• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    ·推薦論文摘要·

    2017-01-26 14:05:50
    關(guān)鍵詞:臭氧敏感性深圳

    ·推薦論文摘要·

    臭氧脅迫對(duì)植物主要生理功能的影響

    列淦文,葉龍華,薛立

    近年來(lái),由于光化學(xué)反應(yīng)的臭氧前體增加,全球植物受對(duì)流層臭氧(O3)脅迫的程度越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。臭氧污染被認(rèn)為是造成東歐、西歐和整個(gè)美國(guó)的大片森林衰退和枯死的主要原因。臭氧脅迫嚴(yán)重影響植物葉片對(duì)光能的利用,通過(guò)氣孔限制和非氣孔限制,導(dǎo)致其光合速率的降低,影響光合產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)量。臭氧對(duì)植物的影響與植物體內(nèi)代謝物質(zhì)的積聚量緊密聯(lián)系。臭氧脅迫引發(fā)植物的各種防御保護(hù)機(jī)制,刺激抗氧化系統(tǒng),影響膜系統(tǒng),改變其體內(nèi)碳和礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的吸收并引起它們的重新分配,誘導(dǎo)其基因表達(dá)的深層變化。為了適應(yīng)臭氧脅迫環(huán)境,植物通過(guò)生理生化機(jī)制的調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)保證其生命活動(dòng)。如細(xì)胞通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)滲透物質(zhì)的含量來(lái)保持滲透勢(shì)的平衡;細(xì)胞內(nèi)各種抗氧化酶活性增加,以清除自由基,避免或者減輕細(xì)胞受到傷害;改變代謝途徑以保持能量?jī)?chǔ)備和降低代謝速率??梢?jiàn),生態(tài)環(huán)境對(duì)生物進(jìn)化具有重要影響。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)將在臭氧脅迫對(duì)植物生理的影響中得到證實(shí),也是生物進(jìn)化論的另一種證據(jù)。綜述了臭氧對(duì)光合生理、呼吸代謝、抗氧化系統(tǒng)、膜系統(tǒng)、礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的吸收和分配與分子生理等主要生理功能的影響,并提出臭氧脅迫對(duì)植物生理影響的今后研究方向與未來(lái)研究熱點(diǎn)是:(1)加強(qiáng)在植物個(gè)體和群落水平上臭氧脅迫對(duì)植物生理影響的研究;(2)臭氧影響下植物的基因調(diào)控和相關(guān)信號(hào)傳遞網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的機(jī)理;(3)通過(guò)分子標(biāo)記、基因圖譜、基因組學(xué)和轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)等方法研究選育適應(yīng)臭氧脅迫環(huán)境的植物;(4)盡可能在接近自然條件的環(huán)境中開(kāi)展研究;(5)臭氧脅迫對(duì)亞熱帶和熱帶森林及其樹(shù)種主要生理功能影響的研究;(6)建立模型評(píng)估臭氧對(duì)植物的影響。

    植物;臭氧脅迫;生理代謝;生理機(jī)制

    來(lái)源出版物:生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 34(2): 294-306

    重慶夏季近地面臭氧變化規(guī)律及影響因素分析

    劉姣姣,蔣昌潭,宋丹,等

    摘要:利用重慶市主城區(qū)近地面臭氧及前體物、氣象因子的連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)資料,重點(diǎn)分析了主城區(qū)夏季典型日臭氧質(zhì)量濃度時(shí)空變化規(guī)律,以及臭氧與 NO、NO2和 CO等前體物及氣象因素的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果表明,近地表臭氧質(zhì)量濃度具有主城核心區(qū)域較低而周圍地區(qū)較高的空間分布特征;臭氧質(zhì)量濃度日分布呈“單峰型”,最高小時(shí)質(zhì)量濃度出現(xiàn)在午后16時(shí)左右,與太陽(yáng)輻射強(qiáng)度、溫度等氣象因素呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,同時(shí)與NO、NO2和CO等前體物呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系;高質(zhì)量濃度臭氧污染易出現(xiàn)在高壓天氣系統(tǒng)中,即太陽(yáng)輻射強(qiáng)度大、微風(fēng)、相對(duì)濕度低且氣溫較高的天氣下;臭氧質(zhì)量濃度升高與大氣壓下降幅度密切相關(guān),大氣壓下降超過(guò)0.4 kPa時(shí),臭氧質(zhì)量濃度較高。

    關(guān)鍵詞:臭氧;前體物;氣象因素

    來(lái)源出版物:重慶大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 34(2): 294-306

    深圳地區(qū)臭氧污染來(lái)源的敏感性分析

    梁永賢,尹魁浩,胡泳濤,等

    摘要:利用美國(guó) EPA開(kāi)發(fā)的區(qū)域多尺度空氣質(zhì)量模式CMAQ對(duì)2008年8月發(fā)生在深圳地區(qū)的臭氧污染過(guò)程進(jìn)行模擬,運(yùn)用源敏感性識(shí)別工具DDM-3D分析深圳本地排放源及周邊地區(qū)排放源對(duì)深圳地區(qū)臭氧污染形成的敏感性。研究表明,VOCs人為源排放對(duì)深圳臭氧形成敏感度高,控制深圳臭氧污染的關(guān)鍵在于控制 VOCs人為源排放,控制重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在化學(xué)品/橡膠/塑膠、印刷、電子產(chǎn)品制造、家具、玩具、制鞋、建筑涂料使用、家用溶劑等方面;深圳的臭氧污染具有區(qū)域特征,在不利天氣條件下,需與周邊城市協(xié)調(diào)控制才能達(dá)到8 h平均濃度120 μg/m3的目標(biāo)。

    關(guān)鍵詞:深圳;臭氧;敏感性;源排放

    來(lái)源出版物:中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué), 2014, 34(6): 1390-1396

    室內(nèi)環(huán)境臭氧污染與凈化技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展

    易忠芹,王宇,田小兵,等

    摘要:隨著灰霾等空氣污染現(xiàn)象的日益頻繁,人們對(duì)室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量越來(lái)越關(guān)注。臭氧是影響室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要因素。結(jié)合近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)室內(nèi)環(huán)境中臭氧污染的相關(guān)研究,分析室內(nèi)臭氧污染的來(lái)源和目前室內(nèi)環(huán)境臭氧污染情況,探討目前有關(guān)臭氧凈化治理的方法與技術(shù),指出應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展更為高效、實(shí)用的多相熱催化等凈化技術(shù)。

