劉紅
英語中的代詞可以說是種類繁多,變化多端。按其意義、特征及在句子中的作用可以分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞,共七大類。其中,人稱代詞還有主格和賓格之分,物主代詞還有形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞之分。因此,說代詞種類繁多,變化多端一點都不為過。
一、人稱代詞
人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分,主格用作主語,賓格用作賓語或表語;有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分,單數(shù)指代一個人或物,復(fù)數(shù)指代一些人或物。英語中的人稱有三種:第一人稱、第二人稱和第三人稱。人稱代詞可以簡單歸納為:
[人 稱\&單 數(shù)\&復(fù) 數(shù)\&主 格\&賓 格\&主 格\&賓 格\&第一人稱\&I\&me\&we\&us\&第二人稱\&you\&you\&you\&you\&第三人稱\&he\&him\&they\&them\&she\&her\&it\&it\&]
人稱代詞的具體用法如下:
1. 人稱代詞主格在句中做主語。如:
She is my English teacher. 她是我的英語老師。
Its a find day, isnt it? 今天是個好天氣,不是嗎?
They are my parents. 他們是我的父母。
You are my best friend. 你是我最好的朋友。
2. 人稱代詞賓格在句中做賓語和表語。如:
Please tell him to get to the school on time. 請告訴他按時到校。
Are you for it or against it? 你是贊成還是反對?
If I were you, I would take the advice. 如果我是你,就會接受這個建議。
3. 人稱代詞做并列主語時,I總是放在最后,you一般放在最前。如:
You and I are both fifteen years old. 你和我都是15歲。
She and I are both from the countryside. 她和我都來自農(nóng)村。
You, he and I have never been to America. 你、他和我都從來沒有去過美國。
【鏈接中考】
1. (2016年淮安卷) Tomorrow is our teachers birthday and we are going to give ____ a big surprise.
A. his B. him
C. he D. himself
2. (2016年河北卷) Thanks for inviting ____ to dinner, Nancy. I really enjoyed it.
A. her B. him
C. you D. me
3. (2016年泰安卷) I found ____ had changed a lot when I went to my hometown again.
A. there B. it
C. he D. this
4. (2016年北京卷) My brother will come to see me tomorrow. I will meet ____ at the airport.
A. her B. you
C. him D. them
5. (2016年上海卷) The retired couple have decided to go to college. Its time for ____ to begin a new life.
A. they B. them
C. their D. theirs
6. (2016年天津卷) I cant find my ticket. I think I have lost ____.
A. it B. one
C. this D. them
Key:
1~5 BDBCB 6. A
二、物主代詞
物主代詞是表示所有關(guān)系的代詞,也可叫做代詞所有格。根據(jù)其句法作用,物主代詞可以分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。其具體形式見下表:
[人 稱\&單 數(shù)\&復(fù) 數(shù)\&形容詞性物主代詞\&名詞性物主代詞\&形容詞性物主代詞\&名詞性物主代詞\&第一人稱\&my\&mine\&our\&ours\&第二人稱\&your\&yours\&your\&yours\&第三人稱\&his, her, its\&his, hers, its\&their\&theirs\&]
物主代詞的具體用法如下:
1. 形容詞性物主代詞在句中做定語。如:
My father is a policeman. 我爸爸是警察。
Who is your maths teacher? 誰是你的數(shù)學(xué)老師?
Their ideas have already changed. 他們的想法已經(jīng)變了。
2. 名詞性物主代詞在句中做主語、賓語或表語。如:
Mikes bike is red, but yours is white. 邁克的自行車是紅色的,但你的是白色的。
His is a quite colorful life. 他的生活是多姿多彩的。
—Whose dictionary is this? 這是誰的字典?
—Its mine. 是我的。
3. 形容詞性物主代詞與own連用表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如:
I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我親眼所見。
Mind your own business. 不要多管閑事。
【鏈接中考】
1. (2016年連云港卷) The Rio 2016 Olympic torch (火炬) began ____ 95-day journey in Brazil on May 3rd.
