吳建超,鄭水明,李 恒,蔡永建
(1.中國地震局地震研究所(地震大地測量重點實驗室)湖北 武漢 430071; 2.武漢地震工程研究院,湖北 武漢 430071)
?
震災(zāi)報道
2014年3月30日湖北省秭歸M4.7地震房屋震害特征分析①
吳建超1,2,鄭水明1,2,李恒1,2,蔡永建1,2
(1.中國地震局地震研究所(地震大地測量重點實驗室)湖北 武漢 430071; 2.武漢地震工程研究院,湖北 武漢 430071)
2014年3月30日湖北省秭歸縣發(fā)生M4.7地震,震中烈度Ⅵ度,地震對震中區(qū)的房屋造成了不同程度的損壞。通過對震中區(qū)房屋震害情況進(jìn)行抽樣統(tǒng)計和分析,歸納總結(jié)了農(nóng)村兩種常見類型房屋的典型震害特征,并對其原因進(jìn)行深入的分析。在此基礎(chǔ)上,對農(nóng)村民居的場地選擇及設(shè)計施工等提出一些建議,可以為災(zāi)區(qū)及其他抗震設(shè)防地區(qū)的農(nóng)居建設(shè)及政府決策提供依據(jù)和參考。
秭歸M4.7地震; 房屋震害; 抽樣統(tǒng)計; 農(nóng)村民居; 抗震設(shè)防
2014年3月30日0時24分湖北省秭歸縣發(fā)生M4.7地震,震中位于秭歸縣屈原鎮(zhèn)(30.92°N,110.77°E),震源深度7.5 km,震中烈度Ⅵ度[1](圖1)。秭歸縣、巴東縣、興山縣震感強(qiáng)烈。主震發(fā)生后,截至3月30日8時15分,共發(fā)生余震48次,最大余震為該日0時33分發(fā)生的1.5級地震。本次地震對秭歸縣郭家壩鎮(zhèn)的部分地區(qū)造成了一定程度的房屋破壞和財產(chǎn)損失。
圖1 秭歸M4.7地震烈度分布圖Fig.1 Seismic intensity distribution of the Zigui M4.7 earthquake
郭家壩鎮(zhèn)地處鄂西長江西陵峽畔、秭歸縣中部,屬三峽庫區(qū)移民大鎮(zhèn),是秭歸縣版圖面積最大、農(nóng)村人口最多的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。在此次M4.7地震中,震損房屋數(shù)量較多、險情較重、破壞程度各異。本文對Ⅵ度區(qū)內(nèi)房屋受損情況進(jìn)行抽樣調(diào)查和分析,總結(jié)震害類型及原因并提出建議,分析震區(qū)房屋的抗震性能,以期為今后山區(qū)房屋的抗震設(shè)計和震害防御工作提供可靠的依據(jù)。
地震災(zāi)區(qū)房屋建筑類型以磚混結(jié)構(gòu)和土木結(jié)構(gòu)為主,極少部分為框架結(jié)構(gòu)。此次地震極震區(qū)的主要震害特點為土木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋普遍破壞,磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋部分破壞,框架結(jié)構(gòu)房屋基本完好。
房屋震害采用抽樣調(diào)查方式,調(diào)查點基本均勻地分布在災(zāi)區(qū)范圍內(nèi)。根據(jù)地震現(xiàn)場災(zāi)害損失實地抽樣調(diào)查結(jié)果,對震害損失進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計。損壞房屋結(jié)構(gòu)分為土木結(jié)構(gòu)和磚混結(jié)構(gòu)兩類。調(diào)查房屋破壞情況時,按照《地震現(xiàn)場工作 第4部分:災(zāi)害直接損失評估》(GB/T 18208.4-2011)[2],將土木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋破壞程度分為毀壞、破壞和基本完好三個破壞等級,將磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋破壞分為毀壞、嚴(yán)重破壞、中等破壞、輕微破壞和基本完好五個破壞等級進(jìn)行分級評定。
在房屋破壞最嚴(yán)重的郭家壩鎮(zhèn)頭道河村抽取了5個自然村、組,抽樣點采取逐棟調(diào)查的方式,統(tǒng)計則以行政村為單位。匯總?cè)空{(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),并給出了Ⅵ度區(qū)內(nèi)不同結(jié)構(gòu)類型房屋抽樣總建筑面積,如圖2所示。在此基礎(chǔ)上,統(tǒng)計得到了各種類型房屋的破壞比,如圖3所示。
圖2?、龆葏^(qū)各結(jié)構(gòu)類型房屋破壞抽樣匯總圖Fig.2 Sampling statistics of house damage of different types in the area with intensity Ⅵ
圖3?、龆葏^(qū)各類房屋建筑破壞比Fig.3 Damage ratios of buildings of different types in the area with intensity Ⅵ
2.1磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋震害特征