    關(guān)鍵詞:臭氧污染;凈化技術(shù);室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量

    來(lái)源出版物:科技導(dǎo)報(bào), 2014, 32(33): 75-78

    長(zhǎng)江三角洲地區(qū)城市臭氧污染特征與影響因素分析

    易睿,王亞林,張殷俊,等

    摘要:為研究長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū)城市 O3污染特征及其影響因素,對(duì)長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū)25個(gè)城市2013年國(guó)家環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)位和國(guó)家氣象臺(tái)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果表明:除淮安外,其余24個(gè)城市均存在不同程度的O3日超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象,超標(biāo)率在1.6%~15.1%之間,平均為5.8%,低于珠三角地區(qū)(8.9%)和京津冀地區(qū)(9.7%)。5—8月是長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū) O3污染最為嚴(yán)重的月份,而這一時(shí)期顆粒物污染相對(duì)較輕,因此,O3與顆粒物污染在時(shí)間上呈相反的態(tài)勢(shì)。從空間分布看,長(zhǎng)三角地區(qū) O3污染呈現(xiàn)較為明顯的連片分布特征,上海及周邊城市 O3污染較重。機(jī)動(dòng)車數(shù)量影響城市 O3污染:各城市民用汽車保有量與各城市NO2年均濃度、O3超標(biāo)天數(shù)有顯著的相關(guān)性,相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.672和0.56;每日O3小時(shí)濃度高峰值與車流量高峰基本吻合。高溫、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間日照容易出現(xiàn) O3濃度的高值;隨著相對(duì)濕度、風(fēng)速的增加,O3超標(biāo)頻率和濃度均值都表現(xiàn)為先升后降的規(guī)律。

    關(guān)鍵詞:O3;長(zhǎng)江三角洲;影響因素;氣象因素

    來(lái)源出版物:環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 35(8): 2370-2377

    上海地區(qū)光化學(xué)污染中氣溶膠特征研究

    趙辰航,耿福海,馬承愚,等

    摘要:利用上海地區(qū)2011—2013年9個(gè)大氣成分及氣象觀測(cè)站點(diǎn)臭氧(O3)、顆粒物(PM1、PM2.5、PM10)、氣溶膠粒子譜觀測(cè)資料以及氣象數(shù)據(jù),分析了上海不同功能區(qū)臭氧超標(biāo)時(shí)的頻率分布及各類污染物濃度特征。結(jié)果表明,上海地區(qū)夏季光化學(xué)污染嚴(yán)重,周邊城區(qū)臭氧污染要明顯高于中心城區(qū),不同功能區(qū)污染情況差異較大,金山化工區(qū)和崇明生態(tài)島光化學(xué)污染較為嚴(yán)重。通過(guò)分析光化學(xué)污染前后氣溶膠變化特征可知,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)光化學(xué)污染時(shí),各站氣溶膠濃度明顯升高,特別是PM1濃度增加顯著,且PM1/PM2.5比未出現(xiàn)臭氧污染時(shí)的比例明顯升高。表明隨著光化學(xué)反應(yīng)的增強(qiáng),二次氣溶膠生成明顯增多。因此可將PM1作為光化學(xué)污染的判定指標(biāo)之一。

    關(guān)鍵詞:臭氧;光化學(xué)污染;氣溶膠

    來(lái)源出版物:中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué), 2015, 35(2): 356-363

    珠三角秋季臭氧污染來(lái)源解析

    沈勁,陳皓,鐘流舉

    摘要:秋季是珠三角臭氧污染最嚴(yán)重的季節(jié),選取2004年秋季珠三角典型臭氧污染過(guò)程,運(yùn)用臭氧來(lái)源解析技術(shù)等分析手段,研究珠三角臭氧污染特性,分析并量化各排放源區(qū)各類源對(duì)受體點(diǎn)的臭氧貢獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果表明,東莞市對(duì)珠江口地區(qū)的臭氧峰值有重大貢獻(xiàn),下午2—3點(diǎn)東莞市前體物的臭氧貢獻(xiàn)最大可達(dá)40 ppb;而廣州市區(qū)的前體物排放主要影響順德區(qū)和南海區(qū)。在珠三角,排放源區(qū)一般對(duì)下風(fēng)向40 km范圍內(nèi)的地區(qū)臭氧貢獻(xiàn)最大。秋季大多數(shù)情況下珠三角西部(江門東湖)臭氧受中部主要排放源區(qū)臭氧前體物排放與輸送的影響很大,廣州和佛山地區(qū)對(duì)江門東湖的臭氧峰值貢獻(xiàn)達(dá)50 ppb左右。交通尾氣排放對(duì)珠三角各受體點(diǎn)的臭氧貢獻(xiàn)最大,交通源對(duì)重污染區(qū)受體點(diǎn)臭氧的貢獻(xiàn)最高可達(dá)40~50 ppb。

    關(guān)鍵詞:珠三角;臭氧;來(lái)源解析

    來(lái)源出版物:環(huán)境污染與防治, 2015, 37(1): 25-30

    機(jī)動(dòng)車排放對(duì)城市光化學(xué)煙霧形成的影響

    陶雙成,鄧順熙,劉寧,等

    摘要:在系統(tǒng)分析機(jī)動(dòng)車排放特征污染物及其對(duì)城市大氣環(huán)境污染貢獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,采用光化學(xué)煙霧形成反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,模擬了我國(guó)典型大氣污染型城市蘭州、廣州的光化學(xué)煙霧污染狀況及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì),分析了機(jī)動(dòng)車排放變化對(duì)城市光化學(xué)煙霧特征污染物形成的影響。模擬結(jié)果顯示,廣州市光化學(xué)煙霧污染較蘭州市嚴(yán)重,但隨著蘭州市機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量的增加,其光化學(xué)煙霧污染特征污染物臭氧和過(guò)氧乙酰硝酸酯濃度將會(huì)顯著增加。研究表明,在我國(guó)城市大氣非甲烷碳?xì)浠衔锉尘皾舛容^高的條件下,可通過(guò)低碳城市計(jì)劃等節(jié)能減排措施實(shí)現(xiàn)城市區(qū)域碳排放控制,進(jìn)而大幅度降低城市大氣中非甲烷碳?xì)浠衔餄舛群?,但?duì)機(jī)動(dòng)車排放的氮氧化物做不到有效控制,城市光化學(xué)煙霧污染還是會(huì)明顯加重。

    關(guān)鍵詞:機(jī)動(dòng)車排放污染物;光化學(xué)煙霧;臭氧;節(jié)能減排

    來(lái)源出版物:世界科技研究與發(fā)展, 2015, 37(1): 21-25

    光化學(xué)污染科學(xué)及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀研究

    鮑雷

    摘要:對(duì)光化學(xué)污染研究及其發(fā)展進(jìn)行了綜述,概括了光化學(xué)污染研究的主要方法,即實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究、模式計(jì)算和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)分析等方法。介紹了歐美國(guó)家和中國(guó)在煙霧箱研究方面的發(fā)展情況,提出了控制自由基源以及痕量氣體的檢測(cè)方式有待提高等問(wèn)題。闡述了光化學(xué)污染模式計(jì)算的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)以及在模式運(yùn)用中影響模式計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確性的主要因素。還介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外光化學(xué)污染監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)展歷程和現(xiàn)狀,并根據(jù)目前自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)展水平探討了光化學(xué)煙霧監(jiān)測(cè)因子及作用,最后提出加強(qiáng)光化煙霧研究具體建議和研究方向。

