刊首語(yǔ)

刊首語(yǔ)

第十屆中國(guó)國(guó)際園林博覽會(huì)即將在武漢閉幕，2016年唐山國(guó)際園藝博覽會(huì)馬上又要開(kāi)幕，2017年和2018年鄭州與南寧將要分別承辦第十一和十二屆中國(guó)國(guó)際園林博覽會(huì)，2019年北京將承辦世界園藝博覽會(huì)。中國(guó)已是舉辦園林博覽會(huì)最為頻繁的國(guó)家，也是每屆博覽會(huì)規(guī)模最大的國(guó)家，本期的主題就聚焦于園林博覽會(huì)。

什么是園林博覽會(huì)呢？博覽會(huì)一般指展場(chǎng)規(guī)模龐大、展出內(nèi)容廣泛、參展方和參觀(guān)者眾多的展覽會(huì)，一般可分為兩種類(lèi)型：一種為綜合性的展覽，如世博會(huì)；另一種為特定領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)業(yè)性展覽，如工業(yè)博覽會(huì)、農(nóng)業(yè)博覽會(huì)、書(shū)籍博覽會(huì)、服裝博覽會(huì)……等等，其中園林博覽會(huì)就是一種主要涉及園林園藝的專(zhuān)業(yè)性博覽會(huì)。由于園林涉及到自然、城市、科技、文化等方面，所以與大多數(shù)專(zhuān)業(yè)性博覽會(huì)相比，園林博覽會(huì)往往又具有更為綜合的特點(diǎn)，也與大眾的生活和興趣有更為密切的關(guān)系。園林博覽會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)、生活、環(huán)境的積極影響和貢獻(xiàn)是許多專(zhuān)業(yè)類(lèi)的博覽會(huì)無(wú)法比擬的。

世界上的博覽會(huì)五花八門(mén)，但能經(jīng)久不衰、持續(xù)舉辦的博覽會(huì)必然具有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)，就是要不斷推陳出新，展示人類(lèi)最新的思想觀(guān)念、科學(xué)技術(shù)、藝術(shù)水準(zhǔn)和研究成果，并充分展現(xiàn)對(duì)未來(lái)的理解、預(yù)判與憧憬。園林博覽會(huì)持久的生命力也在于不斷創(chuàng)新，展覽既要與百姓的生活密切相關(guān)，又要充分展示解決現(xiàn)有問(wèn)題的合理途徑和應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)的可能方式。

園林博覽會(huì)應(yīng)該展出什么呢？每屆園林博覽會(huì)一般都要建造園博園。園博園本身就是一個(gè)展品，展示在特定條件和環(huán)境中景觀(guān)設(shè)計(jì)的最高成就和對(duì)自然、生態(tài)、城市、社會(huì)、生活、人文、藝術(shù)、科技等方面的最新思考。園博園中的展覽內(nèi)容非常綜合，一般與園林、園藝及戶(hù)外健康生活相關(guān)，包括公共園林、各種觀(guān)賞植物和經(jīng)濟(jì)植物、主題花園、農(nóng)事花園、家庭花園、兒童花園、理療花園、景觀(guān)材料、園林設(shè)施、園林技術(shù)、室內(nèi)花展等等。一些公園設(shè)施，如游戲場(chǎng)、活動(dòng)場(chǎng)、劇場(chǎng)、服務(wù)設(shè)施、休息設(shè)施往往也都是展品。另外每屆承辦城市也會(huì)根據(jù)自身的特點(diǎn)設(shè)置一些特殊的展覽。

要有怎樣的園博園呢？園博園的規(guī)模一般與園林博覽會(huì)的級(jí)別和吸引力有關(guān)，國(guó)際和國(guó)家級(jí)別的園林博覽會(huì)由于展覽內(nèi)容綜合，為保證展覽的完整和參觀(guān)的安全與舒適，按以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，園博園的規(guī)模應(yīng)該不小于160hm2。地區(qū)和省一級(jí)別園林博覽會(huì)的面積一般數(shù)十公頃即可，這樣可以節(jié)省建園的費(fèi)用和土地資源，使得一些中小城市承辦園林博覽會(huì)成為可能。

如果僅從園林博覽會(huì)考慮，園博園需要選址于合適的區(qū)域，有足夠大的土地，具有便捷的公共交通。然而，無(wú)論園林博覽會(huì)有多么重要，作為會(huì)展本身總是要結(jié)束的，實(shí)際上博覽會(huì)結(jié)束后園博園的再利用遠(yuǎn)比博覽會(huì)本身更為重要。所以園博園的選址更要考慮到它對(duì)城市的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)和生活等方面的積極影響。

