張愛森,湯婷婷,程鵬,狄文娟,盛云露,蔡金梅,賴濱,丁國憲,祁寒梅
他汀類藥物對中老年人群骨小梁微結(jié)構(gòu)的影響
張愛森,湯婷婷,程鵬,狄文娟,盛云露,蔡金梅,賴濱,丁國憲,祁寒梅△
目的 采用骨小梁分數(shù)(TBS)這種新型的骨微結(jié)構(gòu)評價指標,探討他汀類藥物對骨小梁微結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。方法回顧南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院老年醫(yī)學(xué)科2014年1月—2016年3月收治的中老年患者253例,根據(jù)是否服用他汀類藥物分為他汀組(服用他汀類藥物1年以上)90例和對照組(從未服用過他汀類藥物)163例。觀察2組血清三酰甘油、總膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、堿性磷酸酶、空腹血糖等生化指標及25羥維生素D水平。雙能X線骨密度儀(DXA)檢測腰椎及股骨頸骨密度,TBS iNsight?軟件分析腰椎DXA圖像得出TBS值。結(jié)果他汀組的總膽固醇及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平低于對照組(P<0.01),而2組其他生化指標差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。他汀組較對照組具有更高的腰椎BMD(g/cm2:1.04±0.19 vs.0.96±0.14,P<0.01)及TBS(1.31± 0.09 vs.1.26±0.09,P<0.01),但2組股骨頸BMD差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論他汀類藥物使用可以提高中老年人群腰椎骨密度,并改善骨小梁微結(jié)構(gòu)。
老年病;骨密度;羥甲基戊二酰基CoA還原酶抑制劑;骨質(zhì)疏松;骨小梁分數(shù);骨微結(jié)構(gòu);他汀類
隨著人口老齡化,骨質(zhì)疏松成為備受關(guān)注的健康問題。目前,雙能X線吸收法(Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)測定骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)是診斷骨質(zhì)疏松的金標準[1],但BMD只能評估骨量,不能反映骨微結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。骨小梁分數(shù)(trabecular bone score,TBS)是近年來新出現(xiàn)的一種骨結(jié)構(gòu)指標,其通過計算DXA圖像中灰階變化,評估骨小梁的骨微結(jié)構(gòu)[2]。流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TBS與腰椎骨折具有明顯的相關(guān)性,是評估骨微結(jié)構(gòu)的良好指標[3]。他汀類藥物(Statin)被廣泛地用于高脂血癥、冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。ü谛牟。⑻悄虿〉鹊难刂?。研究表明,他汀類藥物具有多效性,可以增加BMD,改善骨代謝[4]。另外,在動物實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn)他汀類藥物還可以改善骨微結(jié)構(gòu)[5-6],但有關(guān)人體研究尚少見報道。本研究通過比較他汀類藥物使用者及未使用者的BMD及TBS差異,初步探討他汀類藥物對人體骨小梁微結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。
1.1 研究對象選取2014年1月—2016年3月于南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院老年醫(yī)學(xué)科住院或體檢的中老年患者253例,年齡40~80歲。其中,因高膽固醇血癥、冠心病、糖尿病等疾病血脂控制的需求,服用他汀類藥物(包括阿托伐他汀10~20 mg/d、辛伐他汀10~20 mg/d、普伐他汀40~80 mg/d、瑞舒伐他汀10~20 mg/d等)至少1年以上者90例為他汀組,男81例,女9例,年齡(59.10±7.30)歲,體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)為(25.27±3.16)kg/m2;從未服用過任何他汀類藥物者163例為對照組,男149例,女14例,年齡(60.20±8.77)歲,BMI為(25.38±2.72)kg/m2。排除標準:有嚴重心臟、肝腎疾病,惡性腫瘤及血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤,類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎,甲狀腺功能亢進、原發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進,Cushing綜合征等內(nèi)分泌疾病的患者;正在接受雙膦酸鹽類、降鈣素類、甲狀旁腺激素、選擇性雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑或糖皮質(zhì)激素等影響骨代謝藥物的患者。2組性別(χ2=0.140)、年齡(t=1.068)及BMI(t=0.272)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究獲得本院倫理委員會批準,所有患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 臨床資料采集及血清檢測所有患者均由同一名醫(yī)師采集病史,測量身高、體質(zhì)量,計算BMI,所有患者在入院次日空腹采集肘正中靜脈血,測定血清三酰甘油(TG)、總膽固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、堿性磷酸酶(ALP)、空腹血糖(FPG)等生化指標(Beckman AU5800全自動生化分析儀)及25羥維生素D(Cobas-E602型電化學(xué)發(fā)光儀,德國羅氏醫(yī)藥)。
