高被引論文摘要

李清平

高被引論文摘要

被引頻次：151

我國海洋深水油氣開發(fā)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)

李清平

隨著科學技術的進步和人類對海洋石油資源認知水平的不斷提高，海洋油氣勘探開發(fā)已從淺海走向深海，甚至超深海。深水油氣開發(fā)已成為世界石油工業(yè)的熱點和科技創(chuàng)新的前沿。近年來，我國海洋石油工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，已建成投產 45個油氣田，但整體技術水平與國外先進技術水平尚有很大差距。目前，世界上深水鉆探最大水深為3095 m，我國為505 m；世界上已開發(fā)油氣田最大水深為2192 m，我國為333 m。我國深水海域蘊藏著豐富的油氣資源，但深水區(qū)域特殊的自然環(huán)境和復雜的油氣儲藏條件將使我國深水油氣開發(fā)在鉆探、開發(fā)工程、建造等方面面臨諸多技術難題。針對我國海洋石油工業(yè)實際情況，兼顧引進與創(chuàng)新，集國內外相關技術之優(yōu)勢，聯(lián)合攻關，使我國深水油氣勘探開發(fā)技術達到或超過國外同類技術水平，是使命，更是機遇與挑戰(zhàn)。

深水；油氣勘探開發(fā)；現(xiàn)狀；挑戰(zhàn)

來源出版物：中國海上油氣, 2006, 18(2): 130-133

被引頻次：112

不同圍壓下砂巖孔滲規(guī)律試驗研究

彭蘇萍，孟召平，王虎，等

摘要：采用三軸巖石力學試驗系統(tǒng)分析了砂巖儲層巖石在全應力-應變過程中滲透率的變化規(guī)律和不同圍壓下巖石的孔滲性，建立了砂巖巖石應力-應變與滲透率之間的定性定量關系。研究表明：巖石在全應力-應變過程中，滲透率的變化的總體規(guī)律是在彈性階段滲透率隨應力的增大而略有降低，進入彈塑性階段后隨著新生裂隙的擴展、貫穿，巖石的滲透率先是緩慢增加然后急劇增大，在峰前或峰后達到極大值，殘余流動階段原有裂隙開始壓密閉合，滲透率開始降低。砂巖的孔滲性與其所承受的有效側壓大小密切相關，表現(xiàn)為巖石的孔隙度和滲透率均隨側壓的增大而減小，且服從對數(shù)函數(shù)變化規(guī)律；成巖作用不同的砂巖孔隙度和滲透率減小的速度和程度不同，表現(xiàn)為在側壓的作用下，成巖作用程度較弱的砂巖儲層的孔隙度或滲透率減小的速度和程度明顯地高于成巖作用程度較強的砂巖。

關鍵詞：巖石力學；圍壓；砂巖；孔滲性；油氣開發(fā)

來源出版物：巖石力學與工程學報, 2003, 22(5): 742-746

被引頻次：111

油氣開發(fā)中二氧化碳腐蝕的研究現(xiàn)狀和趨勢

張學元，王鳳平，陳卓元，等

摘要：本文綜述了二氧化碳腐蝕的機理，分析了鋼鐵材料、CO2分壓、溫度、介質組成、pH、流速、鋼鐵表面膜和載荷等對二氧化碳腐蝕的影響，介紹了二氧化碳腐蝕的研究水平和研究趨勢。

關鍵詞：二氧化碳；鋼鐵腐蝕；油氣田采出水；影響腐蝕因素；腐蝕機理；綜述

來源出版物：油田化學, 1997, 14(2): 190-196

被引頻次：94

我國海洋石油鉆井平臺現(xiàn)狀與技術發(fā)展分析

黃悅華，任克忍

摘要：海洋油氣開發(fā)裝備產業(yè)是直接關系到海洋油氣資源開發(fā)、影響國家能源穩(wěn)定和經濟安全的戰(zhàn)略產業(yè)。海洋石油鉆井平臺是海洋油氣開發(fā)的關鍵裝備，我國海洋石油裝備產業(yè)在海洋油氣產業(yè)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展的帶動下，正處于高速發(fā)展的新時期。對我國海洋石油鉆井裝備產業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及市場需求進行了深入研究，并對海洋石油鉆井平臺技術特點做了介紹，重點分析了該項技術的發(fā)展狀況，從鉆井平臺類型和技術含量等方面指出我國與世界先進海洋石油鉆井平臺的主要差距，并提出了若干發(fā)展建議。