A. it B. its
C. its D. itself
2. (2016年攀枝花卷) —Excuse me, whose bag is it? I found it in the waiting room.
—Oh, its ____. Thanks.
A. me B. my
C. myself D. mine
3. (2016年綿陽卷) Its a good habit of ____ to read something before going to bed.
A. I B. me
C. my D. mine
4. (2016年陜西卷) Good words can touch not only your heart, but also ____.
A. I B. my
C. myself D. mine
5. (2016年重慶A卷) —Do you like watching ping-pong matches?
—Yes, and ____ favorite ping-pong player is Ma Long.
A. we B. us
C. our D. ours
6. (2016年重慶B卷) To my surprise, he sold ____ house at such a low price.
A. he B. him
C. his D. himself
Key:
1~5 BDDDC 6. C
三、反身代詞
反身代詞是一種表示反射或強(qiáng)調(diào)的代詞。它的基本含義是:通過反身代詞指代主語,使施動者把動作在形式上反射到施動者自己。因此,反身代詞與它所指代的名詞或代詞形成互指關(guān)系,在人稱、性質(zhì)、數(shù)上保持一致,比如我自己、你自己、他自己、我們自己等。反身代詞的形式見下面的表格:
[人 稱\&單 數(shù)\&復(fù) 數(shù)\&第一人稱\&myself\&ourselves\&第二人稱\&yourself\&yourselves\&第三人稱\&itself\&themselves\&herself\&himself\&]
反身代詞的具體用法如下:
1. 反身代詞在句中做賓語、表語、同位語等。如:
Please enjoy yourself at the party. 請在聚會上盡情享受。(賓語)
He made the model planes himself. 他自己做的飛機(jī)模型。(同位語)
Be yourself, please. 請自然一點兒。(表語)
2. 反身代詞可以構(gòu)成某些固定詞組,表示固定的含義。如:
Youd better shave yourself once a day. 你最好每天刮一次臉。(shave oneself “剃須、刮臉”)
Why did Tom absent himself from school this morning? 湯姆今天早上為何沒去上學(xué)?(absent oneself “不在、缺席”)
She teaches herself English every day. 她天天自學(xué)英語。(teach oneself “自學(xué)”)
My brother learned to swim by himself. 我弟弟自學(xué)游泳。(learn by oneself “自學(xué)”)
Help yourself to some fish, children. 請隨便吃些魚,孩子們。(help oneself to“隨便吃/用”)
They enjoyed themselves on the beach yesterday. 他們昨天在海灘上玩得很愉快。(enjoy oneself “玩得愉快”)
The boy often loses himself into the computer games. 這個男孩經(jīng)常沉迷于電腦游戲。(lose oneself into“沉迷于……”)
He said he wanted to finish the work by himself. 他說他想獨自完成工作。(by oneself “獨自、親自”)
The old man came to himself with the doctors help. 在醫(yī)生的幫助下,老人終于醒了過來。(come to oneself “蘇醒”)
I fell off my bike and I hurt myself badly. 我從自行車上摔了下來,并且受傷嚴(yán)重。(hurt oneself “受傷”)
【鏈接中考】
1. (2016年濟(jì)寧卷) —What a nice model plane!
—Thanks. I made it with 3-D printer by ____.
A. me B. him
C. itself D. myself
2. (2016年鹽城卷) My cousin Andrew is crazy about doing many things by ____.
A. herself B. himself
C. him D. her
3. (2016年自貢卷) —Did you make the kite ____, kids?
—No, our uncle made it for us.
A. yourselves B. yourself
C. themselves
4. (2016年達(dá)州卷) —Would you please come to play soccer with me?
—Sorry! My 5-year-old brother cant look after ____.
A. him B. himself
C. his D. he
5. (2016年衡陽卷) On the way to Mount Heng, the scenery was so beautiful that all of us lost ____ in it.