1.2.2 BMD檢測采用美國Hologic公司生產(chǎn)的雙能X線骨密度儀測定BMD,該儀器的精密度(CV值)<0.5%,每天測量前均用腰椎模型進行儀器精密度質(zhì)控測試,BMD測量由專人負責(zé),測量部位包括腰椎1~4(lumbar spine L1-4)及股骨頸(femoral neck)。掃描結(jié)果經(jīng)相同軟件處理(Hologic Discovery W),得到BMD。測量時患者仰臥在掃描臺正中,腳固定在特制腳架上以確保下肢處于內(nèi)旋位,使用標準掃描模式。
1.2.3 TBS測定采用TBS iNsight?軟件(Version 2.0.0.1,Med-Imaps,Bordeaux,F(xiàn)rance)測定TBS。TBS主要應(yīng)用于腰椎,測量的部位與BMD測量部位相同,在雙能X線骨密度儀獲得的腰椎1~4原始DXA圖像,上傳至TBS iNsight?軟件,根據(jù)軟件自帶算法計算出腰椎1~4的TBS值,每個腰椎都有自己獨立的TBS結(jié)果,軟件得出的最終的TBS值代表了腰椎1~4的平均值。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計軟件包進行統(tǒng)計分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以表示,2組間均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.12 組血清生化指標比較他汀組的TC及LDL-C水平低于對照組(P<0.05),而2組其他生化指標差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
Tab.1 Comparison of serum biochemical indexes between the two groups表1 2組血清生化指標情況比較?
2.22 組BMD及TBS比較他汀組較對照組腰椎BMD及TBS值均升高(P<0.01),而2組股骨頸BMD差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2。
Tab.2 Comparison of BMD and TBS between the two groups表2 2組BMD及TBS比較
Tab.2 Comparison of BMD and TBS between the two groups表2 2組BMD及TBS比較
**P<0.01
腰椎BMD(g/cm2)0.96±0.14 1.04±0.19 3.464**組別對照組他汀組t n 163 90股骨頸BMD(g/cm2)0.74±0.16 0.75±0.18 0.308腰椎TBS 1.26±0.09 1.31±0.09 3.550**
他汀類藥物可通過抑制3-羥基3-甲基戊二酰輔酶A還原酶,從而減少肝臟膽固醇合成,臨床廣泛應(yīng)用于心腦血管疾病的預(yù)防。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),他汀類藥物除具有降低膽固醇的作用外,還可以作用于骨骼系統(tǒng)[4]。Uzzan等[7]對16個研究共2 971例進行薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,他汀類藥物能夠增加BMD。趙晨等[8]對絕經(jīng)后高脂血癥女性進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),服用阿托伐他?。D服10 mg)的治療組在1年后腰椎BMD較未服用阿托伐他汀的對照組明顯升高。
既往臨床研究主要側(cè)重評估他汀類藥物對于BMD的影響,但BMD不能反映骨強度的另一項重要指標——骨微結(jié)構(gòu)的改變[9]。有研究顯示,臨床上發(fā)生骨折的女性,約50%BMD并未達到骨質(zhì)疏松程度[10]。一些2型糖尿病患者,臨床上骨折風(fēng)險增加,但BMD卻高于正常人,而這主要是由于骨微結(jié)構(gòu)改變所致[11]。然而,由于缺乏方便、實用的骨微結(jié)構(gòu)評估手段[12],有關(guān)他汀類藥物對骨微結(jié)構(gòu)的影響研究少見。本研究采用TBS值作為評估骨微結(jié)構(gòu)的指標。TBS是最新的一種用來評估骨小梁微結(jié)構(gòu)的指標,通過計算骨小梁投射平面中特定區(qū)域像素的變化總量而得[12];TBS值越高,表明骨微結(jié)構(gòu)愈完整、致密,反之亦然[2-3]。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TBS可以作為評估骨微結(jié)構(gòu)的可靠指標,獨自或聯(lián)合BMD可預(yù)測脆性骨折風(fēng)險[9,13-14];TBS還可以用于抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物的療效及繼發(fā)性骨質(zhì)疏松的評估[15]。筆者所在課題組于2013年在國內(nèi)較早地引進TBS iNsight?軟件,至今已經(jīng)進行了數(shù)項TBS相關(guān)的臨床研究[16-17]。本研究結(jié)果亦顯示,他汀組腰椎BMD和TBS均高于對照組,表明他汀藥物的使用不僅可以提高患者的BMD,還能顯著改善骨微結(jié)構(gòu),然而長期療效還有待后續(xù)研究深入。另外有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),他汀類藥物可能通過多條途徑,如增加骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白-2及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Cbfa1/Runx2的基因表達[18-19],抑制核因子-κB受體激活等[20]影響成骨或破骨細胞活性,有利于骨代謝及骨微結(jié)構(gòu),本課題組后續(xù)研究將納入更多指標深入探討他汀類藥物的遠期效果。
