李繼福, 薛欣欣, 李小坤, 任 濤, 鄒家龍, 陳華東,
叢日環(huán)1, 周 鸝1, 魯劍巍1*
(1華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,農(nóng)業(yè)部長(zhǎng)江中下游耕地保育重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖北武漢 430070;2湖北省荊州市荊州區(qū)土壤肥料工作站,湖北荊州 434020; 3湖北省荊州市荊州區(qū)川店鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)技中心,湖北荊州 434020)
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水稻-油菜輪作模式下秸稈還田替代鉀肥的效應(yīng)
李繼福1, 薛欣欣1, 李小坤1, 任 濤1, 鄒家龍2, 陳華東3,
叢日環(huán)1, 周 鸝1, 魯劍巍1*
(1華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,農(nóng)業(yè)部長(zhǎng)江中下游耕地保育重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖北武漢 430070;2湖北省荊州市荊州區(qū)土壤肥料工作站,湖北荊州 434020; 3湖北省荊州市荊州區(qū)川店鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)技中心,湖北荊州 434020)
水稻-油菜輪作; 還田秸稈; 鉀肥; 鉀肥利用效率; 養(yǎng)分替代
nutrient substitution
1.1試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)概況
試驗(yàn)區(qū)位于湖北省荊州市荊州區(qū)川店鎮(zhèn)(N 30°33′25″,E 112°4′53″,海拔80 m),為江漢平原河流沖積物發(fā)育的水稻土。試驗(yàn)前耕層(0—20 cm)土壤基本性質(zhì)為: pH 5.97、有機(jī)質(zhì) 26.9 g/kg、全氮 0.61 g/kg、速效磷 8.1 mg/kg、速效鉀 164.8 mg/kg和緩效鉀405.4 mg/kg。根據(jù)湖北省第二次土壤普查制定的速效鉀分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本田塊屬于高鉀供應(yīng)能力土壤(1級(jí)水平)。土壤質(zhì)地分級(jí)(采用美國(guó)制)為: 粉粒 61.0%、粘粒 35.5%和砂粒 3.5%,屬于粉質(zhì)粘壤土。
1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
田間定位試驗(yàn)于2011年水稻季開(kāi)始,采用一年兩熟的中稻-冬油菜輪作模式,共設(shè)7個(gè)處理,分別為: 1)CK(-K); 2)+K; 3)+S; 4)S+1/4K; 5)S+1/2K; 6)S+3/4K; 7)S+K,小區(qū)面積20 m2,3次重復(fù),隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列。小區(qū)間用寬30 cm、高30 cm的土埂隔開(kāi),上覆蓋薄膜,防止竄水竄肥。同時(shí)整個(gè)試驗(yàn)區(qū)外圍用土埂圍起,與保護(hù)行隔離,有獨(dú)立的灌/排水溝,防止保護(hù)區(qū)肥水竄進(jìn)試驗(yàn)各小區(qū)。其中K和S分別表示鉀肥和還田秸稈,處理4至處理7代表秸稈還田條件下的不同鉀肥用量。根據(jù)該地區(qū)長(zhǎng)期肥效試驗(yàn)確定每季水稻和冬油菜的N、P2O5用量為180和60 kg/hm2,以保證氮磷正常供應(yīng); 鉀肥(K2O)最高用量為該地區(qū)推薦用量90 kg/hm2[11-12],冬油菜季硼砂用量為15 kg/hm2。氮肥用尿素(含N 46%),磷肥用過(guò)磷酸鈣(含P2O512%),鉀肥用氯化鉀(含K2O 60%),硼肥用硼砂(含B 12%)。水稻季氮肥分3次施用,基肥 ∶蘗肥 ∶穗肥=2 ∶1 ∶1,磷、鉀肥在水稻移栽前一次性基施; 冬油菜季氮肥分3次施用,基肥 ∶越冬肥 ∶蕾薹肥=3 ∶1 ∶1,磷、鉀和硼肥一次性基施。
表1 20112014年各處理秸稈鉀和化肥鉀投入量(秸稈鉀/鉀肥,K2O kg/hm2)
注(Note): K和S分別表示鉀肥和還田秸稈K and S mean potassium fertilizer and straw returning to field, respectively.
