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      B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病因子-2家族相關(guān)信號通路與重度抑郁癥關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展

      2017-01-17 01:48:24張曉杰費(fèi)洪新劉得水李公啟
      中國老年學(xué)雜志 2017年2期
      關(guān)鍵詞:線粒體活化細(xì)胞因子

      張曉杰 費(fèi)洪新 劉得水 李公啟

      (齊齊哈爾醫(yī)學(xué)院,黑龍江 齊齊哈爾 161006)

      B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病因子-2家族相關(guān)信號通路與重度抑郁癥關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展

      張曉杰 費(fèi)洪新 劉得水 李公啟

      (齊齊哈爾醫(yī)學(xué)院,黑龍江 齊齊哈爾 161006)

      B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病因子-2;重度抑郁癥

      重度抑郁癥(MDD)是一種嚴(yán)重行為異常、認(rèn)知障礙、心境低落的心身疾病之一,對機(jī)體消化、免疫、循環(huán)和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等均會產(chǎn)生影響并造成機(jī)體損傷,且MDD發(fā)病率高、復(fù)發(fā)率高、死亡率高〔1,2〕。世界衛(wèi)生組織(WTO)預(yù)測MDD在10年后將是僅次于心血管疾病的重要疾病之一。雖然國外和國內(nèi)對MDD研究并未間斷,但是MDD病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制還未完全清楚,且缺乏有效治療手段。研究表明,MDD與端粒酶縮短〔3〕、p75神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子受體表達(dá)降低〔4〕、腦枕葉皮質(zhì)谷氨酸(Glu)水平升高〔5〕、運(yùn)動(dòng)減少〔6〕、單胺氧化酶(MAO)-A上調(diào)〔7〕、微小(micro)RNA異?!?〕、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體(NMDAR)表達(dá)上調(diào)等有關(guān)〔9〕,而MDD腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)元丟失機(jī)制與線粒體細(xì)胞凋亡密切相關(guān)〔10〕,在線粒體細(xì)胞凋亡發(fā)生機(jī)制中最關(guān)鍵的環(huán)節(jié)之一是B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病因子(Bcl)-2家族對細(xì)胞凋亡的多通路調(diào)控。本文重點(diǎn)從Bcl-2家族與MDD關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,期望為MDD研究和治療奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

      1 Bcl-2家族成員

      細(xì)胞凋亡(apoptosis)是機(jī)體細(xì)胞主動(dòng)的、程序化的死亡過程,細(xì)胞凋亡途徑包括線粒體(mitochondria)凋亡途徑、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)(endoplasmic reticulum)凋亡途徑和死亡受體(death receptor)凋亡途徑。線粒體凋亡途徑是非常重要的細(xì)胞凋亡途徑之一,該途徑主要是由于線粒體相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)平衡失調(diào)而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)凋亡,最終通過半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspases)激活〔11~13〕,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡。Bcl-2家族是調(diào)控線粒體細(xì)胞凋亡的重要蛋白家族,根據(jù)Bcl-2家族對細(xì)胞凋亡的作用效果不同,可將Bcl-2家族分為兩大類,即抗凋亡蛋白和促凋亡蛋白。

      1.1 抗凋亡蛋白 抗凋亡蛋白包括Bcl-2、Bcl-xl、Mcl-1、Bag-4、Boo/Diva、Bcl-w等,其中Bcl-2是目前研究最多的抗凋亡蛋白。Bcl-2主要位于細(xì)胞的線粒體外膜、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)膜、核膜等,Bcl-2最初是從濾泡淋巴瘤中分離出來的一種跨膜蛋白質(zhì),Bcl-2由239個(gè)氨基酸(aa)組成,分子量26 kD,Bcl-2定位于18q21,包括3個(gè)外顯子和2個(gè)內(nèi)含子,Bcl-2基因可翻譯成Bcl-2α 和Bcl-2β,其中Bcl-2α發(fā)揮抗凋亡的積極作用〔14〕。當(dāng)細(xì)胞接受到細(xì)胞凋亡信號后,Bcl-2、Bcl-xl可被酶類催化而發(fā)揮抗凋亡作用。Bcl-2的基本結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括氨基端區(qū)和羧基端區(qū),其中氨基端區(qū)形成BH區(qū),羧基端區(qū)形成跨膜錨定(TM)區(qū)。不同的抗凋亡蛋白的基本結(jié)構(gòu)略有不同,Bcl-2、Bcl-xl的基本結(jié)構(gòu)包括BH1、BH2、BH3、BH4、羧基末端TM區(qū)和α-螺旋環(huán)(loop),其中BH1、BH2、BH3可形成具有重要結(jié)合位點(diǎn)功能的疏水區(qū)域〔15,16〕。該區(qū)可結(jié)合其他的蛋白而發(fā)揮作用,而羧基端的TM區(qū)可將Bcl-2錨定在線粒體膜上。另外Mcl-1包括BH1、BH2、BH3的疏水區(qū),但是缺乏BH4〔17〕。