關鍵詞：海上平臺；技術現(xiàn)狀；發(fā)展趨勢

來源出版物：石油機械, 2007, 35(9): 157-160

被引頻次：80

深海半潛式鉆井平臺的發(fā)展

劉海霞

摘要：介紹深海油氣勘探開發(fā)的現(xiàn)狀，從工作水深、海況適應性、可變載荷、結構、材料、裝備、功能等多方面分析了第五、第六代深海半潛式鉆井平臺的發(fā)展特點和趨勢，并在現(xiàn)場調研的基礎上對新一代半潛式鉆井平臺Global SantaFe Development Driller進行了技術說明。

關鍵詞：深海；油氣開發(fā)；半潛式鉆井平臺

來源出版物：船舶, 2007 (3): 6-10

被引頻次：59

縫洞型碳酸鹽巖油藏古溶洞系統(tǒng)與油氣開發(fā)——以塔河碳酸鹽巖溶洞型油藏為例

魯新便，蔡忠賢

摘要：以塔河奧陶系碳酸鹽巖縫洞型油藏為原型，厘定了古溶洞系統(tǒng)的概念與特征，探討了其形成、演化、改造以及對油藏的分隔作用，提出了古溶洞系統(tǒng)的垮塌充填-斷裂體系是造成油藏分隔化作用的主要因素。針對該類油藏由于喀斯特作用與構造作用所造成的縫洞儲集體非均質性特征，認為其油藏描述應按照系統(tǒng)性、層次性思路，分巖溶體系（古溶洞系統(tǒng)）與油藏體系（縫洞單元）兩個級次來進行。與此同時，按照對喀斯特油藏描述調整后的思路與技術方法對研究區(qū)古溶洞系統(tǒng)與開發(fā)井位部署之間關系進行了描述，取得了良好效果。

關鍵詞：縫洞型碳酸鹽巖；溶洞型油藏；古溶洞系統(tǒng)；油氣開發(fā)；塔河油田

來源出版物：石油與天然氣地質, 2010, 31(1): 22-27

被引頻次：52

海洋油氣開發(fā)中的水下生產系統(tǒng)（一）

陳家慶

摘要：海洋油氣開發(fā)中的水下生產系統(tǒng)因具有能夠提高采收率、解決油井產出物處理和輸送問題，以及適用于深水或極深水油氣開發(fā)等優(yōu)點，正倍受關注并蓬勃發(fā)展。在闡述水下生產系統(tǒng)發(fā)展歷程的基礎上，介紹了世界范圍內水下生產系統(tǒng)的工程現(xiàn)狀，分析了實施水下生產系統(tǒng)工程存在的部分共性問題，提出研發(fā)我國水下生產系統(tǒng)的建議。

關鍵詞：海上油氣田；水下生產系統(tǒng)；多相流分離；多相流增壓

來源出版物：石油機械, 2007, 35(5): 54-58

被引頻次：50

螞蟻追蹤在斷層自動解釋中的應用——以平湖油田放鶴亭構造為例

張欣

摘要：本文介紹的斷層自動解釋流程，是模仿螞蟻覓食的方法從非?；靵y的數(shù)據體中根據斷層屬性來生成斷層面。這種新穎的斷層解釋方法較傳統(tǒng)斷層解釋方法省時、省力，且在解釋初期就能客觀、全面地給解釋人員一個完整斷裂系統(tǒng)的概況，文中給出了具體實現(xiàn)的主要步驟。通過在平湖油田放鶴亭構造斷層解釋中的應用，總結出每個步聚的適用參數(shù)，在目的區(qū)描繪出一條“Y”字型低級序斷層，有效地解決了該區(qū)油氣開發(fā)動態(tài)出現(xiàn)的矛盾。