1.3樣品采集與測(cè)定
基礎(chǔ)土樣于2011年冬油菜收獲后采集,以整個(gè)試驗(yàn)田塊為采樣單元,在試驗(yàn)田塊內(nèi)均勻布點(diǎn)30個(gè),取0—20 cm耕層土壤,揀出雜草和碎石,按照“四分法”取1 kg帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室于陰涼、通風(fēng)處風(fēng)干并用木槌磨細(xì)過(guò)0.85 mm篩,置于干燥處保存。每季作物收獲后,采集各小區(qū)耕層土壤,處理同上述過(guò)程,土壤基本理化性質(zhì)按常規(guī)方法測(cè)定[13]。
水稻和冬油菜收獲前1天每個(gè)小區(qū)選擇有代表性的植株6株,風(fēng)干。水稻分為稻草和稻谷兩部分; 冬油菜分為莖稈、角殼和籽粒3部分并稱重,用以測(cè)定鉀含量和估算單位面積秸稈生物量。各小區(qū)單打、單收,測(cè)得實(shí)產(chǎn)。植物樣品在60℃烘箱中烘24 h,磨碎,用濃H2SO4-H2O2消解,火焰光度法測(cè)定鉀含量。
1.4數(shù)據(jù)處理
文中涉及的計(jì)算公式如下[9,12]:
還田秸稈鉀素用量(total K2O returning to filed,TKR, kg/hm2)=還田秸稈鉀含量×還田秸稈干物質(zhì)量×1.2
地上部吸鉀量(total K2O accumulation, TKA, kg/hm2)=作物地上部干物質(zhì)量×植株鉀含量×1.2
鉀肥吸收利用率(K fertilizer recovery efficiency, KfRE,%)=施鉀肥地上部吸鉀增量/鉀肥用量×100
鉀肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率(K fertilizer agronomic efficiency,KfAE, kg/kg)=施鉀肥增產(chǎn)量/鉀肥用量
鉀素吸收利用率(K recovery efficiency, KRE,%)=(S+K處理吸鉀量-CK處理吸鉀量)/(秸稈鉀素用量+鉀肥用量)×100
鉀素農(nóng)學(xué)利用率(K agronomic efficiency,KAE, kg/kg)=(S+K處理產(chǎn)量-CK處理產(chǎn)量)/(秸稈鉀素用量+鉀肥用量)。
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用MS Excel 2010和SAS.V8計(jì)算處理,LSD法檢驗(yàn)P<0.05水平上的差異顯著性。
2.1秸稈還田配施鉀肥對(duì)水稻-冬油菜產(chǎn)量和地上部鉀素累積的影響
由圖1可知,不施鉀(-K)時(shí),水稻和冬油菜的3年平均產(chǎn)量分別為9141和1969 kg/hm2。第一年進(jìn)行秸稈還田或者施用鉀肥,水稻均沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出明顯的增產(chǎn)效果,而經(jīng)過(guò)二個(gè)輪作周期后,則表現(xiàn)出顯著的增產(chǎn)效果。對(duì)于后茬作物冬油菜,秸稈還田和施鉀處理,冬油菜在第一個(gè)輪作周期均表現(xiàn)出增產(chǎn)效果。與不施鉀處理(-K)相比,施鉀處理(+K)的水稻和冬油菜年均增產(chǎn)量分別為865和148 kg/hm2,平均增幅分別為9.5%和8.1%。這表明在高鉀土壤上長(zhǎng)期施用鉀肥依然有較大的增產(chǎn)效果; 而秸稈還田(+S)與施鉀肥(+K)相比,冬油菜增產(chǎn)率較高,而水稻增產(chǎn)率較低。秸稈還田配施鉀肥處理(S+K)的水稻和冬油菜產(chǎn)量均最高,年均分別達(dá)到10313和2169 kg/hm2,分別比不施鉀處理(-K),增產(chǎn)12.8%和19.1%。另外發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著試驗(yàn)?zāi)晗薜脑黾樱斩掃€田和鉀肥施用的增產(chǎn)效果有逐漸提高的趨勢(shì)。
