完形填空，空空有玄機(jī)

徐啟富+劉芬

一、了解完形填空

完形填空主要是“3選1”和“4選1”：從某一語(yǔ)篇中刪除若干詞語(yǔ)，形成文章中的空格，每個(gè)空格提供3至4個(gè)答案，其中包括1個(gè)正確答案，讓學(xué)生挑選出正確的一個(gè)。完形填空的題目數(shù)量通常是10個(gè)小題，有的設(shè)置15個(gè)小題（如2016年江西卷），也有個(gè)別地區(qū)設(shè)置6個(gè)小題（如2016年上海卷）。

【真題再現(xiàn)1】（2016年河南卷完形填空） A man feared his wife wasnt hearing as well as she used to and he thought she might need some hearing aid （助聽器）. Not quite sure how to

36 her， he called the family doctor to discuss the problem. The doctor told him there was a simple test the husband could do to give the doctor a better 37 of her hearing loss.

“Heres what you do，” said the doctor. “Stand about 40 feet away from her and in a 38 conversational speaking tone （音調(diào)） see if she hears you. If not， go to 30 feet， then 20 feet， and so on 39 you get a reply.”

That evening， the wife was in the 40 ， and he was in the yard. He said to himself， “Im about 40 feet away， and let me see what will happen.” Then in a usual tone he asked， “Honey， whats for dinner？”

No 41 .

So the husband moved closer to the kitchen， about 30 feet from his wife and asked， “Honey， whats for dinner？”

42 no reply.

Next he moved into the dining room where he was about 20 feet from his wife and 43 ， “Honey， whats for dinner？”

Again he got no reply. He walked up to the kitchen door， about 10 feet away. “Honey，whats for dinner？” Again there was no reply.

So he 44 right up behind her， “Honey， whats for dinner？”

“Chicken， James， for the 45 time Ive said that.”

36. A. save B. help

C. face D. guide

37. A. choice B. excuse

C. idea D. suggestion

38. A. loud B. strange

C. special D. usual

39. A. until B. before

C. when D. as

40. A. toilet B. garden

C. kitchen D. dining room

41. A. dinner B. way

C. move D. reply

42. A. Still B. Even

C. Just D. Almost

43. A. laughed B. repeated

C. thought D. added

44. A. ran B. stood

C. walked D. jumped

45. A. second B. third

C. fourth D. fifth

【參考答案與解析】

這篇文章講的是一對(duì)老年夫妻的故事。丈夫擔(dān)心妻子的聽力不如從前，就按醫(yī)生指點(diǎn)的方法對(duì)她進(jìn)行測(cè)試。然而，測(cè)試的結(jié)果是他自己的聽力出了問題。

36. B。丈夫擔(dān)心妻子的聽力下降，又不知道怎么幫她。

37. C。idea是“想法、主意” 的意思。這里表達(dá)的是“讓醫(yī)生更好地了解她聽力下降的情況”。

38. D。醫(yī)生要求丈夫用普通的（usual）講話音調(diào)對(duì)妻子進(jìn)行測(cè)試。

39. A。一直往前走直到（until）你聽到回答。

40. C。根據(jù)下文“So the husband moved closer to the kitchen.”可以判斷答案。

41. D。第41題和第42題的答案相互關(guān)聯(lián)。

42. A。still意為“仍然”。

43. B。repeat相當(dāng)于say again。

44. C。他直接走進(jìn)廚房。

45. D。從40 feet到10 feet就是四遍，老人最后走到妻子身后再問一遍，一共問了五遍。

【真題再現(xiàn)2】（2016年菏澤卷完形填空） The book I read is A Picture to Remember by Sarah Scott-Malden. It is 31 a girl called Christina. One day， when she was waiting at the traffic lights， she 32 two men with a gun in a car next to her. They were bank robbers （搶劫者） and she saw 33 faces. They didnt want her to tell the police， so they planned to kill her.

At first， one of the robbers attacked （攻擊） Christina near the park， but 34 she only got her arm hurt slightly. After she called in her friend， Philippe for help， they were 35 in the street when the robbers drove their car into them. Philippe was 36 seriously and had to go to hospital.