      1.2 促凋亡蛋白 促凋亡蛋白包括Bax、Bcl-xs、Bid、Bim、Bok、Bad、Bak、Bmf、Bik、Puma、Hrk、Noxa等〔18,19〕,其中Bax是研究最多、發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的促凋亡蛋白。促凋亡蛋白與抗凋亡蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)有較大的相似點(diǎn),促凋亡蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)也包括BH1、BH2、BH3、BH4,可見促凋亡蛋白與抗凋亡蛋白具有一定的同源性。促凋亡蛋白Bax定位于 19q13.3-13.4,由6個(gè)外顯子組成,分子量約21 kD,翻譯成Bax α(192aa)、 Bax β(218aa)、 Bax γ(41aa)3 種,Bax具有BH1、BH2、BH3等,可見Bax含有多個(gè)疏水區(qū),Bax還含有α-2螺旋區(qū)、α-9螺旋區(qū)、α-3 螺旋區(qū)等,Bax與Bcl-2的同源性可達(dá)到21%。促凋亡蛋白Bax可通過形成Bax/Bax同二聚體拮抗抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的功能。Bcl-xs具有BH3、BH4,而Bid、Bim僅僅具有BH3〔20〕,Bok含有BH1、BH2、BH3、BH4〔21〕。與抗凋亡蛋白不同的是,促凋亡蛋白大部分以無活性形式存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)〔22,23〕。

      1.3 Bcl-2 家族蛋白之間的相互作用 Bcl-2 家族成員之間可彼此結(jié)合形成同二聚體或異二聚體而調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡??沟蛲龅鞍譈cl-2通過保護(hù)線粒體膜的完整性和通透性,在線粒體外膜介導(dǎo)抗凋亡的積極作用。而促凋亡蛋白Bax則可破壞線粒體膜的完整性和通透性而介導(dǎo)促凋亡的消極作用。促凋亡蛋白Bax位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi),可形成Bax/Bax同二聚體而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,而線粒體外膜上Bcl-2會與Bax形成Bcl-2/Bax異二聚體,調(diào)節(jié)線粒體外膜的完整性和通透性,阻止小分子物質(zhì)自由通過,進(jìn)而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡。研究表明,Bcl-2/Bax組成調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡的平衡體系,Bcl-2/Bax比值高低可初步評價(jià)線粒體凋亡水平,Bcl-2/Bax比值降低則促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,而Bcl-2/Bax比值增加則抑制細(xì)胞凋亡〔24,25〕??沟蛲龅鞍譈cl-2拮抗細(xì)胞凋亡的機(jī)制比較復(fù)雜,Bcl-2可通過細(xì)胞過氧化反應(yīng)提高細(xì)胞內(nèi)谷胱甘肽水平,影響線粒體膜巰基的氧化還原狀態(tài),調(diào)控線粒體膜電位水平;Bcl-2可阻止Bax/Bak寡聚化,影響線粒體孔道的開放;Bcl-2可抑制細(xì)胞質(zhì)中內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)鈣離子的釋放;Bcl-2可調(diào)控細(xì)胞色素(Cyt)C和凋亡活化因子(AIF)釋放;Bcl-2可阻止Caspase-2活化,減少Caspase-2的下游分子Cyt C釋放。研究還表明,抗凋亡蛋白Mcl-1參與封閉 Bak的非活性形式,進(jìn)而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡通路〔26〕;促凋亡蛋白Bid、Bim可激活 Bax和 Bak 觸發(fā)Cyt C 釋放,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡〔27〕;促凋亡蛋白Bad、Noxa可激活 Bax和Bak,Bid 可被Caspase-8 裂解激活,活化Bid,誘導(dǎo)線粒體途徑細(xì)胞凋亡〔28〕。