    關(guān)鍵詞:光化學(xué)污染;煙霧箱;模式計(jì)算;監(jiān)測(cè);發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

    來(lái)源出版物:環(huán)境科學(xué)與管理, 2016, 41(3): 58-62

    臭氧污染動(dòng)態(tài)源貢獻(xiàn)分析方法及應(yīng)用初探

    李敏輝,朱云,Carey Jang,等

    摘要:論文創(chuàng)新提出了基于RSM/CMAQ臭氧污染動(dòng)態(tài)源貢獻(xiàn)分析方法,并以佛山市順德區(qū)2014年10月為例,分析了不同區(qū)域的人為可控源NOx和VOCs減排情景下(10%、70%和100%)對(duì)本地O3濃度變化的量化貢獻(xiàn)。研究結(jié)果表明順德區(qū)O3的人為可控比例約43%,且受區(qū)域排放影響非常明顯,主導(dǎo)上風(fēng)向廣州排放源總貢獻(xiàn)(14%)超過(guò)順德本地貢獻(xiàn)(7%)。VOCs的減排可有效削減順德區(qū)O3濃度,當(dāng)減排力度較小時(shí)(<12%),若僅控制區(qū)域NOx排放將導(dǎo)致順德區(qū)O3濃度上升,隨著減排力度的加大,區(qū)域NOx的削減貢獻(xiàn)會(huì)反超VOCs。RSM/CMAQ動(dòng)態(tài)源貢獻(xiàn)分析方法可為空氣質(zhì)量管理提供科學(xué)決策依據(jù)。

    關(guān)鍵詞:臭氧;曲面響應(yīng)模型;空氣質(zhì)量模型;動(dòng)態(tài)源貢獻(xiàn)分析;空氣質(zhì)量管理

    來(lái)源出版物:環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 36(11): 2297-2304

    京津冀區(qū)域臭氧污染趨勢(shì)及時(shí)空分布特征

    程麟鈞,王帥,宮正宇,等

    摘要:為研究京津冀區(qū)域的臭氧(O3)污染情況及其時(shí)空分布特征,對(duì)2013—2015年京津冀區(qū)域13個(gè)城市80個(gè)國(guó)家環(huán)境空氣監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)位的監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果表明:2013—2015年,京津冀區(qū)域O3污染狀況整體呈加重趨勢(shì),其中2014年污染狀況最為嚴(yán)重。13個(gè)城市中 O3污染最嚴(yán)重的城市為北京和衡水,連續(xù) 3年均超標(biāo),且處于上升態(tài)勢(shì)中。區(qū)域內(nèi)不同城市 O3污染趨勢(shì)并不相同。京津冀區(qū)域 O3濃度變化呈明顯的季節(jié)變化特征,春末和夏季的O3污染最嚴(yán)重。O38 h(臭氧日最大8 h均值)年均值的高值區(qū)主要分布在北京中北部、承德和衡水等,2013—2015年第90百分位O38 h的高值區(qū)均集中分布在北京。O3的濃度峰值時(shí)間要晚于NOx25 h。O3在春、夏季呈單峰分布,白天15 : 00左右出現(xiàn)最大值,在秋、冬季濃度較低,全天波動(dòng)不大。

    關(guān)鍵詞:京津冀;臭氧;時(shí)空分布

    來(lái)源出版物:中國(guó)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè), 2017, 33(1): 14-21

    來(lái)源出版物:American Journal of Epidemiology, 2014, 180(1):15-28

    Global distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone: An observation-based review

    Cooper, OR; Parrish, DD; Ziemke, J; et al.

    Abstract:Tropospheric ozone plays a major role in Earth’s atmospheric chemistry processes and also acts as an air pollutant and greenhouse gas. Due to its short lifetime, and dependence on sunlight and precursor emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources, tropospheric ozone’s abundance is highly variable in space and time on seasonal, interannual and decadal time-scales. Recent, and sometimes rapid, changes in observed ozone mixing ratios and ozone precursor emissions inspired us to produce this up-to-date overview of tropospheric ozone’s global distribution and trends. Much of the text is a synthesis of in situ and remotely sensed ozone observations reported in the peer-reviewed literature, but we also include some new and extended analyses using well-known and referenced datasets to draw connections between ozone trends and distributions in different regions of the world. In addition, we provide a brief evaluation of the accuracy of rural or remote surface ozone trends calculated by three state-of-the-science chemistry-climate models, the tools used by scientists to fill the gaps in our knowledge of global tropospheric ozone distribution and trends.

    來(lái)源出版物:Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, 2014, 2: 000029

    China’s international trade and air pollution in the United States

    Lin, Jintai; Pan, Da; Davis, Steven, J; et al.

    Abstract:China is the world’s largest emitter of anthropogenic air pollutants, and measurable amounts of Chinese pollution are transported via the atmosphere to other countries, including the United States. However, a large fraction of Chinese emissions is due to manufacture of goods for foreign consumption. Here, we analyze the impacts of trade-related Chinese air pollutant emissions on the global atmospheric environment, linking an economicemission analysis and atmospheric chemical transport modeling. We find that in 2006, 36% of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide, 27% of nitrogen oxides, 22% of carbon monoxide, and 17% of black carbon emitted in China were associated with production of goods for export. For each of these pollutants, about 21% of export-related Chinese emissions were attributed to China-to-US export. Atmospheric modeling shows that transport of the exportrelated Chinese pollution contributed 3%-10% of annual mean surface sulfate concentrations and 0.5%-1.5% of ozone over the western United States in 2006. This Chinese pollution also resulted in one extra day or more of noncompliance with the US ozone standard in 2006 over the Los Angeles area and many regions in the eastern United States. On a daily basis, the export-related Chinese pollution contributed, at a maximum, 12%-24% of sulfate concentrations over the western United States. As the United States outsourced manufacturing to China, sulfate pollution in 2006 increased in the western United States but decreased in the eastern United States, reflecting the competing effect between enhanced transport of Chinese pollution and reduced US emissions. Our findings are relevant to international efforts to reduce transboundary air pollution.

    關(guān) 鍵 詞 :input-output analysis; emission control; international collaboration

    來(lái)源出版物:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014, 111(5): 1736-1741

    Evidence of widespread ozone-induced visible injury on plants in Beijing, China

    Feng, Zhaozhong; Sun, Jingsong; Wan, Wuxing; et al.

    Abstract:Despite the high ozone levels measured in China, and in Beijing in particular, reports of ozoneinduced visible injury in vegetation are very scarce. Visible injury was investigated on July and August 2013 in the main parks, forest and agricultural areas of Beijing. Ozone injury was widespread in the area, being observed in 28 different species. Symptoms were more frequent in rural areas and mountains from northern Beijing, downwind from the city, and less frequent in city gardens. Among crops, injury to different types of beans (genera Phaseolus, Canavalia and Vigna) was common, and it was also observed in watermelon, grape vine, and in gourds. Native species such as ailanthus, several pines and ash specieswere also symptomatic. The black locust, the rose of Sharon and the Japanese morning glory were among the injured ornamental plants. Target species for broader biomonitoring surveys in temperate China have been identified.