When Christina visited Philippe and left the 37 ， the robbers followed her. Christina saw that they had a gun and understood 38 they wanted to do. She was scared， but she kept calm. The robbers were close behind her， but they were driving 39 fast that they couldnt stop the car and it turned over， so the police caught 40

robbers. Thats the end of the story.

31. A. about B. of

C. with

32. A. heard B. noticed

C. felt

33. A. their B. his

C. her

34. A. badly B. terribly

C. luckily

35. A. working B. hurrying

C. laughing

36. A. saved B. hurt

C. killed

37. A. hospital B. school

C. bank

38. A. that B. what

C. which

39. A. so B. very

C. too

40. A. all B. either

C. both

【參考答案與解析】

這是一個(gè)關(guān)于一個(gè)女孩幫助警察抓到兩個(gè)銀行搶劫犯的故事。女孩的機(jī)智勇敢令人感動(dòng)。在命題人對(duì)原文的改寫過程中，這篇文章的部分信息稍有缺失，讀起來的流暢感稍顯不足。

31. A。about意為“關(guān)于”。

32. B。notice意為“注意到”。

33. A。their代指“兩個(gè)劫匪的”。

34. C。luckily意為“幸運(yùn)地”。

35. B。

36. B。兩個(gè)劫匪開車撞向他們，Philippe受傷。

37. A。Christina看望Philippe后離開醫(yī)院。

38. B。這是一個(gè)考查語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的題，what在這里引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。

39. A。這也是一個(gè)考查語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的題，so … that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

40. C。文章開頭交代的是“兩個(gè)”劫匪，這里應(yīng)該選both。

【真題再現(xiàn)3】（2016年上海卷完形填空） Last month， Mr. and Mrs. Walter moved to a small town because they both retired from work and wanted to live a peaceful life. After being there for a short time， Mrs. Walter 75 to her next-door neighbour. She told him about the poor service she received at the local convenient store. She was hoping the neighbour would repeat her dissatisfaction to the store owner.

The next day the newcomer went to the store. 76 greeted her with a big smile. He told her how happy he was to see her again， and said he hoped she liked their town. He also offered himself as a resource to Mrs. Walter and her husband as they got settled. Then he took care of her order 77 .

Mrs. Walter was very surprised. When she got home， she reported the big 78 to her neighbour. “I suppose you told him how poor I thought the service was，” she guessed.

“Well， no，” the neighbour said. “ 79 —and I hope you dont mind—I told him you were amazed at the way he had built up this small town store， and that you thought it was one of the best-run stores youd ever seen.”

Mrs. Walters neighbour 80 that people want to be respected. Actually， most people will do nearly anything for you if you treat them respectfully. That means making it clear to them that their feelings are important， and their opinions are precious.

75. A. explained B. apologized

C. listened D. complained

76. A. Mr. Walter B. Mrs. Walter

C. The owner D. The neighbour

77. A. quickly B. sadly

C. angrily D. easily

78. A. success B. change

C. decision D. idea

79. A. For example B. At least

C. In fact D. After all

80. A. understood B. forgot

C. pretended D. denied

【參考答案與解析】

這是一篇關(guān)于一對(duì)退休夫妻搬到一個(gè)安靜的小鎮(zhèn)之后的故事。通過描述Mrs. Walter對(duì)小鎮(zhèn)便利店的抱怨，到她改變對(duì)店主人的看法，最后文章總結(jié)出一個(gè)道理：人們需要互相尊重。