      2 Bcl-2 家族相關(guān)通路與MDD

      2.1 腦源性神經(jīng)生長因子(BDNF)通過Bcl-2 家族上下游蛋白介導(dǎo)MDD BDNF是一種重要的腦神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子之一,BDNF水平增加可減少M(fèi)DD發(fā)病的易感性;BDNF以特殊的方式發(fā)揮腦的營養(yǎng)作用,還可與5-羥色胺(5-HT)之間相互作用,彼此之間保持動(dòng)態(tài)的平衡,進(jìn)而共同影響著MDD的進(jìn)程。研究表明,MDD伴有腦海馬和皮質(zhì)BDNF水平降低,加速腦神經(jīng)元數(shù)量減少,促進(jìn)焦慮癥的發(fā)生〔29〕;同時(shí)MDD伴有血清BDNF水平降低,血清BDNF是MDD重要的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物之一〔30〕。BDNF可促進(jìn)腦神經(jīng)發(fā)生和神經(jīng)可塑性,活化通路參與MDD抗細(xì)胞凋亡機(jī)制,可上調(diào)神經(jīng)元線粒體抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、Bcl-xl表達(dá),下調(diào)促凋亡蛋白Bax表達(dá)〔31,32〕。研究表明,MDD可由多種疾病誘發(fā),例如MDD合并冠狀動(dòng)脈心臟病(CHD),艾司西酞普蘭可上調(diào)線粒體抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表達(dá),從而逆轉(zhuǎn)CHD伴有MDD〔33〕。心肌梗死(MI)伴有MDD,文拉法辛可上調(diào)MI伴有MDD線粒體抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表達(dá)且下調(diào)促凋亡蛋白Bax表達(dá)〔34〕。中藥黃芩成分黃芩苷可上調(diào)慢性輕度不可預(yù)見性的應(yīng)激刺激(CUMS)誘導(dǎo)大鼠MDD模型線粒體抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表達(dá)且下調(diào)Bax表達(dá),發(fā)揮抗凋亡作用,同時(shí)還可逆轉(zhuǎn)BDNF表達(dá)〔35〕。適當(dāng)劑量利培酮和帕羅西汀聯(lián)合使用可改善MDD腦海馬線粒體Cyt C、Caspase-9和Caspase-3〔36〕,倘若下調(diào)細(xì)胞Caspase-8、X連鎖凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)可抑制海馬細(xì)胞凋亡〔37〕。

      2.2 細(xì)胞因子通過Bcl-2 家族上下游蛋白介導(dǎo)MDD 細(xì)胞因子(Cytokines)是一組蛋白質(zhì)或者多肽的信號分子,分子量較小,多數(shù)溶于水,可由多種細(xì)胞釋放,參與機(jī)體的免疫炎癥反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞凋亡等。細(xì)胞因子種類繁多,包括白細(xì)胞介素(IL)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)、生長因子、趨化因子等。研究表明,多種細(xì)胞因子在MDD中表達(dá)上調(diào),例如IL、MCP-1、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(TGF)-β3、TNF等,介導(dǎo)腦神經(jīng)性炎癥反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞凋亡、氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)等〔38〕。N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)介導(dǎo)MDD,NAC上調(diào)可減少炎癥相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子,調(diào)節(jié)Glu鹽,減少細(xì)胞凋亡〔39〕。細(xì)胞因子可誘導(dǎo)缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子(HIF)-1α表達(dá)增加,細(xì)胞因子與相應(yīng)酪氨酸酶受體作用,活化磷脂酰肌醇-3-磷酸激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑,活化的AKT可通過直接磷酸化Bad(Ser136)、正性調(diào)節(jié)核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(NF)-κB和環(huán)磷腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(CREB),促進(jìn)抗凋亡基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而降低促凋亡蛋白及增加抗凋亡蛋白水平〔40,41〕。MDD中mTOR表達(dá)下調(diào),通過促凋亡蛋白Bad介導(dǎo),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡〔42〕,PI3K/AKT通路活化異??烧T發(fā)MDD〔43〕,MDD伴有細(xì)胞因子TNF、TGF-β水平上調(diào),從而介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)性炎癥反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞凋亡等〔44〕。研究表明,MDD還表現(xiàn)為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化,伴有細(xì)胞因子水平增加,也伴有c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK/SAPK)活性增加,CREB表達(dá)上調(diào)等〔45〕。金屬鋰可通過JNK通路調(diào)節(jié)CREB表達(dá)〔46〕。靶向JNK/SAPK信號途徑,可作為MDD治療的新策略之一〔47〕。中藥復(fù)方柴胡疏肝散(CHSGS)可下調(diào)JNK蛋白表達(dá),通過調(diào)控JNK/SAPK信號通路發(fā)揮抗細(xì)胞凋亡作用〔48〕。

