黃紹文, 高 偉, 唐繼偉*, 李春花
(1 中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所, 農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營養(yǎng)與肥料重點實驗室, 北京 100081;2 天津市農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境研究所, 天津 300380)
?
我國主要菜區(qū)耕層土壤鹽分總量及離子組成
黃紹文1, 高 偉2, 唐繼偉1*, 李春花1
(1 中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所, 農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營養(yǎng)與肥料重點實驗室, 北京 100081;2 天津市農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境研究所, 天津 300380)
主要菜區(qū); 栽培方式; 土壤鹽分; 鹽分離子組成
雖然各地菜田土壤鹽分及離子組成特征有許多相似之處,由于生態(tài)條件、 栽培方式、 栽培制度、 施肥等方面的差異,其土壤鹽分及離子組成狀況并不一致。為此,2013年國家大宗蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系開展了全國主要菜區(qū)土壤鹽分及離子組成狀況的普查工作,為全國主要菜區(qū)肥料資源合理配置和開展測土配方施肥提供了基礎(chǔ),對于我國蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有至關(guān)重要的意義。
1.1土壤樣品采集
表1 不同地區(qū)不同栽培方式菜田土壤樣品數(shù)目
注(Note): GHW—溫室 Greenhouse with back wall; GH—大棚 Greenhouse without back wall.
1.2土壤樣品分析
土壤pH 用2.5 ∶1水土比,酸度計法測定[15]。
1.3土壤鹽分分級指標(biāo)
菜田土壤鹽分總量、 氯化物含量和硫酸鹽含量分級參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見表2[9-10, 16]。
表2 菜田土壤鹽化分級參考指標(biāo)
1.4數(shù)據(jù)處理
本研究采用Microsoft Excel 2003 和SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。
1)全國主要菜區(qū)溫室土壤樣本數(shù)大于10個的區(qū)域為北方3個地區(qū)(東北、 華北和西北),大棚土壤樣本數(shù)大于10個的區(qū)域為東北、 華北、 華中和華東4個地區(qū),本研究7個區(qū)域露地土壤樣本數(shù)均大于10個(表1)。對不同栽培方式下區(qū)域的土壤樣本數(shù)小于10個的各測試項目不做統(tǒng)計。
2)土壤某一鹽化水平的比例指某一鹽化水平下土樣數(shù)占總土樣數(shù)的百分?jǐn)?shù)。
3)土壤某一鹽分離子比例=某一鹽分離子含量/鹽分總量×100%[17]。
2.1不同栽培方式菜田土壤鹽分及離子組成狀況
表3 不同栽培方式菜田土壤鹽分總量和電導(dǎo)率的統(tǒng)計特征值
注(Note): GHW—溫室 Greenhouse with back wall; GH—大棚 Greenhouse without back wall. 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示不同栽培方式間差異顯著Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among the land use patterns (P<0.05).
表4 不同栽培方式菜田土壤鹽化分級的頻率分布(%)
注(Note): GHW—溫室 Greenhouse with back wall; GH—大棚 Greenhouse without back wall.
土壤電導(dǎo)率與鹽分總量的變化趨勢相同,因此土壤含鹽量高低可以通過土壤電導(dǎo)率來衡量。從表3可以看出,設(shè)施菜田土壤電導(dǎo)率均顯著高于露地菜田土壤。溫室和大棚土壤電導(dǎo)率分別平均為494.7和510.2 μS/cm,較露地土壤(平均219.1 μS/cm)均高1.3倍。為進(jìn)一步明確菜田土壤電導(dǎo)率與鹽分總量的關(guān)系,通過回歸分析建立了土壤EC(x)與鹽分總量(y)關(guān)系模型,其函數(shù)表達(dá)式如下:
y= 0.6454+0.0029x
(n= 501,r= 0.83**)
r值顯示土壤電導(dǎo)率與鹽分總量之間幾近直線相關(guān),可用EC來估算菜田土壤鹽分狀況。根據(jù)菜田土壤鹽分總量分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),利用全國主要菜區(qū)土壤鹽分總量與EC關(guān)系模型,可估算出菜田土壤EC分級參考指標(biāo)(表5)。
表5 基于全國主要菜區(qū)土壤EC(x)與鹽分總量(y)關(guān)系模型計算的菜田土壤EC值
據(jù)報道,當(dāng)電導(dǎo)率達(dá)到0.5 mS/cm時,茄果類蔬菜作物的正常生長就會受到抑制[8, 18]。而本研究已有34.9%的設(shè)施菜田土壤電導(dǎo)率達(dá)0.5 mS/cm(露地菜田土壤為6.0%),已有8.9%的設(shè)施菜田土壤電導(dǎo)率達(dá)1.5 mS/cm以上(中度鹽化以上水平),如不加以控制,勢必給設(shè)施蔬菜生產(chǎn)造成更為嚴(yán)重以及更大范圍的危害。
2.1.2不同栽培方式菜田土壤鹽分離子組成狀況
表6 不同栽培方式菜田土壤各鹽分離子含量及比例
注(Note): GHW—溫室 Greenhouse with back wall; GH—大棚 Greenhouse without back wall. 同行數(shù)值后不同字母表示不同栽培方式間差異顯著Values followed by different letters in a row are significantly different among the land use patterns (P<0.05).