（文章有244個(gè)詞，但僅設(shè)了6個(gè)空，這在中考試題中是不多見的）

75. D。從下文可以看出，Mrs. Walter是在抱怨便利店的服務(wù)不好。

76. C。店主人和Mrs. Walter熱情打招呼。

77. A。店主人快捷地為她服務(wù)。

78. B。Mrs. Walter對(duì)店主人如此巨大的變化感到很驚奇。

79. C。鄰居如實(shí)地把他對(duì)店主人說的一番話告訴了Mrs. Walter。

80. A。鄰居之所以這么做是因?yàn)樗萌藗冃枰ハ嘧鹬亍?/p>

二、駕馭完形填空

完形填空設(shè)空有一定的規(guī)律性。一般說來大都是均衡分布，各空之間的距離大致相當(dāng)，通常的空間距一般在5～11個(gè)單詞，不連續(xù)設(shè)空。答案關(guān)系過于密切時(shí)，只選其中一個(gè)設(shè)空。如果將兩個(gè)相互依存、關(guān)系密切的單詞或短語(yǔ)都設(shè)為選項(xiàng)，就會(huì)形成“錯(cuò)一個(gè)等于錯(cuò)兩個(gè)，對(duì)一個(gè)等于對(duì)兩個(gè)”的現(xiàn)象。

語(yǔ)篇的起始句一般不設(shè)空。文章的首句通常是提供本題信息的起點(diǎn)，是考生觀察全文的窗口，對(duì)其熟悉語(yǔ)境、推測(cè)文章大意等起著關(guān)鍵性的作用。語(yǔ)篇的尾句一般也不設(shè)空，便于考生根據(jù)首尾句整體把握文章的意思。

以上這些都是形式上的特點(diǎn)。再?gòu)膬?nèi)容上看，完形填空的設(shè)空具有以下特點(diǎn)：

（一）語(yǔ)境為主，鮮見語(yǔ)法

完形填空的大部分題目需從全文角度出發(fā)，根據(jù)前后語(yǔ)境或行文邏輯作出判斷，體現(xiàn)了“突出語(yǔ)篇”的命題風(fēng)格與考查要求。它要求考生根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容，從層次結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容的邏輯關(guān)系，去選擇符合文章情節(jié)的答案。這就決定了試題的設(shè)空要以情景意義為主線。如果孤立地看所給選項(xiàng)，無論將哪個(gè)答案填進(jìn)去，從語(yǔ)法上說都是正確的。所以要排除錯(cuò)誤答案，只能根據(jù)全文的內(nèi)容和情節(jié)的發(fā)展，使所選答案能滿足為文章中心內(nèi)容服務(wù)的需要。

由于情景意義選擇填空的需要，每一空的幾個(gè)備選項(xiàng)往往詞性相同（即：如果是副詞，則都是副詞；如果是動(dòng)詞的過去分詞，則都是過去分詞等）。即使個(gè)別小題中幾個(gè)備選項(xiàng)的詞性不同，其語(yǔ)法功能也往往是一樣的。

完形填空中單獨(dú)考查語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的選項(xiàng)雖然鮮見，但每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的詞或詞組都以一定的語(yǔ)法形式在句中出現(xiàn)，因此有些選項(xiàng)既考查詞義，又考查詞法、句法，某些選項(xiàng)同時(shí)還考查語(yǔ)義辨析?？傊?，完形填空題充分考查了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)及運(yùn)用能力。完形填空通常不設(shè)單純的語(yǔ)法題目（除2016年廣州卷外），但扎實(shí)的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)是我們準(zhǔn)確把握句子結(jié)構(gòu)，理解句子意義，進(jìn)而掌握篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，理解文章要旨的前提。

【真題再現(xiàn)4】（2016年宜昌卷完形填空節(jié)選） My father was a self-taught mandolin （曼陀林琴） player. He was one of the best players in our town. He could not 41 music， but if he heard a tune （曲子） a few times， he could play it. When he was young， he was a 42 of a small country music band. They played at local dances and the radio station.

41. A. express B. raise C. read D. lead

42. A. dancer B. member

C. driver D. friend

【參考答案與解析】

41. C。read music 意為“識(shí)譜”。

42. B。a member of意為“……的成員”。

（二）實(shí)詞為主，虛詞為輔

完形填空命題是在一句話中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)上做文章，考點(diǎn)主要選擇實(shí)詞，名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等占90%以上。當(dāng)然，也不排除虛詞（如介詞、連詞等）作為考點(diǎn)，這些詞往往影響語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)，突出的是語(yǔ)法問題。同學(xué)們必須在詞法或語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)上下功夫，進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法選擇。

【真題再現(xiàn)5】（2016年煙臺(tái)卷完形填空節(jié)選） “Can I see my baby？” asked the new happy mother. Unluckily she found her baby had been 31 without ears when it was in her arms.