A. myself B. themselves
C. ourselves
Key:
1~5 DBABC
四、相互代詞
表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫作相互代詞。英語中相互代詞只有兩個,即each other和one another,它們的意思都是“相互”。
相互代詞的具體用法:
1. 相互代詞只用作賓語,不用作主語,所以對于以相互代詞做賓語的句子通常不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。如:
We should help each other at school. 在學(xué)校我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。
The children made faces at one another. 孩子們互相做鬼臉。
2. 相互代詞的所有格在句中做定語。如:
They know each others weak points. 他們了解彼此的缺點。
The two old men often call one anothers nickname when they meet. 這兩位老人見面時常?;ハ嗪熬b號。
五、指示代詞
指示代詞是表示指示概念的代詞,即用來指示或標(biāo)識人或事物的代詞。指示代詞與定冠詞和人稱代詞一樣,都具有指定的含義,用來起指示作用,或用來代替前面已提到過的名詞。指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these / those)兩種形式,既可做限定詞又可做代詞。
指示代詞的具體用法如下:
1. 指示代詞this,that,these,those可在句中做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語等。如:
This is my mother. 這是我媽媽。(主語,指人)
Is that your bike? 那是你的自行車嗎?(定語)
I want to buy all these books. 我想買所有的書。(定語)
I will keep this in mind. 我會記住這一點的。(賓語,指事物)
He said he didnt want that much. 他說他不需要那么多。(狀語)
Its not that. 不是那回事。(表語)
2. 指示代詞this和these指時間與空間上較近的事物;that和those指時間與空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物。如:
This book is mine and that one is yours. 這本書是我的,那本書是你的。(表示空間)
He didnt come back that night. 那天晚上他沒有回來。(表示時間)
What are you going to do this evening? 你今晚打算干什么?(表示時間)
3. that和those指代前面提到過的事物,this和these指代隨后要講的事物。如:
All those problems have been solved. 那些問題都已經(jīng)解決了。
We must finish all these work this week. 這周我們必須完成所有工作。
【鏈接中考】
(2014年呼和浩特卷) —The cars made in Germany are more expensive than ____ made in Japan.
—Yes, you are right.But theyre much better.
A. those B. that
C. ones D. it
Key: A
六、疑問代詞
疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來構(gòu)成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個:
指人:who, whom, whose;
指物:what;
既可指人又可指物:which。
疑問代詞的具體用法:
1. 疑問代詞在句中應(yīng)位于謂語動詞之前,沒有性和數(shù)的變化,除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可用作限定詞。如:
What is your name? 你叫什么名字?
Which room is yours? 哪個是你的房間?
Whom / Who are you going there with? 你要和誰一起去?
Whose book is this? 這是誰的書?
2. 無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無限的,而which則指在一定的范圍內(nèi)。如:
Which girls do you like best? 你喜歡哪幾個女孩?
What girls do you like best? 你喜歡什么樣的女孩?
3. who通常做主語和表語,whom做賓語。但是在實際運用中,通??梢杂脀ho來代替whom,但whom不能代替who。如:
Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把這書帶給誰?(做介詞賓語,置句首)
Who is speaking? 是哪一位(打電話)?
【鏈接中考】
1. (2016年東營卷) —____ is your father?
—Hes an engineer in a big factory.
A. Who B. What
C. Which D. Where
2. (2016年菏澤卷) —____ teachers will you miss the most after junior high school, Lisa?
—Ms. Lee and Mr. Hunt.
A. Whose B. Which
C. What
3. (2016年青島卷) —____ do you usually share happiness with?
—My parents and my best friend.