    關(guān)鍵詞:air pollution; ozone; visible injury; bioindicator plants

    來(lái)源出版物:Environmental Pollution, 2014, 193: 296-301

    Ozone levels in European and USA cities are increasing more than at rural sites, while peak values are decreasing

    Paoletti, Elena; De Marco, Alessandra; Beddows, David C. S.; et al.

    Abstract:Ground-level ozone (O3) levels are usually lower in urban centers than nearby rural sites. To compare trends in O3levels during the period 1990-2010, we obtained monitoring data from paired urban and rural sites from the European Environment Agency and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Ozone peaks decreased at both station types, with no significant differences between urban and rural stations. Ozone annual averages increased at both urban and rural sites, with a faster rate of increase for urban centers. The overall trend was for convergence between urban and rural O3data. Ozone levels exceeded the criteria established for the protection of human and vegetation health at both urban and rural sites.

    關(guān)鍵詞:air quality; urban air pollution; tropospheric ozone; protection of human health; protection of vegetation

    來(lái)源出版物:Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2014, 192: 295-299

    Impacts of acid deposition, ozone exposure and weather conditions on forest ecosystems in Europe: An overview

    De Vries, W; Dobbertin, M. H; Solberg, S; et al.

    Abstract:In 1994, a “Pan-European Programme for Intensive and Continuous Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems” started to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of air pollution, climate change and natural stress factors on forest ecosystems. The programme today counts approximately 760 permanent observation plots including near 500 plots with data on both air quality and forest ecosystem impacts. This paper first presents impacts of air pollution and climate on forests ecosystems as reported in the literature on the basis of laboratory and field research. Next, results from monitoring studies, both at a European wide scale and related national studies, are presented in terms of trends and geographic variations in nitrogen and sulphur deposition and ozone concentrations and the impacts of those changes in interaction with weather conditions on (i) water and element budgets and nutrient-acidity status, (ii) forest crown condition, (iii) forest growth and carbon sequestration and (iv) species diversity of the ground vegetation. The empirical, field based forest responses to the various drivers are evaluated in view of available knowledge. Analyses of large scale monitoring data sets show significant effects of atmospheric deposition on nutrient-acidity status in terms of elevated nitrogen and sulphur or sulphate concentrations in forest foliage and soil solution and related soil acidification in terms of elevated aluminium and/or base cation leaching from the forest ecosystem. Relationships of air pollution with crown condition, however, appear to be weak and limited in time and space, while climatic factors appear to be more important drivers. Regarding forest growth, monitoring results indicate a clear fertilization effect of N deposition on European forests but the field evidence for impacts of ambient ozone exposure on tree growth is less clear.

    關(guān)鍵詞:nitrogen deposition; climate change; ozone exposure; monitoring; element budgets; forest condition; forest growth; ground vegetation

    來(lái)源出版物:Plant and Soil, 2014, 380(1-2): 1-45

    The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale

    Lelieveld, J.; Evans, JS; Fnais, M; et al.

    Abstract:Assessment of the global burden of disease is based on epidemiological cohort studies that connect premature mortality to a wide range of causes, including the long-term health impacts of ozone and fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). It has proved difficult to quantify premature mortality related to air pollution, notably in regions where air quality is not monitored, and also because the toxicity of particles from various sources may vary. Here we use a global atmospheric chemistry model to investigate the link between prematuremortality and seven emission source categories in urban and rural environments. In accord withthe global burden of disease for 2010, we calculate that outdoor air pollution, mostly by PM2.5, leads to 3.3 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.61-4.81) million premature deaths per year worldwide, predominantly in Asia. We primarily assume that all particles are equally toxic, but also include a sensitivity study that accounts for differential toxicity. We find that emissions from residential energy use such as heating and cooking, prevalent in India and China, have the largest impact on premature mortality globally, being even more dominant if carbonaceous particles are assumed to be most toxic. Whereas in much of the USA and in a few other countries emissions from traffic and power generation are important, in eastern USA, Europe, Russia and East Asia agricultural emissions make the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with the estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions regarding particle toxicity. Model projections based on a business-as-usual emission scenario indicate that the contribution of outdoor air pollution to premature mortality could double by 2050.

    來(lái)源出版物:Nature, 2015, 525(7569): 367

    Why does surface ozone peak before a typhoon landing in southeast China

    Y. C. Jiang; T. L. Zhao; J. Liu; et al.

    Abstract:A high O3episode with the large increases in surface ozone by 21–42 ppbv and the nocturnal surface O3levels exceeding 70 ppbv was observed in the region between Xiamen and Quanzhou over the southeastern coast of China during 12–14 June 2014, before Typhoon Hagibis landing. Variations in the surface O3, NO2, CO and meteorology during Typhoon Hagibis event clearly suggest a substantial impact of the peripheral downdrafts in the large scale typhoon circulation on such an O3episode with excluding the contributions of photochemical production and the horizontal transport. The influence of vertical O3transport from the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region on high surface O3levels is further confirmed by a negative correlation between surface O3and CO concentrations as well as dry surface air observed during the O3episode. This study provides observational evidence of typhoon-driven intrusion of O3from the UTLS region to surface air, revealing a significant effect of such a process of stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) of O3on tropospheric O3and ambient air quality

    來(lái)源出版物:Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 2015, 15(17): 24623-24642

    An overview of the 2013 Las Vegas Ozone study (LVOS): Impact of stratospheric intrusions and long-range transport on surface air quality

    Langford, AO; Senff, CJ; Alvarez, RJ; et al.

    Abstract:The 2013 Las Vegas Ozone Study (LVOS) was conducted in the late spring and early summer of 2013 to assess the seasonal contribution of stratosphere-totroposphere transport (SIT) and long-range transport to surface ozone in Clark County, Nevada and determine if these processes directly contribute to exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in this area. Secondary goals included the characterization of local ozone production, regional transport from the Los Angeles Basin, and impacts from wildfires. The LVOS measurement campaign took place at a former U.S. Air Force radar station similar to 45 km northwest of Las Vegas on Angel Peak (similar to 2.7 km above mean sea level, asl) in the Spring Mountains. The study consisted of two extended periods (May 19-June 4 and June 22-28, 2013) with near daily 5-min averaged lidar measurements of ozone and backscatter profiles from the surface to similar to 2.5 km above ground level (similar to 5.2 km asl), and continuous in situ measurements (May 20-June 28) of O3, CO, (1-min) and meteorological parameters (5-min) at the surface. These activities were guided by forecasts and analyses from the FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTticle) dispersion model and the Real Time Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS), and the NOAA Geophysical Research Laboratory (NOAA GFDL) AM3 chemistry-climate model. In this paper, we describe the LVOS measurements and present an overview of the results. The combined measurements and model analyses show that STT directly contributed to each of the three O3exceedances that occurred in Clark County during LVOS, with contributions to 8-h surface concentrations in excess of 30 ppbv on each of these days. The analyses show that long-range transport from Asia made smaller contributions(<10 ppbv) to surface O3during two of those exceedances. The contribution of regional wildfires to surface O3during the three LVOS exceedance events was found to be negligible, but wildfires were found to be a major factor during exceedance events that occurred before and after theLVOS campaign. Our analyses also shows that ozone exceedances would have occurred on more than 50% of the days during the six-week LVOS campaign if the 8-h ozone NAAQS had been 65 ppbv instead of 75 ppbv.