Time proved that the babys 32 was perfect. He got on well with his classmates. But one day， he rushed home and said to his mother 33 tears in his eyes， “A boy， a big boy 34 me a freak （怪胎）.”

31. A. active B. dead

C. born D. awake

32. A. speaking B. hearing

C. writing D. reading

33. A. of B. in

C. around D. with

34. A. called B. asked

C. said D. told

【參考答案與解析】

31. C。be born的意思是“出生”，文中使用的是過去完成時(shí)。

32. B。盡管沒有耳朵，但孩子的聽力正常。

33. D。with tears in his eyes做伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

34. A。call sb. sth.的意思是“把某人叫作什么”。

（三）注重選材，突出理解

根據(jù)完形填空命題需要，選材以記敘文為主，說明文也有出現(xiàn)。記敘文主要包括幽默故事、名人傳記、事件敘述等。內(nèi)容情節(jié)深刻，常涉及人物心理活動(dòng)的細(xì)節(jié)描寫，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)變化豐富多彩。這樣便于從理解上下文的角度進(jìn)行考查，主要體現(xiàn)在上下文暗示和上下文限定，充分考查學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)閱讀能力和理解能力。

閱讀能力包括：快速閱讀掌握文章大意的能力；分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)及各層次之間邏輯關(guān)系的能力；分析歸納和推理判斷能力；把握主要細(xì)節(jié)、重點(diǎn)信息和關(guān)鍵詞的能力。

理解能力包括：在特定的語(yǔ)境中對(duì)詞語(yǔ)意義的理解能力；對(duì)單句句意的理解能力；對(duì)含有連詞的并列句、復(fù)合句意義的理解能力；對(duì)段落大意的理解能力；對(duì)文章整體的理解能力；把握作者意圖的能力；對(duì)文章表層和深層含義的理解能力。

（四）把握整體，設(shè)置干擾

完形填空題中干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置，一般與語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)無太大關(guān)系，而重在文義干擾。某些選項(xiàng)從全文整體意義上看，可能都說得過去。這就需要我們考慮文章內(nèi)容的具體情景，或是選項(xiàng)詞語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣用法或細(xì)微的意義差別，才能確定最佳答案。一般說來，一篇完形填空總有幾個(gè)小題有這種情況。比如，4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，有2個(gè)較容易排除，剩下的2個(gè)詞語(yǔ)在意義上和用法上比較接近，干擾性很強(qiáng)，迷惑性很大，難以“排除一項(xiàng)，選定一項(xiàng)”。

【真題再現(xiàn)6】（2016年江西卷完形填空節(jié)選） In the late 1970s， Erno Rubik， a professor was looking for a 40 way to teach his students about 3-D objects. He 41 a six-color plastic object that would be called the Rubiks Cube （魔方）. The goal was to get each side of the cube a 42 color. It was very challenging. It took a few years for the toy to become popular， but then 43 ， in 1982， it seemed everyone had one.

40. A. creative B. difficult

C. traditional D. common

41. A. found B. bought

C. invented D. borrowed

42. A. strange B. dark

C. bright D. different

43. A. suddenly B. slowly

C. exactly D. seriously

【參考答案與解析】

40. A。聯(lián)系教授要教的3-D objects，“傳統(tǒng)的”和“普通的”方法肯定不行。再看下文，應(yīng)該可以判斷答案是creative。

41. C。Rubiks Cube這個(gè)東西前所未有，是教授“發(fā)明”的，所以選C。

42. D。從一般的常識(shí)就可以判斷正確答案是D，因?yàn)橐话愕哪Х矫恳幻娴念伾际遣灰粯拥摹?

43. A。通過but這個(gè)詞可以判斷這里是一個(gè)比較大的意思轉(zhuǎn)折，B、C、D三項(xiàng)放進(jìn)句子里體現(xiàn)不出這種轉(zhuǎn)折，只有“突然”可以很好地表達(dá)此意，故選A。

三、突破完形填空

提高完形填空的解題能力絕非一朝一夕之功。同學(xué)們應(yīng)該注意語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的積累和歸納，熟記習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和固定搭配，了解跨文化交際常識(shí)，注意行文的前后語(yǔ)境和邏輯關(guān)系，這是成功答題的基本保證。

