施蕊胡釗余顯倫何海燕張昌飛田孟華楊為民王濤
缺血性腦卒中與相關基因多態(tài)性的研究進展
施蕊1胡釗2余顯倫3何海燕3張昌飛3田孟華3楊為民1王濤4
缺血性卒中(IS)是腦血管疾病的常見類型,目前尚缺乏有效的治療措施,以預防缺血性腦卒中為主。即從基因水平早期對健康人群篩查,對相關遺傳易感人群進行干預。與缺血性腦卒中相關候選的基因包括:脂代謝相關基因;同型半胱氨酸及代謝酶基因;腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統基因;環(huán)加氧酶基因;一氧化氮合酶基因;炎癥反應相關因子基因等。
缺血性腦卒中;基因多態(tài)性;候選基因
老年人因動脈粥樣硬化,或不穩(wěn)定斑塊等導致的腦卒中是目前全球高致殘率及致死率的疾病[1]。在幸存的新發(fā)腦卒中患者中,喪失能力者達75%,重度致殘者達45%[2]。缺血性腦卒中發(fā)病機制復雜,為遺傳和環(huán)境因素共同作用導致[3]。全基因組關聯研究(Genome-wide Association Study,GWAS)已成為揭示復雜疾病遺傳機制的一種重要方法[4]。且國際人類基因組單體型圖計劃(Hap Map計劃)為相關疾病的基因學研究提供了更有效的選擇SNP位點的工具[5]。
全基因組關聯分析(Genome-wide Association Study,GWAS)是對人類全基因組范圍內發(fā)生的序列變異進行篩檢,即單核苷酸多態(tài)性(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,SNP)檢測,能特異代表該單體型區(qū)域內大多數SNP位點的某個SNP為“SNPs”。GWAS可從中篩選出與疾病相關的SNPs[6]。研究顯示[7],在人類基因組中,SNP分為3類區(qū)域:基因編碼區(qū)單核苷酸多態(tài)性(cSNPs)、隨機非編碼區(qū)單核苷酸多態(tài)性(rSNPs)、基因調控區(qū)單核苷酸多態(tài)性(pSNPs),其中cSNPs及pSNPs能改變基因功能,對基因表型影響較明顯。GWAS分析可靈敏地檢測到與腦卒中相關的基因多態(tài)性。
2.1 脂代謝相關基因多態(tài)性
脂代謝障礙易導致動脈粥樣硬化(Atherosclerosis,AS),AS是腦梗死的主要病理基礎,因此脂代謝相關基因多態(tài)性一直是腦梗死病因研究的重點。脂代謝相關基因主要包括載脂蛋白(Apolipoproteins,Apo)、脂蛋白脂酶(Lipoprotein Lipase,LPL)、對氧磷酶(Paraoxonases,PONs)腺苷三磷酸結合盒轉運體A1(ABCA1)。
2.1.1 載脂蛋白(Apo)基因多態(tài)性 載脂蛋白(Apo)包括ApoA、ApoB、ApoC、ApoD 、ApoE五類。目前研究較多的是ApoA、ApoE。Helgadottir A[8]等研究ApoA的基因多態(tài)性與血管疾病關系表明,ApoA的基因多態(tài)性位點rs10455872和rs3798220與AS、缺血性腦梗死密切相關。
人類ApoE主要在肝臟和腦組織合成,星形細胞是腦中ApoE的主要合成部位。ApoE有2種常見的等位基因位點rs429358和rs74123,其有3個等位基因(ε2、ε3、ε4)產生3種異構體E2、E3、E4[9]。ApoE作為LDL和VLDL受體,與人類的血脂水平、動脈粥樣硬化及心腦血管疾病相關[10]。幾個Meta分析表明[11-12]早發(fā)型IS患者中,ApoEε 4等位基因攜帶者IS患病風險比ε 2、ε 3等位基因攜帶者要高。通過病例研究也證實亞洲和歐洲人群IS患者ε 4等位基因頻率升高,其是IS發(fā)病的一個危險因素[13]。尤其是與顱內大動脈性IS相關[14]。
2.1.2 脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)基因多態(tài)性 轉錄后的LPL是一種糖蛋白,可水解血液中乳糜微粒(CM)和VLDL顆粒內的甘油三酯(TG),生成甘油和游離脂肪酸。目前已發(fā)現有110余種LPL基因突變。其中HindⅢ、PvuⅡ及Ser447Ter的基因多態(tài)性是研究熱點。HindⅢ基因多態(tài)性是LPL第8內含子堿基T→G替換引起,PvuⅡ基因多態(tài)性是LPL第6內含子堿基C→T替換引起。HindⅢ基因多態(tài)性的H+等位基因和PvuⅡ基因多態(tài)性的P+等位基因與較高的TG和較低HDL濃度有關[15]。Ser447Ter基因多態(tài)性是LPL第9外顯子的1595堿基發(fā)生C→G替換,啟動子Ser(TCA)447提前變?yōu)榻K止子Ter(TGA)447引起(突變前記作S,突變后記為X)。X等位基因與較低的TG和較高HDL濃度有關[16]。Luk AO等[17]研究伴二型糖尿病的缺血性腦梗死患者表明,Ser(TCA)447X是中國人群患IS的危險因素。但也有研究結果與之相反,Shimo-Nakanishi Y等[18]發(fā)現日本IS患者Ser(TCA)447X等位基因頻率下降,可減少動脈血栓的形成,其是缺血性腦血管疾病的保護基因。Xu E等[19]研究表明IS組PvuⅡ的P+等位基因增高,Ser(TCA)447X基因頻率下降,也證實在我國PvuⅡ的P+等位基因和Ser(TCA)447X等位基因分別是IS患者的易感基因和保護基因。Munshi A[20]研究表明HindⅢ基因多態(tài)性與IS顯著相關。