表7 不同栽培方式菜田土壤氯化物含量分級的頻率分布(Cl-, %)
注(Note): GHW—溫室 Greenhouse with back wall; GH—大棚 Greenhouse without back wall.
表8 不同栽培方式菜田土壤硫酸鹽含量分級的頻率分布, %)
注(Note): GHW—溫室 Greenhouse with back wall; GH—大棚 Greenhouse without back wall.
表9 不同栽培方式菜田土壤鹽分離子含量(x)與鹽分總量(y)間的關(guān)系模型
注(Note): GHW—溫室 Greenhouse with back wall; GH—大棚 Greenhouse without back wall; 括號內(nèi)為相關(guān)系數(shù)Inside brackets are thervalues; **—P<0.01.
表10 不同栽培年限設(shè)施蔬菜土壤鹽分總量及各鹽分離子含量(g/kg)
2.2不同區(qū)域菜田土壤鹽分及離子組成狀況
表11 菜田不同栽培方式下不同地區(qū)土壤鹽分總量及各鹽分離子含量(g/kg)
注(Note): GHW—溫室 Greenhouse with back wall; GH—大棚 Greenhouse without back wall. 同行數(shù)值后不同字母表示同一栽培方式下不同區(qū)域間差異顯著Values followed by different letters in a row are significantly different among different regions under the same land use pattern (P<0.05).
表12 菜田不同栽培方式下不同區(qū)域土壤各鹽分離子比例(%)
注(Note): GHW—溫室 Greenhouse with back wall; GH—大棚 Greenhouse without back wall.
3.1菜田土壤鹽分總量變化特征
3.2菜田土壤鹽分離子組成變化特征
3.3設(shè)施菜田土壤鹽分積累的年際變化特征
1) 溫室和大棚菜田與露地菜田相比,土壤鹽分總量平均高69.3%; 設(shè)施菜田土壤鹽分總量居于輕度鹽化水平的比例為38.2%,而露地菜田土壤普遍處于非鹽化水平。
致謝: 土壤樣品采取由國家大宗蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系各綜合試驗站站長負(fù)責(zé),其他崗位專家參與并給予了指導(dǎo),在此一并感謝。
[1]陳竹君, 高佳佳, 趙文艷, 等. 磷鉀肥施用對日光溫室土壤溶液離子組成的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報, 2011, 27(2): 261-266.
Chen Z J, Gao J J, Zhao W Y,etal. Effects of application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on ion compositions of soil solution in solar greenhouse[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2011, 27(2): 261-266.
[2]史靜, 張乃明, 包立. 我國設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)土壤質(zhì)量退化特征與調(diào)控研究進(jìn)展[J]. 中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報, 2013, 21(7): 787-794.
Shi J, Zhang N M, Bao L. Research progress on soil degradation and regulation of facility agriculture in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture, 2013, 21(7): 787-794.
[3]Shi W M, Yao J, Yan F. Vegetable cultivation under greenhouse conditions leads to rapid accumulation of nutrients, acidification and salinity of soils and groundwater contaminations in South-eastern China[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2009, 83: 73-84.
[4]Guo J H, Liu X J, Zhang Y,etal. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J]. Science, 2010, 327(5968): 1008-1010.
[5]Kitamura Y, Yano T, Honna T,etal. Causes of farmland salinization and remedial measures in the Aral Sea basin: Research on water management to prevent secondary salinization in rice-based cropping system in arid land[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 85(1/2): 1-14.
[6]吳忠紅, 劉鳳蘭. 設(shè)施土壤養(yǎng)分和鹽分積累狀況研究[J]. 中國農(nóng)學(xué)通報, 2007, 23(4): 237-240.
Wu Z H, Liu F L. Accumulation of soluble salt and nutrients in greenhouse soils in Shanxi Province[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2007, 23(4): 237-240.
