楊紅+王煒
形容詞和副詞是兩類重要的英語(yǔ)詞類,在每年的高考中均有考查。下面結(jié)合高考真題,分別對(duì)其考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納。
一、復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點(diǎn)。
1. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?(2016年全國(guó)I卷,A篇)
2. The lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy.
3. Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future belongs to the well-educated.
【考點(diǎn)解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成。復(fù)合形容詞指的是由幾個(gè)詞共同組成并起形容詞作用的詞,其構(gòu)成形式主要有:形容詞+名詞+ed、形容詞+名詞、形容詞/副詞+v.-ing、形容詞+形容詞、副詞+過(guò)去分詞、名詞+ v.-ing、名詞+過(guò)去分詞、名詞+形容詞、數(shù)詞+名詞(+ed)、數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞(old, long, high, deep, tall等)。
【溫馨提醒】
●復(fù)合形容詞中單詞與單詞之間通常要有連字符。
●復(fù)合形容詞中的名詞只能用原形。
●復(fù)合形容詞在句子中通常只作定語(yǔ),較少作表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
●復(fù)合形容詞前通常還有冠詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、名詞所有格、形容詞性物主代詞等修飾語(yǔ)。
【即時(shí)演練】根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示,完成句子。
1. 事實(shí)上,一幅玫瑰色的畫是為假期產(chǎn)業(yè)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展而畫的。
Indeed, a rosy picture is painted for the ____________future of the holiday industry.
2. 欣慰的是,她看到一個(gè)老人正劃著一條樣子古老的船朝她過(guò)來(lái)。
With relief, she saw an old man rowing an____________boat towards her.
【Keys】1. long-term 2. ancient-looking
二、形容詞的句法功能
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的句法作用。
1. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.(2016年全國(guó)II卷,D篇)
2. John was dismissed last week because of his casual attitude towards his job.
3. It isnt socially acceptable for parents to leave children unattended at that age.
【考點(diǎn)解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及形容詞的句法功能。
●作定語(yǔ):一般放在被修飾詞的前面。
●作表語(yǔ):常跟在be, feel, get, turn, become, prove等系動(dòng)詞后。注意:asleep, afraid, awake, alone, aware, alive, ablaze, alike等以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞僅能用作表語(yǔ)。
●作補(bǔ)語(yǔ):在make, keep, get, find, wish, leave, see, consider等動(dòng)詞后,作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、特征、現(xiàn)狀或某一動(dòng)作的結(jié)果等。
●(短語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ):可看作是“being+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的省略,一般用逗號(hào)將其與句子的其余部分隔開(kāi),位于句首、句末或句中,表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、強(qiáng)調(diào)或伴隨狀況等,意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。
【即時(shí)演練】指出畫線部分的形容詞在句子中所作的成分。
1. Ive been building a new car with a team from Queensland University.
2. The group painted hundreds of bicycles white.
3. The artist was born poor, and poor he remained all his life.
【Keys】 1. 定語(yǔ) 2. 補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 3. 狀語(yǔ);表語(yǔ)
三、形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點(diǎn)。
1. If it werent for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today.(2016年全國(guó)I卷,A篇)
2. With the world changing fast, we have something new to deal with all by ourselves every day.
【考點(diǎn)解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置問(wèn)題。形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般位于名詞前。但以下情況中,形容詞作定語(yǔ)需要后置:
●形容詞修飾由every-,some-,any-,no-加body, one, thing等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)。
●形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)(其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句)。
●中間用and, or 或but連接的兩個(gè)意義相近或相反的成對(duì)的形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)。
●形容詞else作定語(yǔ)修飾不定代詞或疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。
●形容詞比較等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)。
●“基數(shù)詞+表示時(shí)間或度量單位的名詞+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)。
【即時(shí)演練】根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示,完成句子。
1. 市長(zhǎng)懸賞5000美金給任何能活捉或打死那只老虎的人。
The mayor has offered a reward of $ 5000 to anyone who can capture the tiger____________.
2. 如果有人讓你替別人照看行李,請(qǐng)馬上通知警察。
If asked to look after luggage for ____________, inform the police at once.
【Keys】1. alive or dead 2. someone else
四、多個(gè)形容詞作前置定語(yǔ)修飾同一個(gè)名詞的排列順序
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點(diǎn)。
Its a charming small French clock, made of brass and dating from the nineteenth century.
【考點(diǎn)解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及形容詞排序問(wèn)題。當(dāng)多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),排列的順序口訣為“限定描繪大長(zhǎng)高,形狀年齡和新老;顏色國(guó)籍跟材料,作用類別往后靠”。
【即時(shí)演練】根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示,完成句子。
這個(gè)漂亮的西班牙小姑娘是琳達(dá)的表妹。
The____________girl is Lindas cousin.
【Keys】 pretty little Spanish
五、形容詞、副詞比較等級(jí)的用法
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點(diǎn)。
1. Interest is as vital to learning as the ability to understand, even more so.
2. Many of us are far more interested in talking than in listening.
3. The new Library of Birmingham(LoB)will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization of everyday life.
【考點(diǎn)解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及比較等級(jí)問(wèn)題。
●兩者相比,當(dāng)A=B時(shí),肯定形式用“as + adj./adv.原級(jí)+ as”或者“as + adj./adv.原級(jí)+(a/an+) n.+ as”來(lái)表示相比較兩者的情況一樣。
●兩者相比,當(dāng)A≠B時(shí),否定形式用“not so/as + adj./adv.原級(jí)+ as”或者“not so/as +adj.原級(jí)+(a/an+) n.+ as”來(lái)表示相比較兩者的情況不一樣,前者不如后者。
●當(dāng)雙方比較,A>B時(shí),用“比較級(jí)/more +than”結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)A不及B的程度時(shí),用“l(fā)ess + adj./adv.原級(jí) +than”結(jié)構(gòu)。
●表示“兩者中較……的那個(gè)人或事物”時(shí),用“the+比較級(jí)+of the two...”或“of the two…the+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)。
●“the+ adj./adv.最高級(jí)(+名詞)+表示范圍的短語(yǔ)或從句” 結(jié)構(gòu)是三者或三者以上中程度最高的比較方式。
【溫馨提醒】
●“the+比較級(jí)……, the+比較級(jí)……”結(jié)構(gòu)表示后者隨著前者的變化而變化,意為“越……就越……”,前者相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件句,因此,要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
●“比較級(jí)+ and+比較級(jí)” 結(jié)構(gòu)表示事物自身情況的逐漸增減,意為“越來(lái)越……”,單音節(jié)adj./adv.用“-er+and +-er”,多音節(jié)adj./adv.用“more and more” 或“l(fā)ess and less”。
【即時(shí)演練】根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示,完成句子。
1. 銷售經(jīng)理是一個(gè)職位,在這個(gè)職位上,交流能力和銷售技巧一樣重要。
Sales director is a position where communication ability is just____________sales skills.
2. 在這兩件外套中,為了省出錢來(lái)買書我會(huì)選擇便宜的。
Of the two coats,Id choose____________one to spare some money for a book.
3. 我們?cè)綉嵟驮接锌赡茏呦蛭覀儜嵟氖挛铩?/p>
________________________we are,________________________we are to move towards the object of our anger.
【Keys】 1. as important as 2. the cheaper
3. The angrier; the more likely
六、形容詞、副詞比較等級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ)
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點(diǎn)。
1. Its said that the power plant is now twice as large as what it was.
2. Youre driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more slowly?
3. H. B. Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin is only the most famous example.
【考點(diǎn)解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及比較等級(jí)修飾語(yǔ)問(wèn)題。
● “as + adj.原級(jí)+ as”結(jié)構(gòu)前可用 almost, exactly, half, just, nearly, quite, …times, twice, 倍數(shù),分?jǐn)?shù),百分?jǐn)?shù)等修飾,表示程度。
●用a little, a bit, a little bit, slightly等修飾比較級(jí),表示“稍微”“一點(diǎn)”;用much, far, by far, a lot, a good deal, a great deal, rather等修飾,表示“……得多”;用even, still修飾比較級(jí),表示“更……”;用倍數(shù),分?jǐn)?shù),百分?jǐn)?shù)等修飾比較級(jí),表示程度。
●最高級(jí)可用(by) far, much, nearly, about, almost, not quite, by no means, very, next, only及序數(shù)詞等修飾,表示程度或順序。
【即時(shí)演練】根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示,完成句子。
1. 然而,現(xiàn)在作為一個(gè)公眾人物,比以前更困難。
Being a public figure today, however, is____________than it used to be.
2. 隨著風(fēng)越刮越大,火蔓延得越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)。
The fire spread________________________,with the wind blowing________________________strongly.
【Keys】1. a lot more difficult 2. farther and farther; more and more
七、副詞的位置
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點(diǎn)。
1. You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.(2016年全國(guó)I卷,A篇)
2. So I am always conscious of time.(2016年全國(guó)I卷,C篇)
3. With no one to turn to in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.
【考點(diǎn)解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及副詞的位置問(wèn)題。
●程度副詞一般都放在它所修飾的詞的前面。enough用作程度副詞,可用來(lái)修飾形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞等,放在被修飾語(yǔ)之后。
●also, very, even, just, only, not, nearly, especially, exactly, simply, rather, quite等副詞可以修飾名詞及名詞同位語(yǔ),通常放在被修飾名詞的前面。
●here, there, nearby, downstairs, upstairs, above, tomorrow, today等表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間的副詞,雖然不能前置修飾名詞,但可以后置修飾。
●always, seldom, often, never, rarely 等頻度副詞通常都放在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前面,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞be后面。
【即時(shí)演練】根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示,完成句子。
1. 我們只有100美元,怎么也不夠買一臺(tái)新電腦。
We only had $100 and that was nowhere near____________to buy a new computer.
2. 艾倫是個(gè)仔細(xì)的司機(jī),但是在我所有的朋友當(dāng)中,他的車開(kāi)得最不仔細(xì)。
Alan is a careful driver, but he drives the____________of my friends.
【Keys】1. enough 2. least carefully
八、小試牛刀
(一)單句填空
1. However, in the long run what is really ____________(effect)would be the sharing of knowledge.
2. In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks____________(friend)to people greeting him.
3. After the long journey, the three of them went back home,____________(hunger)and tired.
4. Besides giving help to the countries____________(concern), there is also the build-up of friendships to consider.
5. They have found that the sun often causes footprints in the snow to become____________(large).
6. Nowadays a lot of adults go to evening schools for____________(far)education.
7. Speaking of all the songs he has written, I think this is probably his____________(well-known) one.
8. My hand writing is not half____________good as yours.
9. In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier ____________it used to be.
10. Of the two sisters,Betty is_____________younger one,and she is also the one who loves to be quiet.
(二)語(yǔ)法填空
Xiong Chaozhong, born on Oct.3, 1982 in Wenshan, Yunnan, is a 1.55-metre-tall Chinas 1 (profession) boxer.
Xiong used to be a miner 2 (work) very hard for a living for many years,which made him very 3 (strength). He began his boxing career in 2006. Two years 4 (late) he took part in a boxing competition for the first time.
After his 6-years training, the boxer won the World Boxing Council (WBC) minimum-weight competition 5 (hold) at the Kunming Gymnasium(體育館) on November 24, 2012, becoming Chinas first international boxing champion. As a result he is regarded as “Little Tyson” in China.
As is said, 6 success was a good start to him. Now, inspired by the achievement, Xiong makes up his mind to win 7 (many) titles in the future.
Xiong has set an excellent example to
8 of us. His story tells us that we should try our 9 (good) to overcome any 10 (difficult) in life.