    關(guān)鍵詞:background ozone; stratosphere-to-troposphere transport; long range transport; Asian pollution; surface ozone; NAAQS; exceedances

    來(lái)源出版物:Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 109: 305-322

    Understanding high wintertime ozone pollution events in an oil- and natural gas-producing region of the western US

    Ahmadov, R.; McKeen, S; Trainer, M; et al.

    Abstract:Recent increases in oil and natural gas (NG) production throughout the western US have come with scientific and public interest in emission rates, air quality and climate impacts related to this industry. This study uses a regional-scale air quality model (WRF-Chem) to simulate high ozone (O3) episodes during the winter of 2013 over the Uinta Basin (UB) in northeastern Utah, which is densely populated by thousands of oil and NG wells. The highresolution meteorological simulations are able qualitatively to reproduce the wintertime cold pool conditions that occurred in 2013, allowing the model to reproduce the observed multi-day buildup of atmospheric pollutants and the accompanying rapid photochemical ozone formation in the UB. Two different emission scenarios for the oil and NG sector were employed in this study. The first emission scenario (bottom-up) was based on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Emission Inventory (NEI) (2011, version 1) for the oil and NG sector for the UB. The second emission scenario (top-down) was based on estimates of methane (CH4) emissions derived from in situ aircraft measurements and a regression analysis for multiple species relative to CH4concentration measurements in the UB. Evaluation of the model results shows greater underestimates of CH4and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the simulation with the NEI-2011 inventory than in the case when the top-down emission scenario was used. Unlike VOCs, the NEI-2011 inventory significantly overestimates the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), while the top-down emission scenario results in a moderate negative bias. The model simulation using the top-down emission case captures the buildup and afternoon peaks observed during high O3episodes. In contrast, the simulation using the bottom-up inventory is not able to reproduce any of the observed high O3concentrations in the UB. Simple emission reduction scenarios show that O3production is VOC sensitive and NOxinsensitive within the UB. The model results show a disproportionate contribution of aromatic VOCs to O3formation relative to all other VOC emissions. The model analysis reveals that the major factors driving high wintertime O3in the UB are shallow boundary layers with light winds, high emissions of VOCs from oil and NG operations compared to NOxemissions, enhancement of photolysis fluxes and reduction of O3loss from deposition due to snow cover.

    來(lái)源出版物:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015, 15(1): 411-429

    Ground-level O3pollution and its impacts on food crops in China: A review

    Feng, Zhaozhong; Hu, Enzhu; Wang, Xiaoke; et al.

    Abstract:Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has become one of the top environmental issues in China, especially in those economically vibrant and densely populated regions. In this paper, we reviewed studies on the O3concentration observation and O3effects on food crops throughout China. Data from 118 O3monitoring sites reported in the literature show that the variability of O3concentration is a function of geographic location. The impacts of O3on food crops (wheat and rice) were studied at five sites, equipped with Open Top Chamber or O3-FACE (free-air O3concentration enrichment) system. Based on exposure concentration and stomatal O3flux response relationships obtained from the O3-FACE experimental results in China, we found that throughout China current and future O3levels induce wheat yield loss by 6.4%-14.9% and 14.8-23.0% respectively. Some policies to reduce ozone pollution and impacts are suggested.

    關(guān)鍵詞:China; crop yield loss; ozone concentration distribution; policy

    來(lái)源出版物:Environmental Pollution, 2015, 199: 42-48

    Trends and variability in surface ozone over the United States

    Strode, Sarah A; Rodriguez, Jose M.; Logan, Jennifer A; et al.

    Abstract:We investigate the observed trends andinterannual variability in surface ozone over the United States using the Global Modeling Initiative chemical transport model. We discuss the roles of meteorology, emissions, and transport from the stratosphere in driving the interannual variability in different regions and seasons. We demonstrate that a hindcast simulation for 1991-2010 can reproduce much of the observed variability and the trends in summertime ozone, with correlation coefficients for seasonally and regionally averaged median ozone ranging from 0.46 to 0.89. Reproducing the interannual variability in winter and spring in the western United States may require higher-resolution models to adequately represent stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Hindcast simulations with fixed versus variable emissions show that changes in anthropogenic emissions drive the observed negative trends in monthly median ozone concentrations in the eastern United States during summer, as well as the observed reduction in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle. The simulation underestimates positive trends in the western United States during spring, but excluding the first 4 years of data removes many of the statistically significant trends in this region. The reduction in the slope of the ozone versus temperature relationship before and after major emission reductions is also well represented by the model. Our results indicate that a global model can reproduce many of the important features of the meteorologically induced ozone variability as well as the emission-driven trends, lending confidence to model projections of future changes in regional surface ozone.

    來(lái) 源 出 版 物 : Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2015, 120: 9020-9042

    A study of aerosol optical properties during ozone pollution episodes in 2013 over Shanghai, China

    Shi, Chanzhen; Wang, Shanshan; Liu, Rui; et al.

    Abstract:Aerosol optical property is essential to the tropospheric ozone formation mechanism while it was rarely measured in ozone-rich environment for a specific study. With the retrieved products of the sun-photometer, a comparative investigation was conducted on aerosol optical depth (ADD), single scattering albedo (SSA) and size distribution during ozone-polluted episodes and clean background. Contrary to expectations, aerosol loading was found to be positively-correlated with ozone concentration: daily averaged ADD at 500 nm in ozone episodes (similar to 0.78) displayed 2.4 times higher than that in clean days (similar to 032). Large Angstrom exponent (similar to 1.51) along with heavy aerosol loading indicated a considerable impact of fine particles on optical extinction. The dynamic diurnal fluctuation of these parameters also implied a complex interaction between aerosols and photo-chemical reactions. The bimodal lognormal distribution pattern for aerosol size spectra exhibited in both ozone-polluted and clean days. The occurrence of maximum volume concentration (similar to 0.28) in fine mode (radius <0.6 mu m) was observed at 3 p.m. (local time), when ozone was substantially generated. Pronounced scattering feature of aerosol was reproduced in high-concentration ozone environment. SSA tended to increase continuously from morning (similar to 0.91 at 440 nm) to afternoon (similar to 0.99), which may be associated with secondary aerosol formation. The scattering aerosol (with moderately high aerosol loading) may favor the ozone formation through increasing solar flux in boundary layer. Utilizing the micro-pulse lidar (MPL), a more developed planet boundary layer (PBL, top height similar to 1.96 km) was discovered during ozone-polluted days than clean condition (similar to 1.4 km). In episodes, the maximum extinction ratio (similar to 0.5 km-1) was presented at a height of 12 km in the late afternoon. The humidity profile by sounding also showed the extreme value at this altitude. It suggested that optical extinction was mainly attributed to the aerosol in middle PBL, where the intense photochemical reactions and hydroscopic growth may occur.