同樣,不施鉀(-K)時(shí),水稻和冬油菜地上部鉀素吸收量三年平均值分別為178.2和108.5 kg/hm2(圖2),另外,各處理稻草的鉀素累積量也遠(yuǎn)高于冬油菜秸稈的鉀素累積量。與不施鉀處理(-K)相比,施用鉀肥(+K)后,水稻和冬油菜地上部鉀素年均吸收量分別增加了32.3和40.3 kg/hm2,增幅可達(dá)18.1%和37.2%; 兩種作物的+S處理和+K處理的鉀素吸收總量年份間差異不顯著。S+K處理水稻和冬油菜地上部鉀素吸收量最高,且與-K處理相比,依然是冬油菜季的鉀素累積增幅高于水稻季。
圖2 20112014年秸稈還田配施鉀肥作物地上部鉀素吸收量動(dòng)態(tài)變化Fig.2 Effects of the straw incorporation and K fertilizer on dynamic changes of crop K2O uptake in 2011-2014
2.2秸稈還田配施鉀肥對(duì)鉀肥(鉀素)利用率的影響
由圖3可知,秸稈不還田時(shí),水稻和冬油菜三年平均鉀肥吸收利用率分別為35.5%和44.8%,表明在當(dāng)前鉀肥用量條件下,冬油菜的鉀肥吸收利用率高于水稻。從多年均值看,秸稈還田對(duì)兩季作物的鉀肥吸收利用率沒(méi)有顯著影響。相比鉀肥吸收利用率,鉀素利用率均顯著降低。而秸稈不還田時(shí),水稻季和冬油菜季的三年平均鉀肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率分別為9.6和1.6 kg/kg。秸稈還田后,水稻季鉀肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率顯著降低,而冬油菜季則表現(xiàn)相反。與秸稈不還田時(shí)各作物的鉀肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率相比,水稻季的鉀素農(nóng)學(xué)利用率降至4.7 kg/kg,而冬油菜季鉀素農(nóng)學(xué)利用率則與鉀肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率持平。
圖3 秸稈還田配施鉀肥對(duì)三年平均鉀肥(素)利用率的影響Fig.3 Effects of the continuous straw incorporation and K-fertilizer on KfRE(KRE)and KfAE(KAE)for three years
2.3秸稈還田條件下鉀肥用量與增產(chǎn)率、地上部鉀素吸收增幅相關(guān)性分析
同樣,對(duì)水稻和冬油菜地上部鉀素吸收增幅與鉀肥用量進(jìn)行擬合得出各自最佳的函數(shù)關(guān)系分別為y= 0.2078x-0.3045(R2=0.963**)和y=-0.0038x2+0.7164x-0.3822(R2=0.994**)。由擬合方程可知(圖4)鉀素吸收增幅與產(chǎn)量增幅表現(xiàn)出相似的趨勢(shì),但方程斜率數(shù)值表明隨著鉀肥用量的增加,地上部鉀素吸收增幅顯著高于產(chǎn)量增幅,鉀素存在奢侈吸收的現(xiàn)象。
2.4秸稈還田條件下稻-油輪作鉀肥適宜用量
圖4結(jié)果顯示,秸稈還田條件下施用當(dāng)前推薦鉀肥用量,水稻仍然表現(xiàn)出一定的增產(chǎn)效果,不適合通過(guò)線性平臺(tái)或者肥效模型擬合得出最佳鉀肥用量[14]。因此,如圖5A所示,我們以+K處理的三年平均實(shí)際產(chǎn)量作為目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量推導(dǎo)秸稈還田條件下對(duì)應(yīng)產(chǎn)量的鉀肥用量??芍?dāng)目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量為10006 kg/hm2(1位點(diǎn))時(shí),鉀肥適宜用量為52.0 kg/hm2,比推薦鉀肥用量減少38 kg/hm2,減幅為42.2%。由圖4可知冬油菜產(chǎn)量增幅不會(huì)隨著鉀肥用量增加而提高。