target 5), reducing human-induced species decline and extinction (Target 12), and maintaining global carbon stocks (Target 15). We considered the potential impact of expanding protected areas to mitigate global deforestation and the consequences for the distribution of suitable habitat for＞10000 species of forest vertebrates (amphibians, birds, and mammals). We first identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on remaining forests and then identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on forest vertebrates (considering aggregate suitable habitat for species). Expanding protected areas toward locations with the highest deforestation rates (Target 5) or the highest potential loss of aggregate species' suitable habitat (Target 12) resulted in partially different protected area network configurations (overlapping with each other by about 73%). Moreover, the latter approach contributed to safeguarding about 30% more global carbon stocks than the former. Further investigation of synergies and trade-offs between targets would shed light on these and other complex interactions, such as the interaction between reducing overexploitation of natural resources (Targets 6, 7), controlling invasive alien species (Target 9), and preventing extinctions of native species (Target 12). Synergies between targets must be identified and secured soon and trade-offs must be minimized before the options for co-benefits are reduced by human pressures.

Keywords:Aichi targets; biodiversity; carbon storage; Convention on Biological Diversity; forest loss; protected area; threatened species; vertebrates

來源出版物：Conservation Biology, 2016, 30(1): 189-195

責(zé)任編輯：衛(wèi)夏雯

The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection

Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N; Abell, R; et al.