      2.3 細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶通過Bcl-2家族上下游蛋白介導(dǎo)MDD 細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)是絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)家族成員之一,在哺乳動(dòng)物中ERK研究比較明確,ERK通路介導(dǎo)多種細(xì)胞因子和相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)。在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)ERK可調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡、神經(jīng)可塑性、神經(jīng)元生長發(fā)育、神經(jīng)性炎癥反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)等。MAPK/ERK信號通路激活,神經(jīng)元突觸后受體酪氨酸激酶受體(Trk)B活化,進(jìn)而抑制促凋亡蛋白Bad和Bax合成,增加抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的合成,發(fā)揮抗神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡的積極作用。絲裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶(MKP)-1是MAPK的上游信號,MKP-1在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和疾病中的具有重要作用,MKP-1可作為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)MDD的潛在治療靶點(diǎn)蛋白之一〔49〕。中藥成分齊墩果酸可促進(jìn)BDNF/Bcl-2通路活化,進(jìn)而改善MDD動(dòng)物模型的癥狀,治療MDD動(dòng)物模型〔50〕,MDD海馬神經(jīng)組織的神經(jīng)可塑性減弱通過ERK/ Bcl-2進(jìn)行調(diào)控〔51〕,MDD伴有RAF/ERK信號通路衰減,導(dǎo)致Glu脫羧酶(GAD)1和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2水平降低,介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡〔52〕??筂DD藥物可通過調(diào)控ERK/Bcl-2而影響海馬神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡〔53〕,例如地昔帕明(DP)通過MAPK/Bcl-2途徑的激活,上調(diào)抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表達(dá),減少神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡〔54〕。蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶受體類型R(PTPRR),通過下游MAPK活化,調(diào)節(jié)MDD小鼠模型ERK去磷酸化和脫磷酸化,調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡和神經(jīng)元突觸可塑性〔55〕。抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2通過 ERK 信號對細(xì)胞凋亡進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),例如抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的半胱氨酸(Cys158)和Cys229氧化后,Bcl-2可與ERK1/2形成 Bcl-2/ERK 復(fù)合物,抑制腦細(xì)胞凋亡〔56〕。綜上所述,Bcl-2家族成員通過多種通路參與調(diào)控MDD的發(fā)病進(jìn)程,可見Bcl-2家族成員在MDD發(fā)病機(jī)制中起到重要作用,且可作為MDD生物學(xué)檢測靶點(diǎn)。推測調(diào)控Bcl-2家族成員蛋白水平或許是治療MDD的新策略之一,且可為抗MDD藥物研究提供新靶點(diǎn)。

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      〔2016-02-23修回〕

      (編輯 曲 莉)

      國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81173576,81373777,81173599);黑龍江省自然基金項(xiàng)目(H201354);黑龍江省教育廳項(xiàng)目(12521624,12531790)

      張曉杰(1965-),女,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事抑郁、癡呆、腫瘤、痛風(fēng)、肝纖維化研究。

      R749

      A

      1005-9202(2017)02-0485-04;

      10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2017.02.103

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