因此,根據(jù)鉀肥用量和實(shí)際產(chǎn)量,通過(guò)線性加平臺(tái)肥效模型擬合[14],得出冬油菜季的最佳鉀肥用量(圖5B)。當(dāng)秸稈還田且鉀肥用量為0 kg/hm2(1位點(diǎn))時(shí),冬油菜理論產(chǎn)量為1998 kg/hm2,略高于+K處理的產(chǎn)量; 當(dāng)鉀肥用量增加到拐點(diǎn)位置,即61.9 kg/hm2(2位點(diǎn))時(shí),理論經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量可達(dá)2270 kg/hm2,比+K處理增加301 kg/hm2,增幅可達(dá)15.3%。
圖4 20112014年連續(xù)秸稈還田條件下鉀肥用量與作物平均增產(chǎn)率、地上部吸鉀量增幅相關(guān)性Fig.4 Relationship between the yield increase rates, K uptakes and K fertilizer rates under the continuous straw incorporation condition in 2011-2014
圖5 連續(xù)秸稈還田條件下水稻-冬油菜三年平均適宜鉀肥用量Fig.5 The optimum rates of K fertilizer for rice-rapeseed rotation under continuous straw incorporation for three years
2.5秸稈還田配施鉀肥對(duì)土壤鉀素含量的影響
由秸稈還田配施鉀肥作物收獲后各處理耕層土壤速效鉀和緩效鉀含量的動(dòng)態(tài)變化(圖6)可知,不施鉀肥(-K)時(shí),耕層速效鉀和緩效鉀含量均呈現(xiàn)明顯降低的趨勢(shì),到2014年油菜(第6季作物)收獲時(shí),分別降至118.5 mg/kg和353.7 mg/kg。與初始值相比,+K處理和+S處理的速效鉀含量基本維持不變,但緩效鉀含量在2013年油菜(第4季作物)收獲后開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)下降的趨勢(shì)。而S+K處理的速效鉀含量表現(xiàn)出明顯的增加趨勢(shì),到第4季作物收獲時(shí)增加到213.1 mg/kg,之后雖有小幅下降但趨于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),并仍高于初始速效鉀含量; 而緩效鉀含量在第4季作物收獲時(shí)出現(xiàn)明顯的下降,之后也趨向平衡,但低于初始緩效鉀含量。
圖6 20112014年連續(xù)秸稈還田配施鉀肥對(duì)土壤鉀含量的影響Fig.6 Effects of continuous straw incorporation plus K fertilizer on soil K content in 2011-2014
3.1秸稈還田配施鉀肥對(duì)稻-油輪作產(chǎn)量的影響
前人研究表明,合理施用秸稈可以提高作物產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分吸收量[3,6]。通過(guò)對(duì)產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因子的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),作物產(chǎn)量增加的主要原因是秸稈還田顯著提高了水稻、小麥的有效穗數(shù)和穗粒數(shù)以及冬油菜單株角果數(shù)和每角粒數(shù)[6,15]。且在水旱輪作種植模式下,旱季作物(小麥、冬油菜)的增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)大于水稻[15]。整體而言,秸稈還田后水稻的增產(chǎn)率平均為5.2%[6]; 旱作秸稈還田后冬油菜和冬小麥的產(chǎn)量增幅平均分別為10.5%和12.4%,均高于稻田產(chǎn)量增幅[15-17]。