that用法小議

魏會(huì)敏

that一詞在高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中應(yīng)用非常廣泛。高考題型中，無(wú)論是閱讀、完型、還是填空、改錯(cuò)，that一詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高。下面就高考考點(diǎn)從that的詞性上進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

一、用作連接詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，即主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句

需要注意的是，that在賓語(yǔ)從句中常省略，但多個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句中，只有第一個(gè)that可省略。而主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是不省略的。另外，that在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，也沒(méi)有意義。

Eg.Some people fear （that） air pollution may bring about changes in the weather around the world and that man will die out one day.（賓語(yǔ)從句）

What is mentioned in the report is that the number of the students in middle schools is increasing.（表語(yǔ)從句）

It is mentioned in the report that the number of the students in middle schools is increasing.（主語(yǔ)從句）

The news that is spreading around the city is that a heavy storm is coming.（同位語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句）

二、用作連接詞，應(yīng)用于副詞性從句，表示原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果，常理解為固定短語(yǔ)

表結(jié)果：so...that...（如此...以至于...）;such...that...（如此...以至于...）;so that（以至于）

表目的：in order that （目的是，為了）;so that（目的是，為了）;for fear that（以免，惟恐）

表原因：now that（既然）;seeing that（考慮到）;considering that（考慮到）;given that（考慮到）;not that/because...but that/because（不是...而是）

表?xiàng)l件：provided /providing that（如果）;suppose /supposing that（假如）;on condition that（如果）

Eg.Human facial expression differs from those of animals in that they can be controlled on purpose. （因?yàn)?，由于?/p>

Now that everybody is here，lets begin our meeting.（既然）

In order that we might see the sunrise， we started for the peak early.（為了）

三、用作連接詞，引導(dǎo)形容詞性從句即定語(yǔ)從句

與名詞性從句不同的是，that在定語(yǔ)從句中指代先行詞，且充當(dāng)從句中的某一成分（主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)），一般情況下可與which互換，但下列情況下，若先行詞指代物，則只能用that。

（1）先行詞為everything ，nothing ，anything ，all ，much ，little ，none 等不定代詞或被不定代詞修飾時(shí)

（2）先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)

（3）先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)

（4）先行詞被the only、the very、the same修飾時(shí)

（5）先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)

（6）wh-開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句中，為避免重復(fù)，關(guān)系詞用that

（7）有兩個(gè)定從時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用過(guò)who， which等詞時(shí)，另外一個(gè)宜用that

Eg.This is the very pen that is suitable.

This is the best place that Ive seen.

The first cake that was made was the best.

The students and the school that we visited are good.

Which is the pen that you want？

需要指出的是：

（1）定語(yǔ)從句中，先行詞被the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞既可以用that，亦可用as，但二者含義不同

Eg.This is the same book that Ive ever read. 這就是我讀過(guò)的那書(shū)。

This is the same book as Ive ever read. ? 這本書(shū)和我讀過(guò)的那本一模一樣。

（2）先行詞被such修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可能為that，亦可能為as，但such...that...（如此...以至于...）引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

such...as...（如此...的...）引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

Pop music is such an import part of society that it has even influenced our language. ?（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）

Pop music is such an import part of society as has even influenced our language. （定語(yǔ)從句）

應(yīng)用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is...that...，若強(qiáng)調(diào)人，還可用It is ...who...，此時(shí)要區(qū)別于it引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用在下面的結(jié)構(gòu)中

It is/has been ?時(shí)間段since從句（時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去時(shí)）

It will be時(shí)間段before.從句（時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)）

It would be 時(shí)間段before從句（時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去時(shí)）

It was/had been 時(shí)間段before從句（時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去時(shí)）

It is 時(shí)間段when從句（時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)）

It was 時(shí)間段when從句（時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去時(shí)）

Eg.（1）——What time did you come back yesterday？

——It was at 12：00 that we come back.

（2）——What time did you come back yesterday？

——It was 12：00 when we come back.

（3）——It was the school where I studied 10 years ago.

（4）——It was in the school that I studied 10 years ago.

四、用作代詞，表示同類(lèi)中的不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式

此時(shí)要區(qū)別于it和one. it特指前文的同一個(gè)人或物，譯作“它”;one泛指同類(lèi)中的某一個(gè)，譯作“...其中的一個(gè)”

One of the most important questions they had to consider was that of public health.

I like this house with a beautiful garden in front， but I dont have enough money to buy it.

I like a house with a beautiful garden in front， but I dont have enough money to buy one.

五、用作副詞，表示程度，相當(dāng)于so

Eg.I cant walk that far.

I was that scared I didnt know what to do.

It didnt cost that much.

六、用作限定詞，指較遠(yuǎn)的人或物，亦可指已提到過(guò)或已知的人或物

Eg.Look at that man over there.

I was living with my parents at that time.

That accident changed their lives.

Exercises：

（1）（09天津） Its obvious to the students ___ they should get well prepared for their future.

（2）（09浙江）——Is there any possibility ___ you could pick me up at the airport？

——No problem.

（3）One advantages of playing guitar is __ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.

（4）（09江西）Some people fear ___ air pollution may bring about changes in the weather around the world.

（5）（09陜西）What a pity it is ___ you couldnt be there to receive the prize！

（6）I dont doubt _____ we will defeat Class Two in this match.

（7）I doubt _____ we will defeat Class Two in this match.

（8）Do you know what made Mary happy？

——she passed the final exam.

（9）I believe___ youve done your best and ___ things will improve.

——Thank you.

（10）（07重慶）Human facial expression differs from those of.

animals in ____they can be controlled on purpose.

Answers：1. That;2.that;3.that;4.that;5.that;6.that;7.if/whether;8.That;9./，that;10.that。