關鍵詞：螞蟻追蹤；斷層自動解釋；預處理；追蹤軌跡；斷層描述；應用前景

來源出版物：石油地球物理勘探, 2010 (2): 278-281

被引頻次：47

海洋環(huán)境腐蝕規(guī)律及控制技術

侯保榮

摘要：隨著人口增加，資源匱乏和環(huán)境惡化，人們越來越深刻地認識到，浩瀚的海洋是人類生命源泉、資源寶庫和環(huán)境調節(jié)器。自人類有文明史以來，從“興漁鹽之利”“行舟楫之便”的傳統(tǒng)海洋產業(yè)的開發(fā)，到今天海上運輸、深海采礦、港口碼頭、油氣開發(fā)、海洋生物技術等新興海洋產業(yè)的興起，人類對海洋的開發(fā)利用逐步走向深入，海洋開發(fā)的規(guī)模不斷擴大，但是海洋環(huán)境又是一個腐蝕性很強的災害環(huán)境，各種材料在海洋環(huán)境中極易發(fā)生劣化破壞，腐蝕損失包括直接損失和間接損失兩大類，它是一種悄悄在進行的破壞，世界各國每年因腐蝕造成的直接經濟損失約占其國民生產總值的2%～4%，其破壞力之大令其破壞力之大令人震驚！其中海洋腐蝕的損失約占總腐蝕的 1/3。美國早在1949年就曾經做過全國腐蝕調查，2001年調查結果表明，1998年美國每年因腐蝕帶來的直接經濟損失達2760億美元，占國民生產總值的 3.1%，其他國家像英國、日本、德國、印度、原蘇聯(lián)、法國等也都做過類似的調查。2003年我國國內生產總值突破1萬億元人民幣大關，以此推算，去年我國腐蝕損失約為 4000億元人民幣，其災害性事故隱患也是嚴峻的。盡管如此，如果我們的防護工作做得好，其中25%～40%的損失可以得到有效避免。

來源出版物：科學與管理, 2004, 24(5): 7-8

被引頻次：46

油氣開發(fā)中CO2腐蝕及其緩蝕劑的選用

顏紅俠，張秋禹，張軍平，等

摘要：介紹了CO2的腐蝕機理及其影響因素、我國CO2緩蝕劑近期的研究狀況以及選用原則，并提出了研究CO2腐蝕及其緩蝕劑應注意的幾個問題。

關鍵詞：緩蝕劑；CO2腐蝕；腐蝕機理

來源出版物：應用化工, 2002, 31(1): 7-11

被引頻次：99

來源出版物：Water Resources Research, 2013, 49(2): 647-656

被引頻次：96

Shale gas development impacts on surface water quality in Pennsylvania

Olmstead, SM; Muehlenbachs, LA;Shih, JS; et al.

Abstract:Concern has been raised in the scientific literature about the environmental implications of extracting natural gas from deep shale formations, and published studies suggest that shale gas development may affect local groundwater quality. The potential for surface water quality degradation has been discussed in prior work, although no empirical analysis of this issue has been published. The potential for large-scale surface water quality degradation has affected regulatory approaches to shale gas development in some US states, despite the dearth of evidence. This paper conducts a large-scale examination of the extent to which shale gas development activities affect surface water quality. Focusing on the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania, we estimate the effect of shale gas wells and the release of treated shale gas waste by permitted treatment facilities on observed downstream concentrations of chloride (Cl?) and total suspended solids (TSS), controlling for other factors. Results suggest that (i) the treatment of shale gas waste by treatment plants in a watershed raises downstream Cl?concentrations but not TSS concentrations, and (ii) the presence of shale gas wells in a watershed raises downstream TSS concentrations but not Cl?concentrations. These results can inform future voluntary measures taken by shale gas operators and policy approaches taken by regulators to protect surface water quality as the scale of this economically important activity increases.

關鍵詞：unconventional gas; water pollution; econometric analysis; panel data

來源出版物：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(13): 4962-4967

被引頻次：82

Toward strategic management of shale gas development: Regional, collective impacts on water resources

Rahm, BG; Riha, SJ

Abstract:Shale gas resources are relatively plentiful in the United States and in many countries and regions around the world. Development of these resources is moving ahead amidst concerns regarding environmental risks, especiallyto water resources. The complex nature of this distributed extractive industry, combined with limited impact data, makes establishing possible effects and designing appropriate regulatory responses challenging. Here we move beyond the project level impact assessment approach to use regional collective impact analysis in order to assess a subset of potential water management policy options. Specifically, we examine hypothetical water withdrawals for hydraulic fracturing and the subsequent treatment of wastewater that could be returned or produced from future active shale gas wells in the currently undeveloped Susquehanna River Basin region of New York. Our results indicate that proposed water withdrawal management strategies may not provide greater environmental protection than simpler approaches. We suggest a strategy that maximizes protectiveness while reducing regulatory complexity. For wastewater treatment, we show that the Susquehanna River Basin region of New York State has limited capacity to treat wastewater using extant municipal infrastructure. We suggest that modest private investment in industrial treatment facilities can achieve treatment goals without putting public systems at risk. We conclude that regulation of deterministic water resource impacts of shale gas extraction should be approached on a regional, collective basis, and suggest that water resource management objectives can be met by balancing the need for development with environmental considerations and regulatory constraints.