此次M4.7地震,Ⅵ度區(qū)的很多磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋表面看不出明顯損傷,但內(nèi)部墻體破壞十分嚴(yán)重。其震害主要表現(xiàn)為墻體開裂、門窗間墻破壞、樓蓋破壞等。
(1)墻體開裂
墻體破壞在此次地震中普遍存在,主要表現(xiàn)形式為裂縫。在當(dāng)?shù)孛窬又校鈮Χ嗖捎每斩穳?,薄弱的墻體因抗剪強(qiáng)度不足而產(chǎn)生斜裂縫,在往復(fù)地震作用下將進(jìn)一步形成“X”型張裂縫(圖4)。
圖4 震中區(qū)磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋的墻體開裂現(xiàn)象Fig.4 Walls cracking of brick-concrete buildings in epicenter area
(2)門窗間墻破壞
在建造農(nóng)村房屋時,人們片面地追求大開窗,大窗戶洞口的設(shè)置使墻體的橫截面積突然減小。在地震作用下,墻體受到的剪力一旦超過墻體的抗剪強(qiáng)度,就會產(chǎn)生水平裂縫和豎向裂縫甚至交叉裂縫(圖5)。
圖5 震中區(qū)磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋的門窗間墻破壞Fig.5 Damage of walls between door and window of concrete-brick buildings in epicenter area
(3)樓蓋破壞
在鄂西農(nóng)村民居中,早期建設(shè)的房屋多采用預(yù)制樓板做樓面。由于預(yù)制樓板與墻體連接不牢靠或擱置長度不夠,均容易在地震作用下導(dǎo)致震裂(圖6),嚴(yán)重的甚至錯位、掉落。
圖6 震中區(qū)磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋樓蓋破壞現(xiàn)象 Fig.6 Damage of floors of concrete-brick buildings in epicenter area
2.2土木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋震害特征
土木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋建造工藝簡單,通常就地取材,且造價低廉,在偏遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)村自建房屋中比較常見。這類房屋多為土墻承重,屋蓋采用木結(jié)構(gòu)。在本次調(diào)查的土木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋中,多數(shù)年代較為久遠(yuǎn)。在此次地震中,土木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋的震害主要表現(xiàn)為瓦片掉落、墻體開裂和坍塌(圖7)等。這種建筑建造工藝粗糙,沒有構(gòu)造措施或構(gòu)造措施不齊全,墻厚也不符合要求,房屋的整體性較差。農(nóng)民自建土木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋時,屋面的大梁與縱墻或橫墻沒有可靠的錨固措施,地震時容易發(fā)生墻體傾斜進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致屋架塌落。
圖7 震中區(qū)土木結(jié)構(gòu)房屋的震害現(xiàn)象Fig.7 Damage of civil buildings in epicenter area
通過地震災(zāi)害現(xiàn)場考察,Ⅵ度異常區(qū)形成的主要原因如下:
(1)基礎(chǔ)處理不當(dāng)。出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重破壞房屋均位于公路靠近長江一側(cè),房屋基礎(chǔ)部分處于基巖上,部分為人工石塊堆砌體。由于坡形基礎(chǔ)處理不當(dāng),地震時房屋容易產(chǎn)生不均勻變形,出現(xiàn)開裂現(xiàn)象。
(2)高山峽谷地形影響。出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重破壞房屋均處于沿江山體突出邊坡上。地震時由于突出山體對地震動的放大作用,導(dǎo)致房屋受地震作用加強(qiáng),出現(xiàn)破壞現(xiàn)象。
(3)房屋結(jié)構(gòu)有缺陷、施工質(zhì)量存在問題。出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重破壞房屋均為3~4層磚混房,絕大多數(shù)房屋為空斗墻,房屋均無構(gòu)造柱,部分房屋只在基礎(chǔ)、1層與2層間設(shè)置圈梁。設(shè)計及施工不規(guī)范,房屋的整體性差,不利于抗震。