2.2 同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)及代謝酶基因多態(tài)性
同型半胱氨酸升高是缺血性腦卒中發(fā)病的獨立危險因素之一[21]。在2011年美國心臟協會與腦卒中協會公布的腦卒中一級預防指南中指出,Hcy 升高,患AS性血管疾?。òㄗ渲校┑娘L險增加2~3倍[22]。關于同型半胱氨酸代謝酶基因多態(tài)性研究,主要包括:5,10-亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶(MTHFR)基因、胱硫醚合成酶基因、甲硫氨酸合成酶基因和甲硫氨酸合成酶還原酶基因。MTHFR是Hcy代謝過程中的關鍵酶之一,其基因多態(tài)性可顯著影響血漿Hcy 水平。
MTHFR基因多態(tài)性:MTHFR基因定位于人類1 p36.3常染色體上?,F已確定在MTHFR基因上有超過40個點突變,其中以有9個SNPs rs12121543,rs13306561,rs13306553,rs9651118,rs1801133,rs2274976,rs4846048,rs1801131,rs17037396 較為常見,引起C→T堿基變異。其中C677T (rs1801133 ) 和A1298C(rs1801131)點突變最為常見,在最新研究中表明兩者與腦梗死顯著相關。Zhou等[23]研究結果表明,在我國MTHFR 基因的C677T和A1298C與缺血性卒中的風險明顯相關,Fekih-Mrissa N等[24]對突尼斯人群研究也有一致結論。Meta分析結果也表明MTHFR的C677T[25]和A1298C[26-27]基因多態(tài)性會增加成人缺血性腦卒中的風險。但Balcerzyk A等[28]通過比例對照研究表明MTHFR的A1298C基因多態(tài)性與小孩缺血性腦梗死無關。
但先前對MTHFR的C677T和A1298C基因多態(tài)性與腦梗死關系的研究有兩種相反的結果。Zhao X 等[29]通過定量評價表明C677T的TT基因型在亞洲人群中出現的頻率較高,亞洲人出現腦卒中的風險更高。Li P等[25]進行MTHFR基因與腦梗塞敏感性的Meta分析,結果表明C677T基因多態(tài)性與缺血性腦梗死發(fā)病的風險提高有顯著相關性。Somarajan BI[30]等通過病例對照研究表明,北印度出血性和缺血性IS患者與C677T基因多態(tài)性無關,只是缺血性腦梗死Hcy水平升高與之相關。Lv Q等[31]研究表明A1298C基因多態(tài)性可增加亞洲人患IS風險,但與高加索人無關聯。MTHFR的C677T和A1298C基因多態(tài)性與腦梗死關系的研研究目前尚無統一定論,歸結2方面原因.一是上述基因多態(tài)性具有種族差異性;二是基因突變存在地區(qū)差異性,二者又相互影響導致研究結果不盡相同。
2.3 環(huán)氧合酶(COX)基因多態(tài)性
COX是催化花生四烯酸合成內源性前列腺素(PGs)和血栓素(TXA2)的限速酶。COX在人體內主要有COX-1和COX-2兩種亞型。COX-2為誘導型,在炎癥等信號刺激下生成。在COX-2基因多態(tài)性位點中,765G→C多態(tài)性是最常見的位點之一。Yi XY等[32]研究表明765G→C多態(tài)性與腦梗發(fā)病顯著相關。另外一項研究表明COX-2的765G→C 和1195G→A基因多態(tài)性與大動脈硬化性腦梗死顯著相關[33]。COX-1的rs1330344基因位點的CC基因型增加缺血性腦梗死風險[34]。
2.4 一氧化氮合酶基多態(tài)性
一氧化氮合酶(NOS)是一種同工酶,分別存在于內皮細胞、巨噬細胞、神經吞噬細胞及神經細胞中。同功酶有三種亞型,即在正常狀態(tài)下表達的神經元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS或NOS1)和內皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS或NOS3)以及在損傷后誘導表達的誘導型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS或NOS2)。
Bushueva OY等[35]研究發(fā)現NOS3的298DD和786T→C增加腦梗死的風險,且抽煙使298DD和786T→C出現的概率更高。786T→C和 894G→T基因多態(tài)性會增加韓國人動脈粥樣硬化性IS風險[36]。但也有不一致的研究結果,Guo X[37]的Meta分析表明894G→T與亞洲人IS顯著相關,86T→C基因多態(tài)性與IS無關。Akhter MS等[38]研究在印度年輕人群中894G→T和2479G→A基因多態(tài)性是IS發(fā)病的危險因素。
2.5 炎癥反應相關因子基因多態(tài)性