關鍵詞：hydraulic fracturing; shale gas; water resources; regional assessment

來源出版物：Environmental Science & Policy, 2012, 17: 12-23

被引頻次：73

Toward a better understanding and quantification of methane emissions from shale gas development

Caulton, DR; Shepson, PB; Santoro, RL; et al.

Abstract:The identification and quantification of methane emissions from natural gas production has become increasingly important owing to the increase in the natural gas component of the energy sector. An instrumented aircraft platform was used to identify large sources of methane and quantify emission rates in southwestern PA in June 2012. A large regional flux, 2.0–14 g CH4s?1km?2, was quantified for a ～2800-km2area, which did not differ statistically from a bottom-up inventory, 2.3–4.6 g CH4s?1km?2. Large emissions averaging 34 g CH4/s per well were observed from seven well pads determined to be in the drilling phase, 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than US Environmental Protection Agency estimates for this operational phase. The emissions from these well pads, representing ～1% of the total number of wells, account for 4%–30% of the observed regional flux. More work is needed to determine all of the sources of methane emissions from natural gas production, to ascertain why these emissions occur and to evaluate their climate and atmospheric chemistry impacts.

關鍵詞：unconventional gas; greenhouse gas; hydraulic fracturing

來源出版物：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(17): 6237-6242

被引頻次：65

Potential gas development impacts on sage grouse nest initiation and movement

Lyon, AG; Anderson, SH

Abstract:The decline of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) over the last 50 years has raised concern over how natural gas development might affect sage grouse populations. We examined the effects of vehicular activity due to gas-well development near Pinedale, Wyoming, on productivity and movements of sage grouse. In 1998-1999, we captured and radiomarked 48 female sage grouse on 6 leks classified as disturbed or undisturbed, based on the presence or absence of natural gas development within 3 km. The mean distance from disturbed leks to selected nest sites was greater (P=0.019 with outliers removed, P= 0.004 with outliers included) than distance moved from undisturbed leks. Nest-initiation rate for hens from disturbed leks was 65%, while hens from undisturbed leks initiated nests 89% (P=0.07) of the time. Nest success at both disturbed and undisturbed leks was 50%. Our results suggest that light traffic disturbance (1-12 vehicles/day) during the breeding season might reduce nest-initiation rates and increase distances moved from leks during nest-site selection. We recommend further investigation concentrating on hen behavior (i.e., distance moved from lek to nest site, breeding behavior, lek attendance), reproductive effort, and nest success in relation to natural gas development as development intensifies.

關 鍵 詞 ：Centrocercus urophasianus; natural gas development; nest initiation; sage grouse; Wyoming

來源出版物：Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2003: 486-491

被引頻次：65

Arctic fox home range characteristics in an oil-development area

Eberhardt, LE; Hanson, WC; Bengtson, JL; et al.

Abstract:Spring and summer home ranges and local movements of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) were studied from 1975 to 1977 at the Prudhoe Bay oil-development area in northern Alaska. Twenty-seven adult and 62 juvenile foxes were captured, marked, and released. Nine adults and 5 juveniles were equipped with radio collars and monitored during 1976 and 1977. Home range size was 20.8 ± 12.5 (SD) km2for 4 adult foxes and 3.7 ± 1.7 km2for 5 juveniles. Home range configuration was similar for all marked members of individual families. Adult foxes were nocturnal and territorial. Foxes used oil-development sites for feeding, resting, and denning. Use of these sites became more common late in the rearing season, as juveniles became more mobile. A major fluctuation in the availability of natural foods did not appear to alter use of developed areas by foxes. The number of juvenile foxes observed at Prudhoe Bay decreased from 1976 to 1977, but the decrease was less pronounced than in a nearby undisturbed area.

來源出版物：The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1982: 183-190

被引頻次：64

Birth outcomes and maternal residential proximity to natural gas development in rural Colorado

McKenzie, LM; Guo, RX; Witter, RZ; et al.