2014年3月30日湖北省秭歸縣發(fā)生的M4.7地震震級不大,卻對震中區(qū)附近的農(nóng)村房屋造成了較為嚴(yán)重的破壞,暴露了我國農(nóng)村房屋建筑抗震能力差的現(xiàn)實情況[4-5]。為了減少地震給偏遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)村地區(qū)房屋造成的生命和財產(chǎn)損失,吸取此次地震災(zāi)害的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn),本文提出以下幾點建議:
(1)選擇抗震有利地段,避開不利地段
房屋應(yīng)盡量不選在條狀突出的山嘴,高聳孤立的山丘,強(qiáng)風(fēng)化巖石的陡坡、陡坎,河岸和邊坡的邊緣等抗震不利地段建造。因為這些不利地段對地震動可能產(chǎn)生放大作用,對房屋抗震不利[3]。
(2)合理設(shè)置構(gòu)造柱和圈梁,提高砂漿的強(qiáng)度
農(nóng)村房屋建造者必須認(rèn)識到設(shè)置構(gòu)造柱和圈梁的重要意義,合理設(shè)置構(gòu)造柱和圈梁是保證砌體結(jié)構(gòu)不倒塌的關(guān)鍵措施[6-7]。同時必須使用足夠強(qiáng)度的砂漿,保證墻體牢固的連接。
(3)重視房屋地基和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計
房屋基礎(chǔ)不宜設(shè)置在性質(zhì)截然不同的地基上,同一結(jié)構(gòu)單元不宜部分處于基巖上,部分為人工石塊堆砌體。
(4)對農(nóng)村的建筑工匠進(jìn)行培訓(xùn),提高其抗震知識水平
應(yīng)對村鎮(zhèn)的建筑工匠進(jìn)行抗震技術(shù)培訓(xùn)并頒發(fā)相應(yīng)的培訓(xùn)合格證,鼓勵農(nóng)民選擇有合格證的工匠進(jìn)行施工建設(shè)[8-9]。
致謝:在2014年3月30日秭歸M4.7地震震后調(diào)查評估過程中,湖北省地震局秦小軍副局長進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真的指導(dǎo)和幫助,并給出了寶貴的意見和建議。特此致謝!
References)
[1]湖北省地震局. 湖北省宜昌市秭歸縣發(fā)生M4.5地震[EB/OL].http://www.eqhb.gov.cn/cms/business/public.do?reqCode.
Earthquake Administration of Hubei Province. An M4.7 Earthquake Occurred in Zigui County of Hubei Province on March 30[EB/OL].http://www.eqhb.gov.cn/cms/business/public.do?reqCode.(in Chinese)
[2]GB/T 18208.4-2011,地震現(xiàn)場工作 第4部分:災(zāi)害直接損失評估[S].北京:中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,2011.
GB/T 18208.4-2011,Post-earthquake Field Works——Part 4:Assessment of Direct Loss[S].Beijing:Standard Press of China,2011.(in Chinese)
[3]GB50011-2010,建筑抗震設(shè)計規(guī)范[S].北京:中國建筑工業(yè)出版社,2010:20-21.GB50011-2010,Code for Seismic Design of Buildings[S].Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2010:20-21 (in Chinese).[4]蘭日清,豐彪.蘆山地震民居房屋震害啟示與建議[J].地震工程與工程振動,2013,33(6):138-143.LAN Ri-qing,FENG Biao.Inspiration and Advice on Earthquake Damage to Rural Buildings in Lushan Earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics,2013,33(6):138-143. (in Chinese)
[5]孫景江,馬強(qiáng),石宏彬,等.汶川地震高烈度區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)房屋震害簡介[J].地震工程與工程振動,2008,28(3):7-15.
SUN Jing-jiang,MA Qiang,SHI Hong-bin,et al.Building Damage in Cities and Towns Located in Higher Intensity Areas during Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics,2008,28(3):7-15.(in Chinese)
[6]王根龍,劉紅帥,張軍慧.汶川特大地震之北川縣城震害分析[J].西北地震學(xué)報,2010,32(2):176-178.