    關(guān)鍵詞:aerosol; ozone pollution; optical property; extinction profile; Shanghai

    來(lái)源出版物:Atmospheric Research, 2015, 153: 235-249

    Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects

    Wang, T; Xue, L; Brimblecombe, P; et al.

    Abstract:High concentrations of ozone in urban and industrial regions worldwide have long been a major air quality issue. With the rapid increase in fossil fuel consumption in China over the past three decades, the emission of chemical precursors to ozone-nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds-has increased sharply, surpassing that of North America and Europe and raising concerns about worsening ozone pollution in China.Historically, research and control have prioritized acid rain, particulate matter, and more recently fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In contrast, less is known about ozone pollution, partly due to a lack of monitoring of atmospheric ozone and its precursors until recently. This review summarizes the main findings from published papers on the characteristics and sources and processes of ozone and ozone precursors in the boundary layer of urban and rural areas of China, including concentration levels, seasonal variation, meteorology conducive to photochemistry and pollution transport, key production and loss processes, ozone dependence on nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, and the effects of ozone on crops and human health. Ozone concentrations exceeding the ambient air quality standard by 100%-200% have been observed in China’s major urban centers such as Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze River delta, and the Pearl River delta, and limited studies suggest harmful effect of ozone on human health and agricultural corps; key chemical precursors and meteorological conditions conductive to ozone pollution have been investigated, and inter-city/region transport of ozone is significant. Several recommendations are given for future research and policy development on groundlevel ozone.

    來(lái)源出版物:Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 575: 1582

    Assessing the impact of local meteorological variables on surface ozone in Hong Kong during 2000–2015 using quantile and multiple line regression models

    Zhao,W; Fan, S; Guo, H; et al.

    Abstract:The quantile regression (QR) method has been increasingly introduced to atmospheric environmental studies to explore the non-linear relationship between local meteorological conditions and ozone mixing ratios. In this study, we applied QR for the first time, together with multiple linear regression (MLR), to analyze the dominant meteorological parameters influencing the mean, 10th percentile, 90th percentile and 99th percentile of maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) ozone concentrations in 2000–2015 in Hong Kong. The dominance analysis (DA) was used to assess the relative importance of meteorological variables in the regression models. Results showed that the MLR models worked better at suburban and rural sites than at urban sites, and worked better in winter than in summer. QR models performed better in summer for 99th and 90th percentiles and performed better in autumn and winter for 10th percentile. And QR models also performed better in suburban and rural areas for 10th percentile. The top 3 dominant variables associated with MDA8 ozone concentrations, changing with seasons and regions, were frequently associated with the six meteorological parameters: boundary layer height, humidity, wind direction, surface solar radiation, total cloud cover and sea level pressure. Temperature rarely became a significant variable in any season, which could partly explain the peak of monthly average ozone concentrations in October in Hong Kong. And we found the effect of solar radiation would be enhanced during extremely ozone pollution episodes (i.e., the 99th percentile). Finally, meteorological effects on MDA8 ozone had no significant changes before and after the 2010 Asian Games.

    關(guān) 鍵 詞 :ozone; meteorological variables; quantile regression; multiple linear regression; dominance analysis

    來(lái)源出版物:Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 144: 182-193

    Integrated studies of a regional ozone pollution synthetically affected by subtropical high and typhoon system in the Yangtze River Delta region, China

    Shu, L; Xie, M; Wang, T; et al.

    Abstract:Severe high ozone (O3) episodes usually have close relations to synoptic systems. A regional continuous O3pollution episode is detected over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China during August 7-12, 2013, in which the O3concentrations in more than half of the cities exceeding the national air quality standard. The maximum hourly concentration of O3reaches 167.1 ppb. By means of the observational analysis and the WRF/CMAQ numerical simulation, the characteristics and the essential impact factors of the typical regional O3pollution is integratedly investigated. The observational analysis shows that the atmospheric subsidence dominated by Western Pacific subtropical high plays a crucial role in the formation of high-level O3. The favorable weather conditions, such as extremely high temperature, low relative humidity and weak wind speed, caused by the abnormal strong subtropical high are responsible for the trapping and the chemical production of O3in the boundarylayer. In addition, when the YRD cities at the front of Typhoon Utor, the periphery circulation of typhoon system can enhance the downward airflows and cause worse air pollution. But when the typhoon system weakens the subtropical high, the prevailing southeasterly surface wind leads to the mitigation of the O3pollution. The Integrated Process Rate (IPR) analysis incorporated in CMAQ is applied to further illustrate the combined influence of subtropical high and typhoon system in this O3episode. The results show that the vertical diffusion (VDIF) and the gas-phase chemistry (CHEM) are two major contributors to O3formation. During the episode, the contributions of VDIF and CHEM to O3maintain the high values over 10 ppb/h in Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Nanjing. On August 10-11, the cities close to the sea are apparently affected by the typhoon system, with the contribution of VDIF increasing to 28.45 ppb/h in Shanghai and 19.76 ppb/h in Hangzhou. When the YRD region is under the control of the typhoon system, the contribution values of all individual processes decrease to a low level in all cities. These results provide an insight for the O3pollution synthetically impacted by the Western Pacific subtropical high and the tropical cyclone system.

    來(lái)源出版物:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(24): 15801-15819

    The impacts of surface ozone pollution on winter wheat productivity in China: An econometric approach

    Yi, Fujin; Jiang, Fei; Zhong, Funing; et al.

    Abstract:The impact of surface ozone pollution on winter wheat yield is empirically estimated by considering socio-economic and weather determinants. This research is the first to use an economic framework to estimate the ozone impact, and a unique county-level panel is employed to examine the impact of the increasing surface ozone concentration on the productivity of winter wheat in China. In general, the increment of surface ozone concentration during the ozone-sensitive period of winter wheat is determined to be harmful to its yield, and a conservative reduction of ozone pollution could significantly increase China’s wheat supply.

    關(guān)鍵詞:surface ozone; winter wheat; yield; food security; dose-response function

    來(lái)源出版物:Environmental Pollution, 2016, 208: 326-335

    The climate benefits of high-sugar grassland may be compromised by ozone pollution

    Hewitt, DKL; Mills, G; Hayes, F; et al.