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(2016-08-16收稿 2016-10-05修回)
(本文編輯 陸榮展)
Effects of statin on trabecular bone microstructure in middle and aged people
ZHANG Aisen,TANG Tingting,CHENG Peng,DI Wenjuan,SHENG Yunlu,CAI Jinmei,LAI Bin,DING Guoxian,QI Hanmei△
Department of Gerontology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210029,China△
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of statin on trabecular bone microstructure by using trabecular bone score(TBS),a new type of bone microstructure evaluation index.MethodsA total of 253 middle and aged patients hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2014 and March 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.According to whether statin was used or not,patients were divided into two groups:90 patients in the statin use group(statin was use for more than 1 year)and 163 in the control group(not taken any statin).Serum biochemical indicators,such as triacylglycerol,total cholesterol,high density lipoprotein cholesterol,low density lipoprotein cholesterol,alkaline phosphatase,fasting blood glucose and 25 hydroxy vitamin D,were compared between the two groups. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA)was used to measure the bone mineral density(BMD)of lumbar spine and femoral neck.TBS was calculated with TBS iNsight?software,and the DXA image of lumbar spine were analyzed.ResultsValues of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly lower in statin group compared with those of control group(P<0.001),while no significant differences in other biochemical indicators between two groups(P>0.05). There was higher lumbar spine BMD statin group compared to that of control group(g/cm2:1.04±0.19 vs.0.96±0.14,P<0.01).There was higher lumbar spine BMD and higher TBS(1.31±0.09 vs.1.26±0.09,P<0.01)in statin group than that of control group.There was no difference in the femoral neck BMD between the two groups(P>0.05).ConclusionStatin increases lumbar spine BMD and improves trabecular bone microstructure in middle and aged people.
senile diseases;bone density;hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors;osteoporosis;trabecular bone score;bone microstructure;statin
R977.9,R681
A
10.11958/20160851
國家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金項目(81400856)
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院老年醫(yī)學(xué)科(郵編210029)
張愛森(1981),男,主治醫(yī)師,博士在讀,主要從事骨代謝性疾病與骨質(zhì)疏松的研究
△通訊作者E-mail:qihanmei@njmu.edu.cn