[7]姚春霞, 陳振樓, 許世遠(yuǎn). 上海市郊旱作農(nóng)田土壤養(yǎng)分資源狀況[J]. 水土保持學(xué)報, 2007, 21(1): 131-134.
Yao C X, Chen Z L, Xu S Y. Nutrient content of farmland soil in Shanghai suburb[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 21(1): 131-134.
[8]余海英, 李廷軒, 周健民. 設(shè)施土壤鹽分的積累、 遷移及離子組成變化特征[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報, 2007, 13(4): 642-650.
Yu H Y, Li T X, Zhou J M. Salt accumulation, translocation and ion composition in greenhouse soil profiles[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(4): 642-650.
[9]楊業(yè)鳳, 徐陽春, 姚政, 等. 上海市浦東新區(qū)設(shè)施菜地土壤鹽分變化規(guī)律研究[J]. 土壤, 2009, 41(6): 1009-1013.
Yang Y F, Xu Y C, Yao Z,etal. Salinity characteristics of greenhouse vegetable soils in Shanghai Pudong new area[J]. Soils, 2009, 41(6): 1009-1013.
[10]艾天成, 武美燕, 胡學(xué)玉. 武漢市郊設(shè)施栽培土壤鹽分積累特征[J]. 長江流域資源與環(huán)境, 2010, 19(10): 1226-1230.
Ai T C, Wu M Y, Hu X Y. Characteristic of salt accumulation in greenhouse soil of Wuhan suburb[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2010, 19(10): 1226-1230.
[11]Shi Y C, Hu Z Y, Haneklaus S,etal. Suitability of soil electrical conductivity as an indicator of soil nitrate status in relation to vegetable cultivation practices in the Yangtze River Delta of China[J]. Landbauforschung-vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research, 2009, 59: 151-158.
[12]陳碧華, 楊和連, 李亞靈, 等. 不同種植年限大棚菜田土壤水溶性鹽分的變化特征[J]. 水土保持學(xué)報, 2012, 26(1): 241-245.
Chen B H, Yang H L, Li Y L,etal. Variation characteristics of soil water-soluble salts of large plastic house vegetable field for different cultivating years[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(1): 241-245.
[13]黃紹文, 王玉軍, 金繼運, 等. 我國主要菜區(qū)土壤鹽分、 酸堿性和肥力狀況[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)肥料學(xué)報, 2011, 17(4): 906-918.
Huang S W,Wang Y J, Jin J Y,etal. Status of salinity,pH and nutrients in soils in main vegetable production regions in China[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011, 17(4): 906-918.
[14]張金錦,段增強(qiáng). 設(shè)施菜地土壤次生鹽漬化的成因、 危害及其分類與分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 土壤, 2011, 43(3): 361-366.
Zhang J J, Duan Z Q. Preliminary study on classification and grading standards and causes and hazards of secondary sanilization of facility vegetable soils[J]. Soils, 2011, 43(3): 361-366.
[15]中國科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所. 土壤理化分析[M]. 上海: 上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社, 1978. 142-233.
Institute of Soil Science, CAS. Analysis of soil physical and chemical characteristics[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1978. 142-233.
[16]土壤鹽漬化分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[OL][2015-01-06]. http: //www.tdzyw.com/2010/0803/2607.html.
The classification standard of soil salinization[OL][2015-01-06]. http: //www.tdzyw.com/2010/0803/2607.html.
[17]鮑士旦. 土壤農(nóng)化分析(第三版)[M]. 北京: 中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社, 2000. 188.
Bao S D. Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis (The third edition)[M]. Beijing, China Agriculture Press, 2002. 188.
[18]余海英, 李廷軒. 遼寧設(shè)施栽培土壤鹽分積累變化規(guī)律研究[J]. 水土保持學(xué)報, 2005, 19(4): 80-83.
Yu H Y, Li T X. Evolution of salt accumulation in greenhouse soil in Liaoning province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2005, 19(4): 80-83.
[19]張乃明, 常曉冰, 秦太峰. 設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)土壤特性與改良[M]. 北京: 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社, 2008.
Zhang N M, Chang X B, Qing T F. Soil properties and improvement of greenhouse soil[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2008.
[20]Chen Q, Zhang X S, Zhang H Y,etal. Evaluation of current fertilizer practice and soil fertilizer in vegetable production in the Beijing region[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2004, 69: 51-58.
[21]Zhang Y G., Jiang Y, Liang W J. Accumulation of soil soluble salt in greenhouse vegetable under heavy application of fertilizers[J]. Agricultural Journal, 2006, 1(3): 123-127.