園博園的功能在博覽會(huì)的會(huì)期和會(huì)后是完全不同的，會(huì)期需要的是城市的投資，參展方的廣泛參與和觀(guān)眾的踴躍參觀(guān)；而會(huì)后的園博園則有多種發(fā)展的可能，其中最主要的方式是轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌鞘泄珗@，這時(shí)的園博園面對(duì)的使用者不僅僅是游客，更多的是在園博園中休憩、運(yùn)動(dòng)、健身和觀(guān)賞風(fēng)景的普通市民。這意味著博覽會(huì)結(jié)束后，園博園必須進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母脑旌驼{(diào)整，以適應(yīng)完全不同的功能和要求。所以園博園不僅要完成博覽會(huì)會(huì)期的規(guī)劃，更要做好博覽會(huì)會(huì)后的規(guī)劃。

園林博覽會(huì)在中國(guó)僅有20年歷史，取得的成就卻令人矚目，但同時(shí)也存在著諸多問(wèn)題。對(duì)于“什么是園林博覽會(huì)？要有怎樣的園林博覽會(huì)？它的意義和價(jià)值是什么？”，我們的認(rèn)識(shí)似乎并不清晰。

以往建造的園博園大多遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)園林博覽會(huì)本身所需的規(guī)模，優(yōu)點(diǎn)是為城市留下更大面積的綠地，但同時(shí)也容易造成土地資源的浪費(fèi)、投資的增加以及由于規(guī)模過(guò)大帶來(lái)的參觀(guān)游覽的困難。每屆園林博覽會(huì)似乎都在重復(fù)以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，甚至模擬古人留下的花園，少有創(chuàng)新，更鮮有對(duì)未來(lái)的展望，這與博覽會(huì)的辦會(huì)宗旨顯然是有矛盾的。大多數(shù)展覽都沒(méi)有涉及大眾的生活需要、也幾乎沒(méi)有互動(dòng)性展覽，游客很少能從園林博覽會(huì)中獲取與他們?nèi)粘Ｉ钕嚓P(guān)的信息。

每一屆園林博覽會(huì)都會(huì)提出不同的主題和口號(hào)，其宗旨大多是自然、生態(tài)、環(huán)保、綠色和生活，但是許多園博園并沒(méi)有展現(xiàn)出人與自然和諧的面貌，沒(méi)有回應(yīng)我們所面臨的生態(tài)問(wèn)題和環(huán)境問(wèn)題，而是對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的工程改造，園中充滿(mǎn)了人工堆砌和過(guò)度設(shè)計(jì)，造價(jià)也普遍遠(yuǎn)高于一般的公共景觀(guān)。

不少園林博覽會(huì)在會(huì)展結(jié)束后，仍基本保持會(huì)展期間園博園的面貌，追求園博會(huì)的“永不落幕”。然而由于使用群體已經(jīng)發(fā)生根本的變化，這樣的園博園不可能得到有效利用，有些園博園甚至在多數(shù)時(shí)間內(nèi)少有人問(wèn)津，還必須投入高額的資金進(jìn)行維護(hù)。

盡管存在著諸多問(wèn)題，但是由于成功的園林博覽會(huì)在擴(kuò)大城市影響，促進(jìn)城市更新和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，推動(dòng)城市新區(qū)發(fā)展，改善城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)，完善城市綠地系統(tǒng)，推動(dòng)城市旅游業(yè)、房地產(chǎn)業(yè)、商業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展，修復(fù)環(huán)境受損地區(qū)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，推廣園林藝術(shù)和園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)等眾多方面具有突出的意義，所以許多城市都希望有機(jī)會(huì)承辦園林博覽會(huì)，園林博覽會(huì)在中國(guó)必然會(huì)持續(xù)發(fā)展下去。但如何更有效地回應(yīng)現(xiàn)實(shí)中復(fù)雜的生態(tài)環(huán)境和城市問(wèn)題，如何更好地面向未來(lái)，如何不斷創(chuàng)新，提高設(shè)計(jì)水準(zhǔn)，如何為園林博覽會(huì)引入更多的市場(chǎng)機(jī)制，如何讓博覽會(huì)融入城市、融入百姓生活，這些都是未來(lái)中國(guó)園林博覽會(huì)必須面對(duì)的問(wèn)題。

The 10thChina International Garden Expo in Wuhan will close， and shortly the 2016 International Horticultural Exposition will open in Tangshan. The cities of Zhengzhou and Nanning are going to host respectively the 11th and 12th session of China International Garden Expo in 2017 and 2018， and Beijing will host the World Horticultural Exposition in 2019. China has been not only the country that organizes most frequently various International Garden Expos but also one that hosts the largest scale exposition in the world. This issue we will focus the topic on Garden Expo.