A. Who B. Whose
C. What D. How
Key:
1~3 BBA
七、關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系代詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它代表先行詞,同時在從句中做相應(yīng)的句子成分。關(guān)系代詞有主格、賓格和所屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等,在定語從句中做主語、賓語、定語等。
關(guān)系代詞的具體用法:
1. 當(dāng)先行詞指人時,若在從句中做主語,則用who或that;若在從句做賓語,則用whom / who或that,但可以省去;若在從句中做定語,則用whose。如:
The man who / that is standing under the tree is my uncle. 站在樹下的那個人是我叔叔。(主語)
Do you know the woman whom / who / that our English teacher is talking with? 你認(rèn)識那位正在和我們英語老師談話的女士嗎?(賓語)
The girl whose bike was lost is crying. 那個丟了車的女孩在哭呢。(定語)
2. 當(dāng)先行詞指物時,若在定語從句中做主語或賓語,則用that 或which(若先行詞是不定代詞,則用that而不用which);若它在定語從句中做定語,則用whose。如:
This is the village that / which I visited last year. 這就是我去年參觀過的村莊。
He is reading a book that / which was written by Mo Yan.他正在讀一本莫言寫的書。
Hes written a book whose name Ive forgotten. 他寫了一本書,書名我給忘了。
【鏈接中考】
1. (2016年河南卷) Theaters may have a brighter future if they can provide a movie experience ____ people cannot get at home.
A. that B. who
C. whom D. what
2. (2016年隨州卷) The policeman has caught the thief ____ stole Mr. Lis wallet.
A. whose B. who
C. whom D. which
3. (2016年廣東卷) Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years. Everything ____ comes into sight is so new to me.
A. that B. which
C. who D. whom
Key:
1~3 ABA
八、不定代詞
不定代詞是不指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞,在句中可以做主語、賓語、表語和定語。不定代詞的常見用法如下:
1. 有些不定代詞用于指“兩者”,如both, either, neither等;有的不定代詞用于指“三者及以上”,如all, any, none, every等。請大家注意不要混淆。如:
They are both from Britain. 他們兩個人都來自英國。
All of the students are interested in it. 所有學(xué)生都對此很感興趣。
There are trees on any side of the square. 廣場的每一邊都種有樹。
Neither of the answers is right. 兩個答案都不對。
None of students is in the classroom. 教室里一個學(xué)生也沒有。
2. 復(fù)合不定代詞包括something, somebody,someone,anything,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,everything,everybody, everyone等。它們在句中可用作主語、賓語或表語,但不能用作定語。一般來說,以some開頭的復(fù)合不定代詞通常用于肯定句中;在否定句中,用以no開頭的復(fù)合不定代詞;在否定句和疑問句中,通常要用以any開頭的復(fù)合不定代詞。注意,不定代詞做主語時,謂語要用單數(shù)。如:
There must be something wrong with the boy. 那個男孩一定生病了。
If you dont tell anything about it, no one will know it. 如果你不告訴我,沒人會知道它的。
Im very busy. Id like someone to help me. 我很忙。我希望有人能幫助我。
Dont worry. There is nothing wrong with you. 不要擔(dān)心,你沒事。
Someone is waiting for you at the school gate. 有人在學(xué)校門口等你。
【鏈接中考】
1. (2016年臨沂卷) Water is important to ____, so there are many water festivals around the world.
A. everyone B. nobody
C. somebody D. something
2. (2016年巴中卷) —Would you like an apple or a pear?
—____. I really dont mind.
A. Both B. Either
C. Neither
3. (2016年溫州卷) Although he suffered a lot from his foot problem, ____ could stop him from finishing the race.
A. nothing B. something
C. anything D. everything
4. (2016年河南卷) —What a bad day!
—Everyone has one of those days when ____ goes right.
A. nothing B. anything
C. everything D. something
5. (2016年廣東卷) —I am a little hungry, Daddy.
—See the cupcakes on the plate? But you can only take ____. Dinner is ready soon.
A. it B. one
C. this D. that
6. (2016年武漢卷) —Therere four bedrooms in the house, ____ with its own shower.
—Thats what I want. Ive got a few kids.
A. either B. neither
C. each D. none
Key:
1~5 ABAAB 6. C