    Abstract:High sugar ryegrasses (HSG) have been developed to improve the uptake, digestion and nitrogen (N)-utilisation of grazing stock, with the potential to increase production yields and benefit climate by reducing methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from livestock farming. In this study, the effects of tropospheric ozone pollution on the seasonal growth dynamics of HSG pasture mesocosms containing Lolium perenne cv. AberMagic and Trifolium repens cv. Crusader were investigated. Species-specific ozone (O3) dose-response relationships (seasonal means: 35, 41, 47, 51, 59 & 67 ppb) based on the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (PODy) were constructed for above and below ground biomass, injury, N-fixation and forage quality. The dynamics of effects of ozone exposure on HSG pasture changed over the course of a season, with the strongest responses occurring in the first 48 weeks. Overall, strong negative responses to ozone flux were found for root biomass, root nodule mass and N-fixation rates, and ozone adversely impacted a range of forage quality parameters including total sugar content and relative and consumable food values. These results indicate that increasing ozone pollution could decrease the N-use efficiency and reduce the sugar content of managed pasture, and thereby partially detract from some of the suggested benefits of HSG.

    關(guān)鍵詞:climate-smart grass; ozone; nodulation; clover; forage quality

    來(lái)源出版物:Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 565: 95-104

    On the summertime air quality and related photochemical processes in the megacity Shanghai, China

    Chan, Ka Lok; Wang, Shanshan; Liu, Cheng; et al.

    Abstract:Summertime surface ozone (O3) and related secondary formation of fine particles are the major air quality concerns in the megacity of Shanghai. We performed mobile Cavity Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CE-DOAS) measurements to investigate the spatial distribution of on-road nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations along the Inner Ring Elevated Road (IRER) in Shanghai. The observations showa ratio of 4 between CE-DOAS averaged on -road NO2and the in-situ ambient measurements, illustrating the strong impact of vehicle emissions over the urban area. The air mass transport analysis suggests that the observed episodic ozone events arise from both the abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) precursors in the sampled plume and the regional transport of ozone-rich air masses. Analysis of the sources of PM2.5shows that the secondary heterogeneous gas-to-particle conversion of sulfate and nitrate from sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) is the largest source of PM25contributing 44.8 ± 9.2% of the total PM2.5. Ozone-related photochemical formation of fine particles is estimated to contribute about (22.5 ± 11.9)% of the total PM2.5which is strongly facilitated by solar radiation in summer. According to our results, nitrous acid (HONO) is the major precursor of hydroxyl radicals (OH) accounting for 40% to 80% of the total OH production during daytime. A significant correlation is found between the HONO levels in the early morning and the daily O3and PM2.5levels. The summertime measurements indicate that the photolytic reaction of HONO after sunrise increased the abundance of daytime OH and oxidative capacity, resulting in an enhancement of ground level ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. This study provides quantitative information to better understand photochemical formation of ozone and fine particles in Shanghai during summertime, which is useful for designing collaborative strategies to mitigate emissions of precursor pollutants.

    關(guān)鍵詞:HONO; PM2.5; O3; Photochemistry; DOAS

    來(lái)源出版物:Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 580: 974-983

    責(zé)任編輯:衛(wèi)夏雯

    Who is more affected by ozone pollution? A systematic review and meta-analysis

    Bell, ML; Zanobetti, A; Dominici, F

    Ozone is associated with adverse health; however, less is known about vulnerable/sensitive populations, which we refer to as sensitive populations. We systematically reviewed epidemiologic evidence (1988-2013) regarding sensitivity to mortality or hospital admission from short-term ozone exposure. We performed meta-analysis for overall associations by age and sex; assessed publication bias; and qualitatively assessed sensitivity to socioeconomic indicators, race/ethnicity, and air conditioning. The search identified 2091 unique papers, with 167 meeting inclusion criteria (73 on mortality and 96 on hospitalizations and emergency department visits, including 2 examining both mortality and hospitalizations). The strongest evidence for ozone sensitivity was for age. Per 10-parts per billion increase in daily 8-hour ozone concentration, mortality risk for younger persons, at 0.60% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40, 0.80), was statistically lower than that for older persons, at 1.27% (95% CI: 0.76, 1.78). Findings adjusted for publication bias were similar. Limited/suggestive evidence was found for higher associations among women; mortality risks were 0.39% (95% CI: -0.22, 1.00) higher than those for men. We identified strong evidence for higher associations with unemployment or lower occupational status and weak evidence of sensitivity for racial/ethnic minorities and persons with low education, inpoverty, or without central air conditioning. Findings show that some populations, especially the elderly, are particularly sensitive to short-term ozone exposure.