（一）利用首句，合理聯(lián)想

完形填空所選短文一般無標(biāo)題，文章的首句（有時(shí)是首段）往往是引領(lǐng)全文的主題句，或者引出主題思想的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，是我們了解文章全貌的“窗口”，所以我們要充分利用語(yǔ)篇的首句進(jìn)行合理聯(lián)想。多數(shù)短文的首句或首段都點(diǎn)明了話題，或限定了人物活動(dòng)和事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。如果很容易看懂第一段的第一句話，接著便可以迅速往下看。要是第一句話費(fèi)解，不容易看懂，不妨看其他段落的首句以及最后一句，以便能對(duì)全文有大致的了解，心中有一個(gè)做題的方向。

【真題再現(xiàn)7】（2016年江西卷完形填空節(jié)選） Things like Hula hoops （呼啦圈） used to be very popular. Did you ever own any of these？ If you didnt， dont feel too bad. They were all fads. A fad is something that becomes very 36

among a large number of people， but only for a short time.

36. A. useful B. popular

C. valuable D. relaxing

【參考答案與解析】

36. B。文章開頭敘述過去呼啦圈很受歡迎，結(jié)合上下文可知fad是“一時(shí)流行的狂熱”。

（二）通讀全文，了解大意

在看清首句或首段的基礎(chǔ)上，穩(wěn)定情緒，迅速瀏覽全篇，捕捉文章的中心，不為空白處糾纏。這期間，需要根據(jù)上下文，有時(shí)還要參照各選項(xiàng)所提供的信息進(jìn)行理解。如果是故事性文章，時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物就是關(guān)鍵詞。我們抓住了關(guān)鍵詞就抓住了故事的線索，就能理解全文。若讀一遍仍無法了解大意，可重讀一遍。

（三）細(xì)讀全文，邊讀邊填

了解整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇之后，聯(lián)系句子所處上下文進(jìn)行推理和判斷，從而正確理解每個(gè)句子的句意及其相互聯(lián)系。每填一空都應(yīng)注意形義恰當(dāng)和前后照應(yīng)。答題時(shí)應(yīng)注意：瞻前顧后、綜合分析和多角度思考。具體地講，慣用法或習(xí)慣搭配、詞義及其用法、上下文語(yǔ)境、邏輯推理，有時(shí)甚至是常識(shí)（常識(shí)已逐漸不作為考點(diǎn)）都是答題的重要依據(jù)，信息詞句也是解題的關(guān)鍵。

（四）反復(fù)推敲，解決難點(diǎn)

解答完形填空題時(shí)，往往有少數(shù)題目難以解答，這時(shí)就需要我們冷靜思考，仔細(xì)研讀空格的上下語(yǔ)境，有時(shí)甚至是整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇；若仍不能解決，適當(dāng)變換思路，說不定真正考查的就是語(yǔ)法、句型或詞語(yǔ)搭配，如此，也許問題就迎刃而解了。

（五）重讀全文，驗(yàn)證答案

所有的答案選出之后，應(yīng)再將全文通覽一遍。細(xì)心檢查所選答案能否使整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇上下連貫，前后照應(yīng)，再通讀語(yǔ)篇，有些問題也就暴露出來了。檢查時(shí)，再次注意從語(yǔ)法、句型、詞語(yǔ)搭配、邏輯關(guān)系、情景語(yǔ)境和信息重現(xiàn)等方面考慮，從而得出準(zhǔn)確、恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢浮?