名詞與冠詞考點揭秘

馬國民

一、名詞考點剖析

（一）考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式

【考例1】The nursery team switches him every few 69 （day） with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed， the other is with mum—she never suspects.（2016年全國I卷）

解析：days。few用于修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故填days。

【考例2】Recent 46 （study） show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks 47 （regular）.（2016年全國II卷）

解析：studies。考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)?？崭裉幾髦髡Z，結(jié)合謂語動詞show可知，空格處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

【知識拓展】以f或者fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)：

①須直接加-s的有belief（信念，信任，信仰），chief（首領(lǐng)），cliff（懸崖，絕壁），gulf（海灣），proof（證據(jù)），safe（保險箱），serf（農(nóng)奴，奴隸）

②須把f或fe變?yōu)関，再加-es的名詞有calf（小牛，牛犢），half（一半），knife（小刀），leaf（葉子），life（生命），loaf（長面包），self（自己），shelf（架子），thief（小偷），wife（妻子），wolf（狼）?？山Y(jié)合順口溜來記憶，即“妻己架刀命牛郎，半夜偷包要提防”（單詞依次為：wife，self，shelf，knife，life，calf，wolf，half，leaf，thief，loaf）。

（二）考查形容詞的名詞形式

【考例1】In addition to their simple beauty， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 （able）to “air condition”a house without using electric equipment. （2015年全國II卷）

解析：ability?？崭裉幾鞅碚Z，根據(jù)空前的定語their可知，應(yīng)用名詞ability。

【考例2】Nancy was badly hurt and could only walk with great 18 （difficult）.

解析：difficulty?？崭裉幾鹘樵~賓語，結(jié)合空前的形容詞great可知，空格處填名詞。

【知識拓展】形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞的常用后綴有-ance，-ence，-ness，-bility等。如：importance，ability，happiness，convenience，kindness。

（三）考查動詞的名詞形式

【考例】Then， handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of 42

（achieve）. （2016年全國II卷）

解析：achievement?？疾槊~。根據(jù)空前的of與語境可知，空格處填提示詞的名詞形式。

【知識拓展】動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞的常用后綴有-er，-or，-ment，-ation，-sion等。如：movement，manager，operator，explanation，conclusion。

（四）考查名詞詞義辨析

【考例】As he got closer， he found another vehicle upside down on the road. One more look and he noticed 45 shooting out from under the disabled vehicle. Larry pulled over， set the brake and got hold of the fire extinguisher （滅火器）.（2016全國I卷，完形填空）

A. flames B. smoke

C. water D. steam

解析：A。結(jié)合“the fire extinguisher （滅火器）”可知，Larry注意到火苗從車?yán)锩傲顺鰜?。flames意為“火焰，火苗”，與文意相符。

【技巧點撥】對于考查名詞詞義辨析的小題，在答題時，一方面需要對各個選項的詞義了如指掌，另一方面還需要把名詞的詞義與題干的具體語境緊密結(jié)合起來，只有這樣才能選出正確答案。

（五）考查名詞在短文改錯中的誤用

【考例1】If we go on a trip abroad， we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. （2016年全國II卷，短文改錯）

解析：knowledges→knowledge。knowledge為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。

【考例2】Mum taught me some basic step of baking. I insisted on doing most of the baking myself.（2015年陜西卷）

解析：step→ steps。根據(jù)定語some和語境可知，可數(shù)名詞step應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

【技巧點撥】針對名詞誤用的考查主要體現(xiàn)在短文改錯題型上，錯誤類型包括可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的混用、不可數(shù)名詞誤用復(fù)數(shù)、名詞與形容詞之間的混用、名詞所有格錯誤等。在答題時，需要結(jié)合名詞的相關(guān)用法對題干仔細(xì)推敲，然后進(jìn)一步判斷正誤。

二、冠詞考點剖析

（一）考查不定冠詞的常用用法

【考例1】Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children； he owned 16

farm， which looked almost abandoned. （2015年廣東卷）

解析：a。名詞farm在句中表示泛指，故填不定冠詞。

【考例2】Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be ________ Beethoven.（2015年四川卷）

解析：a。此處表示“下一個貝多芬”，應(yīng)使用不定冠詞。句意：布賴恩在譜曲上有天賦，他很可能成為下一個貝多芬。

【知識鏈接】不定冠詞的常用用法：用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，可表示泛指；用于第一次提到的某人某物之前；用于表數(shù)量“一”；用于時間、速度、重量、價格等名詞前，表示“每一”；用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一，再一”； 用于人名前，表示其著作、作品、發(fā)明或某種產(chǎn)品等；用于某些物質(zhì)名詞前表“一杯”“一份”“一場”“一陣”等；用于抽象名詞具體化時的某些名詞之前等。

（二）考查定冠詞的常用用法

【考例1】 The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed， 70 other is with mum—she never suspects.（2016年全國I卷）

解析：the。根據(jù)空前的one可知，此處為“one…the other”結(jié)構(gòu)，故填the。

【考例2】The adobe dwellings（土坯房）built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 most modern of architects and engineers. （2015年全國II卷）

解析：the。空后為形容詞最高級，故空格處填定冠詞。

【知識鏈接】定冠詞的常用用法：用于表示特指的人或事物前；用于表示獨一無二的事物前；用于雙方都知道或上文已提到的人或物之前；用于表方向或方位的名詞前；用于形容詞或形容詞化的過去分詞前，表示一類人或物；用于西洋樂器名詞之前；用于姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前，表示某某一家人、某某夫婦等；用于逢整十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞前，可表示年代。

（三）考查冠詞在短語或句式中的應(yīng)用

【考例1】Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 68 while， exercising， or doing something you enjoy.（2016年全國II卷）

解析：a。for a while為常用短語，故填a。

【考例2】 ________more learned a man is， the more modest he usually becomes.（2015年陜西卷）

解析：The。此處為句式“the +比較級……，the +比較級……”，意為“越……就越……”。句意：一個人學(xué)的東西越多，他就會越謙虛。

【知識鏈接】①帶有不定冠詞的常用短語：do a favor for sb；have a walk；have a break；have a try；keep an eye out for；make a plan；have a gift for；have a preference for；in a hurry；at a price of；at a time；in a panic；all of a sudden；a place of interest等。

②帶有定冠詞的常用短語：go to the cinema；shake sb by the hand；make the bed；make the most of；keep the law；keep the time；against the clock；for the purpose of；on the whole；all the year round；at the same time；in the charge of；in the direction of；on the way to等。

（四）考查冠詞在短文改錯中的誤用

1.考查兩種冠詞之間的誤用

【考例1】At a party， my coach，with a biscuit in his mouth， asked surprisingly who made them and joked， “I might have to retire again next year just to get some more of these biscuits.”（2015年陜西卷，短文改錯）

解析：a→ the。party表示特指，故之前應(yīng)用定冠詞。

【考例2】So when I have the problem I will turn to her for help.（2013年大綱卷，短文改錯）

解析：the→ a。problem表示泛指，之前應(yīng)用不定冠詞。

【技巧點撥】不定冠詞與定冠詞之間在用法上有很大的區(qū)別，審題時結(jié)合好兩種冠詞的用法，找準(zhǔn)答題的突破口。

2.考查不定冠詞之間的誤用

【考例】 Besides， Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. （2014年遼寧卷，短文改錯）

解析：a→ an。average是以元音因素開頭的單詞，之前應(yīng)用an。

【技巧點撥】a用在輔音前，而an用在元音前（指的是音標(biāo)，而不是字母），這是答題的重要依據(jù)。

3.考查冠詞的缺失或多詞錯誤

【考例1】I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. （2015年浙江卷，短文改錯）

解析：∧hurry→ a。in a hurry為常用短語，意為“匆忙”。

【考例2】There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings. （2014年全國II卷，短文改錯）

解析：刪除the。all kinds of之后直接跟名詞，故刪除the。

【技巧點撥】答題時，注意結(jié)合好冠詞的基本用法、常用短語、常用句式等，仔細(xì)判斷題干中是否存在冠詞的缺失或多詞錯誤。

三、鞏固訓(xùn)練

（一）單句改錯

1. It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.

2. Yesterday afternoon， I paid visit to Mr. Johnson with my classmates.

3. Today we had a chemistry test and the teacher was angry because we had the same answers in the tests.

4. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.

5. If youd like to make trip to our city some day， I will be more than happy to be your guide.

6. He has ruined his healthy and we are worried about him.

7. In the car park there Ginna nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.

8. There are two girls from my course here and I plan to make friend with them so that we can help each other on the course work.

9. Thank to her help， I made great progress in my study.

10. The driver put the window down and offered us a umbrella because he found we were wet through.

（二）單句填空

1. Id skipped nearby Guilin， a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ________

（painting）.

2. The idea of Fathers Day came from ________ American woman called Sonora Smart Dodd in 1909.

3. While there are amazing stories of instant transformation， for most of us the ________

（change） are gradual and require a lot of effort and work， like cleaning up a polluted river.

4. Now， years later， this river is one of

________ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.

5. Any smell might attract natural ________

（enemy） that would try to eat the little panda.

6. She was giving me ________ odd look—half puzzled， half intent （熱切的）.

7. Im so grateful to all those ________

（volunteer） because they helped my terrible day end happily.

8. ________best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.

9. In some countries， people eat with chopsticks， while in others， ________（knife） and forks.

10. In the beginning， there was only ________very small amount of unfairness in the world.

11. Do not rely on ________（wealthy）， because there is something that is more valuable.

12. Janes grandmother had wanted to write a childrens book for many years， but one thing or another always got in ________ way.

13. My parents always attach great ________ （important） to my getting a good education.

14. Whenever I made mistakes， the teacher pointed them out with ________（patient）.

15. As ________grass-roots singer， she reads everything she can get hold of concerning music， and takes every opportunity to improve herself.

（三）語法填空

Can you imagine the world full of crying and shouting， covered in darkness？ However， its not just a joke. Its a real 1 （describe） of a world without happiness and laughter.

If you compare our life to a pie， what would you put in if you were in charge of making the pie？ 2 （obvious）， many people would add as much happiness as possible. Do you know why？ Its 3 happiness stands for sweetness in most peoples minds.

Dont think of it just as a comparison. Happiness is a flower 4 （live） in the sunshine， and it is not difficult to reach for it. We have a variety of 5 （emotion） like sadness， anger， fear， enthusiasm and happiness， and they all appear naturally when something 6

（affect） our feelings. So， if we can change our attitude 7 things in the world， we can certainly adjust our emotions. It means that we can choose to be happy if we want to， as long as we view everything in 8 positive way.

If we can be happy， why not choose to be？ Lets try together to create 9 world filled with smiling faces 10 sunshine.