白細胞介素是由多種細胞產生并作用于多種細胞的一類細胞因子,目前至少發(fā)現了38個白細胞介素,分別命名為IL-1-IL38,在傳遞信息,激活與調節(jié)免疫細胞,介導T、B細胞活化、及在炎癥反應中起重要作用。白細胞介素基因IL-1、IL-10、IL-6基因多態(tài)性是主要的候選基因。IL-1有IL-1α和IL-1β兩種存在形式。Zou L等[39]通過Meta分析了IL-1三個等位基因,結果表明IL-1α-889C→T基因多態(tài)性可增加IS 風險。JinJ等[40]的Meta分析發(fā)現IL10 -1082 A→G與亞洲人群IS有關,1082 A等位基因可增加IS風險。另外IL10的3個等位基因rs1800872, rs1554286和 rs3021094可增加IS風險,該基因多態(tài)性可作為缺血性IS的生物標記[41]。人類IL-6基因位于第7號染色體上,參與炎癥反應。IL-6-174G→C和572C→G基因多態(tài)性與年輕人缺血性IS發(fā)病相關[42]。Qi XF等[43]研究也表明IL-1B rs1864169CC和IL-6 rs1800796 TT基因型增加缺血性IS風險。
據世界衛(wèi)生組織統計數據,腦卒中的發(fā)病率和患病率分別為90/10萬人和307/10萬人,尤以東太洋、歐洲、東南亞發(fā)病率居高,其中85%的卒中為缺血性卒中[2]。腦卒中在人類各種疾病死因居第二位[44]。目前還沒有較好的治療措施,找到其遺傳因素的致病機制對臨床的預防以及治療提供有力依據。近年來國內外臨床研究熱點逐漸轉移為尋找與腦卒中相關基因以及其多態(tài)性的檢測。
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Recent Research Prograss in Ischemic and Interrelated Gene Polymorphism
SHI Rui1HU Zhao2YU Xianlun3HE Haiyan3ZHANG Changfei3TIAN Menghua3YANG Weimin1WANG Tao41 Pharmaceutical School & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China, 2 Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China, 3 Zhaotong Institute of Gastrodia Elata, Zhaotong Yunnan 657000, China, 4 Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Jiangsu 210008, China
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a common type of cerebral vascular disease, and there is still a lack of effective treatment for ischemic stroke. It is important to prevent ischemic stroke. In the early stage of the genetic level, it is a hot topic to study the intervention of the related genetic susceptible population. The candidate genes associated with ischemic stroke include lipid metabolism related genes; homocysteine and metabolic genes; renin angiotensin aldosterone system gene; cyclooxygenase gene; nitric oxide synthase gene; inflammation factor related genes.
ischemic stroke; gene polymorphism; candidate gene
R743.3
A
1674-9316(2017)01-0139-04
10.3969/j.issn.1674-9316.2017.01.091
國家自然科學基金(30960450;81560589)
基金項目:云南省科技廳聯合專項(2014FA010;2013FB128;2014FB037)
基金項目:云南省教育廳科學研究基金重大專項(ZD2015009)
1 昆明醫(yī)科大學藥學院暨云南省天然藥物藥理重點實驗室,云南 昆明 650500;2 昆明醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院心內科,云南 昆明 650500;3 昭通市天麻研究院,云南 昭通 657000;4 南京大學醫(yī)學院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院心胸外科,江蘇南京 210008
王濤,E-mail:wangtao_pumc@ live.cn