Recent studies clarify where the most vulnerable species live, where and how humanity changes the planet, and how this drives extinctions. We assess key statistics about species, their distribution, and their status. Most are undescribed. Those we know best have large geographical ranges and are often common within them. Most known species have small ranges. The numbers of small-ranged species are increasing quickly, even in well-known taxa. They are geographically concentrated and are disproportionately likely to be threatened or already extinct. Current rates of extinction are about 1000 times the likely background rate of extinction. Future rates depend on many factors and are poised to increase. Although there has been rapid progress in developing protected areas, such efforts are not ecologically representative, nor do they optimally protect biodiversity.來源出版物：Science, 2014, 344(6187): 987-998A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targetsTittensor, Derek P.; Walpole, Matt; Hill, Samantha L. L; et al.Abstract:In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed on 20 biodiversity-related “Aichi Targets” to be achieved within a decade. We provide a comprehensive mid-term assessment of progress toward these global targets using 55 indicator data sets. We projected indicator trends to 2020 using an adaptive statistical framework that incorporated the specific properties of individual time series. On current trajectories, results suggest that despite accelerating policy and management responses to the biodiversity crisis, the impacts of these efforts are unlikely to be reflected in improved trends in the state of biodiversity by 2020. We highlight areas of societal endeavor requiring additional efforts to achieve the Aichi Targets, and provide a baseline against which to assess future progress.來源出版物：Science, 2014, 346(6206): 241-244Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioningBardgett, Richard D; van der Putten, Wim H.Abstract:Evidence is mounting that the immense diversity of microorganisms and animals that live belowground contributes significantly to shaping aboveground biodiversity and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Our understanding of how this belowground biodiversity is distributed, and how it regulates the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, is rapidly growing. Evidence also points to soil biodiversity as having a key role in determining the ecological and evolutionaryresponses of terrestrial ecosystems to current and future environmental change. Here we review recent progress and propose avenues for further research in this field.來源出版物：Nature, 2014, 515(7528): 505-511Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic lossDornelas, Maria; Gotelli, Nicholas J; McGill, Brian; et al.Abstract:The extent to which biodiversity change in local assemblages contributes to global biodiversity loss is poorly understood. We analyzed 100 time series from biomes across Earth to ask how diversity within assemblages is changing through time. We quantified patterns of temporal alpha diversity, measured as change in local diversity, and temporal beta diversity, measured as change in community composition. Contrary to our expectations, we did not detect systematic loss of alpha diversity. However, community composition changed systematically through time, in excess of predictions from null models. Heterogeneous rates of environmental change, species range shifts associated with climate change, and biotic homogenization may explain the different patterns of temporal alpha and beta diversity. Monitoring and understanding change in species composition should be a conservation priority.來源出版物：Science, 2014, 344(6181): 296-299Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: A framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studiesChao, Anne; Gotelli, Nicholas J.; Hsieh, T. C.; et al.Abstract:User authentication and key management are two important security issues in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks). In WSNs, for some applications, the user needs to obtain real-time data directly from sensors and several user authentication schemes have been recently proposed for this case. We found that a two-factor mutual authentication scheme with key agreement in WSNs is vulnerable to gateway node bypassing attacks and user impersonation attacks using secret data stored in sensor nodes or an attacker’s own smart card. In this paper, we propose an improved scheme to overcome these security weaknesses by storing secret data in unique ciphertext form in each node. In addition, our proposed scheme should provide not only security, but also efficiency since sensors in a WSN operate with resource constraints such as limited power, computation, and storage space. Therefore, we also analyze the performance of the proposed scheme by comparing its computation and communication costs with those of other schemes.來源出版物：Ecological Monographs, 2014, 84(1): 45-67Environmental DNA for wildlife biology and biodiversity monitoringBohmann, Kristine; Evans, Alice; Gilbert, M. Thomas P; et al.Abstract:Extraction and identification of DNA from an environmental sample has proven noteworthy recently in detecting and monitoring not only common species, but also those that are endangered, invasive, or elusive. Particular attributes of so-called environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis render it a potent tool for elucidating mechanistic insights in ecological and evolutionary processes. Foremost among these is an improved ability to explore ecosystem-level processes, the generation of quantitative indices for analyses of species, community diversity, and dynamics, and novel opportunities through the use of time-serial samples and unprecedented sensitivity for detecting rare or difficult-to-sample taxa. Although technical challenges remain, here we examine the current frontiers of eDNA, outline key aspects requiring improvement, and suggest future developments and innovations for research.來源出版物：Trends In Ecology & Evolution, 2014, 29(6): 358-367Comparative population genomics in animals uncovers the determinants of genetic diversityRomiguier, J.; Gayral, P.; Ballenghien, M.; et al.Abstract:Genetic diversity is the amount of variation observed between DNA sequences from distinct individuals of a given species. This pivotal concept of population genetics has implications for species health, domestication, management and conservation. Levels of genetic diversity seem to vary greatly in natural populations and species, but the determinants of this variation, and particularly the relative influences of species biology and ecology versus population history, are still largely mysterious(1, 2). Here we show that the diversity of a species is predictable, and is determined in the first place by its ecological strategy. We investigated the genome-wide diversity of 76 nonmodel animal species by sequencing the transcriptome of two to ten individuals in each species. The distribution of genetic diversity between species revealed no detectable influence of geographic range or invasive status but was accurately predicted by key species traits related to parental investment: long-lived or low-fecundity species with brooding ability were genetically less diverse than short-lived or highly fecund ones. Our analysis demonstrates the influence of long-term life-history strategies on species response to short-term environmental perturbations, a result with immediate implications for conservation policies.來源出版物：Nature, 2014, 515(7526): 261-U243Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversityNewbold, Tim; Hudson, Lawrence N; Hill, Samantha L. L; et al.Abstract:Human activities, especially conversion and degradation of habitats, are causing global biodiversity declines. How local ecological assemblages are responding is less clear-a concern given their importance for many ecosystem functions and services. We analysed a terrestrial assemblage database of unprecedented geographic and taxonomic coverage to quantify local biodiversity responses to land use and related changes. Here we show that in the worst-affected habitats, these pressures reducewithin-sample species richness by anaverage of 76.5%, total abundance by 39.5% andrarefaction-based richness by 40.3%. We estimate that, globally, these pressures have already slightly reduced average within-sample richness (by 13.6%), total abundance (10.7%) and rarefaction-based richness (8.1%), with changes showing marked spatial variation. Rapid further losses are predicted under a business-as-usual land-use scenario; within-sample richness is projected to fall by a further 3.4% globally by 2100, with losses concentrated in biodiverse but economically poor countries. Strong mitigation can deliver much more positive biodiversity changes (up to a 1.9% average increase) that are less strongly related to countries’ socioeconomic status.來源出版物：Nature, 2015, 520(7545): 45-50Loss of plant species diversity reduces soil erosion resistanceBerendse, Frank; van Ruijven, Jasper; Jongejans, Eelke; et al.Abstract:In many estuarine areas around the world, the safety of human societies depends on the functioning of embankments (dikes) that provide protection against river floods and storm tides. Vegetation on land-side slopes protects these embankments from erosion by heavy rains or overtopping waves. We carried out a field experiment to investigate the effect of plant species diversity on soil loss through erosion on a simulated dike. The experiment included four diversity treatments (1, 2, 4, and 8 species). In the third year of the experiment, we measured net annual soil loss by measuring erosion losses every 2 weeks. We show that loss of plant species diversity reduces erosion resistance on these slopes: net annual soil loss increased twofold when diversity declines fourfold. The different plant species had strongly diverging effects on soil erosion, both in the single-species and in the multi-species plots. Analysis of the dynamics of the individual species revealed that the main mechanism explaining the strong effects of plant species diversity on soil erosion is the compensation or insurance effect, that is, the capacity of diverse communities to supply species to take over the functions of species that went extinct as a consequence of fluctuating environmental conditions. We conclude that the protection and restoration of diverse plant communities on embankments and other vegetated slopes are essential to minimize soil erosion, and can contribute to greater safety in the most densely populated areas of the world.

plant species diversity; soil erosion; plant competition; insurance effect; compensation effect