Abstract:Background: Birth defects are a leading cause of neonatal mortality. Natural gas development (NGD) emits several potential teratogens, and U. S. production of natural gas is expanding. Objectives: We examined associations between maternal residential proximity to NGD and birth outcomes in a retrospective cohort study of 124842 births between 1996 and 2009 in rural Colorado. Methods: We calculated inverse distance weighted natural gas well counts within a 10-mile radius of maternal residence to estimate m aternal exposure to NGD. Logistic regression, adjusted for maternal and infant covariates, was used to estimate associations with exposure tertiles for congenital heart defects (CHDs), neural tube defects (NTDs), oral clefts, preterm birth, and term low birth weight. The association with term birth weight was investigated using multiple linear regression. Results: Prevalence of CHDs increased with exposure tertile, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.3 for the highest tertile (95% CI: 1.2, 1.5); NTD prevalence was associated with the highest tertile of exposure (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.0, 3.9, based on 59 cases), compared with the absence of any gas wells within a 10-mile radius. Exposure was negatively associated with preterm birth and positively associated with fetal growth, although the magnitude of association was small. No association was found between exposure and oral clefts. Conclusions: In this large cohort, we observed an association between density and proximity of natural gas wells within a 10-mile radius of maternal residence and prevalence of CHDs and possibly NTDs. Greater specificity in exposure estimates is needed to further explore these associations.

來源出版物：Environmental Health Perspectives, 2014, 122(4): 412-417

被引頻次：61

Water resource impacts during unconventional shale gas development: The Pennsylvania experience

Brantley, SL; Yoxtheimer, D; Arjmand, S; et al.

Abstract:Improvements in horizontal drilling and hydrofracturing have revolutionized the energy landscape by allowing the development of so-called “unconventional”gas resources. The Marcellus play in the northeastern U.S.A. documents how fast this technology developed: the number of unconventional Marcellus wells in Pennsylvania (PA) increased from 8 in 2005 to ～ 7234 today. Publicly available databases in PA show only rare evidence of contamination of surface and groundwaters. This could document that incidents that impact PA waters have been relatively rare and that contaminants were quickly diluted. However, firm conclusions are hampered by i) the lack of information about location and timing of incidents; ii) the tendency to not release water quality data related to specific incidents due to liability or confidentiality agreements; iii) the sparseness of sample and sensor data for the analytes of interest; iv) the presence of pre-existingwater impairments that make it difficult to determine potential impacts from shale-gas activity; and v) the fact that sensors can malfunction or drift. Although the monitoring data available to assess contamination events in PA are limited, the state manages an online database of violations. Overall, one fifth of gas wells drilled were given at least one non-administrative notice of violation (NOV) from the PA regulator. Through March 2013, 3.4% of gas wells were issued NOVs for well construction issues and 0.24% of gas wells received NOVs related to methane migration into groundwater. Between 2008 and 2012, 161 of the ～ 1000 complaints received by the state described contamination that implicated oil or gas activity: natural gas was reported for 56% and brine salt components for 14% of the properties. Six percent of the properties were impacted by sediments, turbidity, and/or drill cuttings. Most of the sites of groundwater contamination with methane and/or salt components were in previously glaciated northern PA where fracture flow sometimes allows long distance fluid transport. No cases of subsurface transport of fracking or flowback fluids into water supplies were documented. If Marcellus-related flowback/production waters did enter surface or groundwaters, the most likely contaminants to be detected would be Na, Ca, and Cl, but those elements are already common in natural waters. The most Marcellus-specific “fingerprint” elements are Sr, Ba, and Br. For example, variable Br concentrations measured in southwestern PA streams were attributed to permitted release of wastewaters from unconventional shale gas wells into PA streams through municipal or industrial wastewater treatment plants before 2011. Discharge has now been discontinued except for brines from a few plants still permitted to discharge conventional oil/gas brines after treatment. Overall, drinking water supply problems determined by the regulator to implicate oil/gas activities peaked in frequency in 2010 while spill rates increased through 2012. Although many minor violations and temporary problems have been reported, the picture that emerges from PA is that the fast shale-gas start may have led to relatively few environmental incidents of significant impact compared to wells drilled; however, the impacts remain difficult to assess due to the lack of transparent and accessible data.

關鍵詞：unconventional shale gas; environmental impact; hydraulic fracturing; hydrofracturing;water quality; marcellus shale

來源出版物：International Journal of Coal Geology, 2014, 126: 140-156

被引頻次：57

Wastewater management and Marcellus Shale gas development: Trends, drivers, and planning implications

Rahm, BG; Bates, JT; Bertoia, LR; et al.