What is Garden Expo？ Expo basically means a public event holds in a big venue for large amount of exhibitors and visitors to participate and many products to be displayed. It could be divided into two types： the universal exposition such as the World Expo； the specialized exposition for a particular industry such as the industrial exposition， the agriculture fair， book fair， clothing and fashion exposition and so on. Garden Expo is one type of the specialized exposition on landscape and gardening. For that landscape and garden is linked closely with aspects of the nature， city， technology，local culture etc. Garden Expos are usually more comprehensive and closer to social life than many other specialized expositions. In other words， Garden Expo impacts on and contributes to the society， public life and environment more significantly and positively than other specialized expositions.

Among the multifarious Expos that appeared in the world， the survived， long-lasting ones have a common character. That is， they demonstrate constantly the most recent human philosophies， technologies， art standard and research findings， and present the human understanding， judgment and expectations on the future. The lasting vigor of Garden Expo lies on innovations， with compositions related to both the life and the people， and reasonable solutions to existing problems for tomorrow and possible approaches to address the future challenges.

What shall we exhibit in the Garden Expo？ Usually each Garden Expo would design and construct a Garden Expo Park which is itself an display that shows the highest achievements of landscape design under designated conditions and environments as well as the most recent ideas regarding the nature， ecological condition， cites， society，human art and technology. To this end， Garden Expo parks are generally comprehensive expositions related to landscape， horticulture and healthy life. The scope of exposition includes public garden， ornamental plants and economic plants， thematic garden，farm work garden， family garden， children garden， physiotherapical garden， landscape materials， garden facilities， garden technology and indoor flower show and so on. Park facilities such as playground， activity ground， theatre， service facilities and rest facilities are also exhibited. In addition， each Expo host city would incorporate some special exhibitions that reflect the local urban features.

What is the Garden Expo like？ Specifically， the scale of Expo Park should be determined by its level attraction. Normally， the national and international Expo cover no less than 160 hectares， to ensure more comprehensive display as well as visitors’safe and comfort. Meanwhile the regional or the provincial level Expos are generally dozens of hectares， to save cost and land resources， which gives the smaller city more opportunities to host Expos.

If only considering the Expo urban event nature， the Garden Expo Park will be located at sufficiently spacious area and appropriate， accessible site. However， no matter how significant the Expo has been， it will finish eventually. In fact， the reuse of Expo Garden is far more important than the Expo itself. Therefore site selection of the Expo must emphasize its long-term positive effect on the society， economy， ecological condition and urban life.

The functions of the Expo Park during and after the Expo are completely different. More specifically， what are needed during the exposition are investment， widespread participation of exhibitors and visitors. After the Expo， this park could be developed to other uses， mostly possibly urban parks to provide a space for local residents to rest， do physical exercise or enjoy the landscape scenery， which means the park must be adjusted to disparate functions and requirements after the Exhibition ends. Thus， the Expo Park designers should consider deliberately both of the exhibition period and the afterexhibition period.

Garden Expo has a 20-year history in China， while with remarkable achievements，various problems occurred. "What is the Garden Expo？ What is the Garden Expo like？What is the key value and main objective of a Garden Expo？” The organizers of Expo occasionally do not have a clear thinking.

Most of the conventional Garden Expos were built far larger than the required size， for leaving a larger area of green space for the city. Nevertheless， it easily leads to the waste of land resources， increasing investment and the difficulty of regulation. Each session of Garden Expo in China seems to repeat the past experiences over and over， and even simulate the ancient gardens， lack of innovation and the prospects for the future， which is obviously contradict with the mission to Garden Expo. Most exhibitions do not involve civic daily life and display few interactive exhibits. Visitors rarely feel it is relevant to their daily lives from Garden Expo.

Each session of Garden Expo will put forward different themes and slogans， which are mostly about nature， ecology， environment-friendly， green and living. Unfortunately，most of today’s Garden Expos failed to communicate the harmony between man and nature and did not respond the ecological and environmental problems we are facing at present. Instead， the park is filled with the construction of large-scale projects， a pile of artificial and over-engineered design， which cost much higher than the regular public parks.

To pursuit of “permanent” Garden Expo， many Expo parks were retained very long time in an old state. It is impossible for such a park to realize effective utilization and suit civic needs. In consequence， it takes high funds for maintenance but only few people visit in most of the time.

In conclusion， hosting a fruitful Garden Expo is significant to enhance city’s influence， improve the urban spatial structure and green system， restore the damaged regional ecosystem， promote infrastructure construction and urban development including tourism， real estate and business， along with develop the industry of landscape planning and horticulture. That’s why all cities are passionate for undertaking a Garden Expo and the competition will absolutely be even stiff in the coming years. Meanwhile，China have to face the pressing challenges how to innovate and increase the quality of planning and design， to aware of the fact that complex ecological environment and urban problems should be solved for sustainable development and to examine how to introduce better market mechanisms into Garden Expo. Last but not least， consider to highlight of fitting Expo with the urban development and civic life.

PREFACE