WANG Gen-long,LIU Hong-shuai,ZHANG Jun-hui.Anslysis on Seismic Hazards in Beichuan County Town Caused by Wenchuan Great Earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2010,32(2):176-178. (in Chinese)
[7]張守潔,朱澤,哈輝,等.我國農(nóng)村震害及農(nóng)居地震安全工程典型案例分析[J]. 地震工程學(xué)報,2013,35(4):939-943.
ZHANG Shou-jie,ZHU Ze,HA Hui,et al.Anslysis of Typical Cases of Earthquake Damage in Rural Areas of China and Earthquake Safety Projects for Rural Houses in Recent Years[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(4):939-943. (in Chinese)
[8]周鐵鋼,錢相博,張冰冰.蘆山地震農(nóng)村房屋震害調(diào)查與分析[J].地震工程與工程振動,2013,33(3):53-58.
ZHOU Tie-gang,QIAN Xiang-bo,ZHANG Bing-bing.Investigation and Analysis of Damage to Rural Houses in Lushan Earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics,2013,33(3):53-58. (in Chinese)
[9]李志強(qiáng),候建盛,李洋,等.2013年4月20日四川蘆山MS7.0地震災(zāi)害特點分析[J].地震地質(zhì),2013,35(2):398-408.
LI Zhi-qiang,HOU Jian-sheng,LI Yang,et al.Analysis on the Characteristic of the MS7.0 Lushan,Sichuan Province,Earthquake Hazard[J].Seismology and Geology,2013,35(2):398-408. (in Chinese)
Building Damage Characteristics during the Zigui,Hubei M4.7 Earthquake on March 30,2014
WU Jian-chao1,2,ZHENG Shui-ming1,2,LI Heng1,2,CAI Yong-jian1,2
(1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy,Institute of Seismology,CEA,Wuhan 430071,Hubei,China;2.Institute of Earthquake Engineering of Wuhan,Wuhan 430071,Hubei,China)
On March 30,2014,a M4.7 earthquake occurred in the Zigui county,in Hubei province. The epicenter intensity reached Ⅵ. The earthquake caused various degrees of damage to houses in the epicentral area. According to on-site investigation data conducted after the earthquake,through the sampling statistics and analysis on house damage in the epicentral area,two typical and common house damages in rural areas are summarized in this work. There are three main reasons for the Ⅵ damage caused by the earthquake to the houses in the area studied. First,the house foundation is mishandled. Most damaged houses are located in the scarp near the Yangtze River,where part of the houses lie on bedrock foundation and part lie on artificial stone masonry. Therefore,the houses are prone to uneven deformation and cracking. Second,high mountains and deep valleys also have an effect. Due to the amplification of ground motion in abrupt mountain terrain,the houses will suffer stronger seismic action and thus house damage occurs. Third,the houses' structure is defective and the construction quality is unqualified. Most of the damaged houses have cavities in the walls and the constructional columns are missing. The design and construction are not standardized. Hence,the houses are vulnerable to damage caused by earthquakes. Based on the investigation and analysis,four suggestions on the site selection,design,and construction of rural housing have been put forward in this study. These suggestions can provide the basis and reference for the rural construction and government decision-making in the disaster area and other earthquake prone areas. First,the houses should be built in areas which aid earthquake resistant structures. The houses should not be built on towering isolated hills and steep slopes. Second,houses should be built with constructional columns and ring beam structures and with a superior strength of mortar. These are the key measures to ensure that masonry structures do not collapse. Third,the house builders should put emphasis on the foundations design. Finally,the government should train building craftsmen in the rural areas and improve earthquake resistance knowledge.Key words:Zigui M4.7 earthquake; building damage; sampling statistics; rural buildings; seismic fortification
2014-08-04
中國地震局地震應(yīng)急青年重點任務(wù)(CEA_EDEM-2015)
吳建超(1985-),男,工程師,碩士,主要從事地震工程研究。E-mail:jianchaowu85@gmail.com。
P315.9; TU36
A
1000-0844(2016)04-0669-04
10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2016.04.0669