    猜你喜歡
    臭氧敏感性深圳
    文印室內(nèi)臭氧散發(fā)實(shí)測(cè)分析及模擬
    深圳歡樂(lè)海岸喜茶LAB店
    釔對(duì)Mg-Zn-Y-Zr合金熱裂敏感性影響
    看不見(jiàn)的污染源——臭氧
    利用臭氧水防治韭菜遲眼蕈蚊
    深圳
    汽車與安全(2016年5期)2016-12-01 05:21:56
    深圳醫(yī)改破與立
    AH70DB鋼焊接熱影響區(qū)組織及其冷裂敏感性
    焊接(2016年1期)2016-02-27 12:55:37
    深圳“去編”激起千層浪
    如何培養(yǎng)和提高新聞敏感性
    新聞傳播(2015年8期)2015-07-18 11:08:24
    香蕉久久夜色| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久 | 美女免费视频网站| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久 | 国产精品久久视频播放| 久久久久亚洲av毛片大全| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 国产精品永久免费网站| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 在线观看午夜福利视频| avwww免费| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 午夜激情av网站| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| av有码第一页| 亚洲精品一区av在线观看| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频 | 欧美乱妇无乱码| av欧美777| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 看免费av毛片| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 免费看十八禁软件| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 国产在线观看jvid| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 日本三级黄在线观看| 久99久视频精品免费| 国产高清有码在线观看视频 | 国产成人精品无人区| 国产av在哪里看| 欧美性长视频在线观看| 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 国产激情久久老熟女| 欧美zozozo另类| 欧美在线黄色| 欧美日韩精品网址| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 国内精品久久久久久久电影| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 黄色女人牲交| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 午夜激情av网站| 久久 成人 亚洲| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 久久久久九九精品影院| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 正在播放国产对白刺激| 91麻豆av在线| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看 | 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 长腿黑丝高跟| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| av中文乱码字幕在线| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 高潮久久久久久久久久久不卡| 久久久久久亚洲精品国产蜜桃av| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2 | 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 国产乱人伦免费视频| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 九色国产91popny在线| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 国产精品久久视频播放| 琪琪午夜伦伦电影理论片6080| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 少妇 在线观看| 午夜久久久久精精品| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| av欧美777| 美女午夜性视频免费| 免费看a级黄色片| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 熟女电影av网| 日本成人三级电影网站| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| av电影中文网址| 窝窝影院91人妻| 久久人妻av系列| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 美国免费a级毛片| 国产视频内射| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| www.999成人在线观看| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 国产黄片美女视频| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 一级a爱片免费观看的视频| av中文乱码字幕在线| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡| 欧美日韩黄片免| 日本成人三级电影网站| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 男人操女人黄网站| 夜夜爽天天搞| 成人免费观看视频高清| 日韩欧美三级三区| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 国内精品久久久久久久电影| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 欧美黑人巨大hd| 亚洲精品中文字幕一二三四区| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| www.999成人在线观看| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 搞女人的毛片| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 黄色 视频免费看| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡| 91麻豆av在线| 午夜久久久在线观看| 久久人妻av系列| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| ponron亚洲| 国产av在哪里看| 中文字幕人成人乱码亚洲影| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 美女免费视频网站| 亚洲第一青青草原| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 长腿黑丝高跟| 成在线人永久免费视频| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 91国产中文字幕| bbb黄色大片| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看 | 国产又爽黄色视频| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 成人三级黄色视频| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 黄色视频不卡| 久久香蕉国产精品| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 午夜免费激情av| 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 久久草成人影院| 高清在线国产一区| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 琪琪午夜伦伦电影理论片6080| 日韩欧美 国产精品| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 国产真实乱freesex| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 成人三级黄色视频| 一级黄色大片毛片| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | a级毛片a级免费在线| 身体一侧抽搐| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 制服诱惑二区| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 久久 成人 亚洲| 免费观看精品视频网站| 久久久久免费精品人妻一区二区 | 日韩欧美 国产精品| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 99re在线观看精品视频| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 免费搜索国产男女视频| tocl精华| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 久久草成人影院| 精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区| 一本综合久久免费| av免费在线观看网站| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡| 1024香蕉在线观看| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 免费看a级黄色片| 亚洲第一青青草原| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | av中文乱码字幕在线| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 在线天堂中文资源库| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 一卡2卡三卡四卡精品乱码亚洲| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 成人精品一区二区免费| 日本成人三级电影网站| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| av有码第一页| a级毛片在线看网站| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 搞女人的毛片| 午夜视频精品福利| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 欧美zozozo另类| 99热6这里只有精品| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 香蕉久久夜色| 国产精品1区2区在线观看.| 老汉色∧v一级毛片| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 亚洲中文av在线| a级毛片在线看网站| 黄色片一级片一级黄色片| 国产人伦9x9x在线观看| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 欧美成人午夜精品| 一级a爱片免费观看的视频| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 欧美zozozo另类| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 国产成人欧美在线观看| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区| 制服诱惑二区| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 91av网站免费观看| 97碰自拍视频| 亚洲色图av天堂| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 国产高清videossex| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 久久精品影院6| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 中文字幕人成人乱码亚洲影| 变态另类丝袜制服| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| av片东京热男人的天堂| 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 精品人妻1区二区| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 欧美大码av| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 久久精品人妻少妇| 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 俺也久久电影网| 亚洲第一电影网av| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 国产成人系列免费观看| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 一本一本综合久久| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 国产在线观看jvid| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 看免费av毛片| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 亚洲国产精品999在线| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 中国美女看黄片| 午夜久久久在线观看| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 女警被强在线播放| 精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看 | 在线观看午夜福利视频| 国产激情久久老熟女| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 国产日本99.免费观看| 国产激情欧美一区二区| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 国产精品九九99| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 88av欧美| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 午夜两性在线视频| 久热这里只有精品99| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 校园春色视频在线观看| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点| www.自偷自拍.com| 亚洲中文av在线| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 国产熟女xx| 久久久久亚洲av毛片大全| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 91老司机精品| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 在线观看一区二区三区| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 日本熟妇午夜| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 日本a在线网址| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 看黄色毛片网站| 久久婷婷成人综合色麻豆| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| 少妇 在线观看| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 18美女黄网站色大片免费观看| 国产激情久久老熟女| 在线观看66精品国产| 在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 国产又爽黄色视频| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 久久人妻av系列| 日韩免费av在线播放| 成人免费观看视频高清| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| av免费在线观看网站| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 欧美日韩黄片免| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 亚洲国产日韩欧美精品在线观看 | 悠悠久久av| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 久9热在线精品视频| 成人欧美大片| 最好的美女福利视频网| 成人午夜高清在线视频 | 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 老司机福利观看| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 变态另类丝袜制服| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 免费观看精品视频网站| 18禁观看日本| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 久久香蕉激情| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 亚洲成人久久性| 嫩草影院精品99| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 午夜两性在线视频| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 在线免费观看的www视频| 1024视频免费在线观看| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| or卡值多少钱| 校园春色视频在线观看| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 黄色视频不卡| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 午夜精品久久久久久毛片777| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 亚洲全国av大片| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 午夜老司机福利片| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 一二三四社区在线视频社区8| www国产在线视频色| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 日本在线视频免费播放| 午夜福利18| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 欧美色欧美亚洲另类二区| 欧美成人午夜精品| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区| 久久热在线av| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 久久久国产成人精品二区| 在线观看www视频免费| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 精品第一国产精品| 丁香欧美五月| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 成在线人永久免费视频| 观看免费一级毛片| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 久久九九热精品免费| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| av有码第一页| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 国产精华一区二区三区| 国产熟女xx| 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 悠悠久久av| 久久久久国内视频| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 草草在线视频免费看| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 欧美日韩精品网址| 成人免费观看视频高清| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 日本成人三级电影网站| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 久久中文字幕人妻熟女| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 日本成人三级电影网站| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 一级毛片精品| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 后天国语完整版免费观看| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 精品第一国产精品| 国内揄拍国产精品人妻在线 | 成人欧美大片| 香蕉av资源在线| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 好男人电影高清在线观看| bbb黄色大片| 久久久久久人人人人人| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 精品国产亚洲在线| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 成人精品一区二区免费| www.999成人在线观看| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜 | 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 亚洲片人在线观看| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 亚洲第一青青草原| 在线av久久热| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 天天添夜夜摸| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频 | 免费高清在线观看日韩| 脱女人内裤的视频| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久, | 美女午夜性视频免费| 国产单亲对白刺激| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 国产视频内射| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 俺也久久电影网| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 亚洲五月天丁香| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 美国免费a级毛片| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 热re99久久国产66热| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 在线天堂中文资源库| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 黄色视频不卡| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 制服人妻中文乱码| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久, | 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 国产片内射在线| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 久久狼人影院| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 级片在线观看| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 91老司机精品| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 一级毛片女人18水好多| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 国产精品二区激情视频| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 热re99久久国产66热| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 手机成人av网站| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片 | 在线观看一区二区三区| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 男女午夜视频在线观看| 男人操女人黄网站| 91字幕亚洲| 在线看三级毛片| 美女大奶头视频| 日本三级黄在线观看|