[22]Ju X T, Kou C L, Christie P,etal. Changes in the soil environment from excessive application of fertilizers and manures to two contrasting intensive cropping systems on the North China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2007, 145: 497-506.
[23]余海英, 李廷軒, 張錫洲. 溫室栽培系統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)分平衡及土壤養(yǎng)分變化特征[J]. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2010, 43(3): 514-522.
Yu H Y, Li T X, Zhang X Z. Budget and soil nutrient status in greenhouse system[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010, 43(3): 514-522.
[24]Huang S W, Jin J Y. Status of heavy metals in agricultural soils as affected by different patterns of land use[J]. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 2008, 139: 317-327.
[25]劉兆輝, 江麗華, 張文君, 等. 氮、 磷、 鉀在設(shè)施蔬菜土壤剖面中的分布及移動研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報, 2006, 25(增刊): 537-542.
Liu Z H, Jiang L H, Zhang W J,etal. N, P, K distributions and movement in soils for greenhouse and outdoor field[J]. Journal of Agro-Environmental Science, 2006, 25(Supl.): 537-542.
[26]高偉, 朱靜華, 高寶巖, 等. 天津市設(shè)施蔬菜不同種植年限土壤及地下水養(yǎng)分特征[J]. 華北農(nóng)學(xué)報, 2010, 25(2): 206-211.
Gao W, Zhu J H, Gao B Y,etal. Characteristic of soil and groundwater nutrient in different age greenhouse vegetable cultivation in Tianjin[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2010, 25(2): 206-211.
[27]郭文忠, 劉聲鋒, 李丁仁, 等. 設(shè)施蔬菜土壤次生鹽漬化發(fā)生機(jī)理的研究現(xiàn)狀與展望[J]. 土壤, 2004, 36(1): 25-29.
Guo W Z, Liu S F, Li D R,etal. Mechanism of soil salinization in protected cultivation[J]. Soils, 2004, 36(1): 25-29.
[28]Wang Z H, Li S X. Effects of N forms and rates on vegetable growth and nitrate accumulation[J]. Pedosphere, 2003, 13(4): 309-316.
[29]Malhi S J, Nyborg M, Harapiak J T. Effects of long-term N fertilizer induced acidification and liming on micronutrients in soil and in bromegrass hay[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 1998, 48: 91-101.
[30]Wang H Y, Zhou J M, Chen X Q,etal. Interaction of NPK fertilizers during their transformation in soils: 1. Dynamic change of soil pH[J]. Pedosphere, 2003, 13(3): 257-262.
[31]周鑫鑫, 沈根祥, 錢曉雍, 等. 不同種植模式下設(shè)施菜地土壤鹽分的積累特征[J]. 江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2013, 41(2): 343-345.
Zhou X X, Shen G X, Qian X Y,etal. Characteristic of salt accumulation in greenhouse soil under different planting patterns[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 41(2): 343-345.
[32]曾希柏, 白玲玉, 蘇世鳴, 等. 山東壽光不同種植年限設(shè)施土壤的酸化與鹽漬化[J]. 生態(tài)學(xué)報, 2010, 30(7): 1853-1859.
Zeng X B, Bai L Y, Su S M,etal. Acidification and salinization in greenhouse soil of different cultivating years from Shouguang City, Shandong[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(7): 1853-1859.
Total salt content and ion composition in tillage layer of soils in the main vegetable production regions of China
HUANG Shao-wen1, GAO Wei2, TANG Ji-wei1*, LI Chun-hua1
(1KeyLaboratoryofPlantNutritionandFertilizer,MinistryofAgriculture/InstituteofAgriculturalResourcesandRegionalPlanning,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081,China; 2TianjinInstituteofAgriculturalResourcesandEnvironment,Tianjin300192,China)
main vegetable production regions; land use patterns; soil total salt; salt ion composition
2015-01-07接受日期: 2015-03-24網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期: 2015-12-08
現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(CARS-25-C-11); 國家重點研發(fā)計劃項目(2016YFD0201000); 公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(201203095)資助。
黃紹文(1964—), 男, 湖南桃源人, 博士, 研究員, 博士生導(dǎo)師, 主要從事蔬菜營養(yǎng)與高效安全施肥研究。
Tel: 010-82108662, E-mail: huangshaowen@caas.cn。高偉與第一作者同等貢獻(xiàn) E-mail: vivigao2002@163.com
Tel: 010-82108662, E-mail: tang-jiwei@163.com
S606+.1; S155.4+1
A
1008-505X(2016)04-0965-13