Abstract:Extraction of natural gas from tight shale formations has been made possible by recent technological advances, including hydraulic fracturing with horizontal drilling. Global shale gas development is seen as a potential energy and geopolitical “game-changer”. However, widespread concern exists with respect to possible environmental consequences of this development, particularly impacts on water resources. In the United States, where the most shale gas extraction has occurred, the Marcellus Shale is now the largest natural gas producing play. To date, over 6000000 m3of wastewater has been generated in the process of extracting natural gas from this shale in the state of Pennsylvania (PA) alone. Here we examine wastewater management practices and trends for this shale play through analysis of industry-reported, publicly available data collected from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Oil and Gas Reporting Website. We also analyze the tracking and transport of shale gas liquid waste streams originating in PA using a combination of web-based and GIS approaches. From 2008 to 2011 wastewater reuse increased, POTW use decreased, and data tracking became more complete, while the average distance traveled by wastewater decreased by over 30%. Likely factors influencing these trends include state regulations and policies, along with low natural gas prices. Regional differences in wastewater management are influenced by industrial treatment capacity, as well as proximity to injection disposal capacity. Using lessons from the Marcellus Shale, we suggest that nations, states, and regulatory agencies facing new unconventional shale development recognize that pace and scale of well drilling leads to commensurate wastewater management challenges. We also suggest they implement wastewater reporting and tracking systems, articulate a policy for adapting management to evolving data and developmentpatterns, assess local and regional wastewater treatment infrastructure in terms of capacity and capability, promote well-regulated on-site treatment technologies, and review and update wastewater management regulations and policies.

關鍵詞：marcellus; hydraulic fracturing; wastewater shale gas; energy-water nexus; natural gas;wastewater treatment

來源出版物：Journal of Environmental Management, 2013, 120: 105-113

被引頻次：48

Evaluating a groundwater supply contamination incident attributed to Marcellus Shale gas development

Llewellyn, GT; Dorman, F; Westland, JL; et al.

Abstract:High-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) has revolutionized the oil and gas industry worldwide but has been accompanied by highly controversial incidents of reported water contamination. For example, groundwater contamination by stray natural gas and spillage of brine and other gas drilling-related fluids is known to occur. However, contamination of shallow potable aquifers by HVHF at depth has never been fully documented. We investigated a case where Marcellus Shale gas wells in Pennsylvania caused inundation of natural gas and foam in initially potable groundwater used by several households. With comprehensive 2D gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS), an unresolved complex mixture of organic compounds was identified in the aquifer. Similar signatures were also observed in flowback from Marcellus Shale gas wells. A compound identified in flowback, 2-n-Butoxyethanol, was also positively identified in one of the foaming drinking water wells at nanogram-per-liter concentrations. The most likely explanation of the incident is that stray natural gas and drilling or HF compounds were driven ～1–3 km along shallow to intermediate depth fractures to the aquifer used as a potable water source. Part of the problem may have been wastewaters from a pit leak reported at the nearest gas well pad—the only nearby pad where wells were hydraulically fractured before the contamination incident. If samples of drilling, pit, and HVHF fluids had been available, GCxGC-TOFMS might have fingerprinted the contamination source. Such evaluations would contribute significantly to better management practices as the shale gas industry expands worldwide.

關鍵詞：high-volume hydraulic fracturing; shale gas; natural gas; water quality; Marcellus Shale

來源出版物：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015, 112(20): 6325-6330

Generation, transport, and disposal of wastewater associated with Marcellus Shale gas development

Lutz, BD; Lewis, AN; Doyle, MW

Hydraulic fracturing has made vast quantities of natural gas from shale available, reshaping the energy landscape of the United States. Extracting shale gas, however, generates large, unavoidable volumes of wastewater, which to date lacks accurate quantification. For the Marcellus shale, by far the largest shale gas resource in the United States, we quantify gas and wastewater production using data from 2189 wells located throughout Pennsylvania. Contrary to current perceptions, Marcellus wells produce significantly less wastewater per unit gas recovered (approximately 35%) compared to conventional natural gas wells. Further, well operators classified only 32.3% of wastewater from Marcellus wells as flowback from hydraulic fracturing; most wastewater was classified as brine, generated over multiple years. Despite producing less wastewater per unit gas, developing the Marcellus shale has increased the total wastewater generated in the region by approximately 570% since 2004, overwhelming current wastewater disposal infrastructure capacity.