本定位試驗(yàn)的產(chǎn)量結(jié)果也證實(shí),秸稈還田對(duì)冬油菜的增產(chǎn)效果好于水稻。Huang等對(duì)全國(guó)秸稈還田試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行整合分析,結(jié)果表明稻田秸稈還田的增產(chǎn)效果受到年均氣溫、土壤養(yǎng)分狀況、還田年限以及施肥等因素的影響[6]。本定位試驗(yàn)田塊屬于高產(chǎn)、高鉀土壤,由圖1可知,在第一年和第二年的水稻進(jìn)行秸稈還田及施用鉀肥均沒(méi)有明顯的增產(chǎn)效果,第三年的水稻才表現(xiàn)出增產(chǎn)效果; 而冬油菜經(jīng)過(guò)第一個(gè)輪作周期就表現(xiàn)出顯著的增產(chǎn)作用。這是由于,根據(jù)多年多點(diǎn)肥效試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,施用鉀肥對(duì)水稻和冬油菜產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)率分別為8.2%和11.5%,水稻和冬油菜對(duì)土壤鉀素的依存率分別為83.0%和75.2%[12,18]。因此,水稻吸收的鉀素主要來(lái)自土壤供給,而冬油菜增產(chǎn)更依賴于外源鉀肥(如肥料和秸稈等),故旱作補(bǔ)充外源鉀肥,作物產(chǎn)量增加更為明顯。
從三年作物產(chǎn)量的變化來(lái)看,水稻季施用鉀肥的增產(chǎn)效果要略優(yōu)于秸稈還田處理,而冬油菜季則正好相反。我們之前的多點(diǎn)田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果也表明水稻季施鉀肥增產(chǎn)效果優(yōu)于秸稈還田處理[9]。秸稈還田不僅是氮、磷、鉀等養(yǎng)分釋放的過(guò)程,也是秸稈自身腐解的過(guò)程[19-20]。水稻季田間高溫、多水,秸稈腐解速率快,養(yǎng)分容易流失[8],并會(huì)在局部產(chǎn)生較高濃度的酚類、有機(jī)酸等次生產(chǎn)物對(duì)根系造成一定的毒害作用[21],從而削弱秸稈還田的增產(chǎn)潛力。而冬油菜季秸稈腐解速率相對(duì)較慢,養(yǎng)分釋放周期長(zhǎng),秸稈腐解產(chǎn)生的毒害也相對(duì)較弱[22]。旱作秸稈腐解過(guò)程除了發(fā)生生物化學(xué)作用外,還有物理效應(yīng),如增強(qiáng)作物對(duì)逆境(低溫、干旱)的抵抗作用,緩解氣溫驟變對(duì)冬油菜生長(zhǎng)的負(fù)面影響,有利于秸稈還田正效應(yīng)的發(fā)揮[23]。
3.2秸稈還田配施鉀肥對(duì)稻-油輪作鉀肥利用率的影響
3.3秸稈還田下稻-油輪作鉀肥適宜用量
1)三年田間定位試驗(yàn)表明,在施用氮、磷肥基礎(chǔ)上,經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)輪作周期后施用鉀肥和秸稈還田具有明顯的增產(chǎn)效果,以秸稈還田配施鉀肥效果最好,冬油菜上的試驗(yàn)效果最為明顯。
2)在當(dāng)前推薦鉀肥用量(90 kg/hm2)條件下,秸稈還田對(duì)水稻和冬油菜三年平均的鉀肥吸收利用率沒(méi)有顯著影響,但顯著提高了冬油菜季的鉀肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率。秸稈還田配施鉀肥后的鉀素利用率和鉀素農(nóng)學(xué)利用率均有所降低。
3)通過(guò)肥效模型得出,在連續(xù)秸稈還田條件下,水稻季平均適宜鉀肥用量為52.0 kg/hm2,比推薦用量減少42.2%,并可以達(dá)到施鉀的產(chǎn)量水平; 冬油菜季平均適宜鉀肥用量為61.9 kg/hm2,比推薦用量減少31.2%,同時(shí)比施鉀獲得更高的產(chǎn)量水平。
4)長(zhǎng)期秸稈還田配施鉀肥可以有效緩解水旱輪作體系土壤鉀素虧缺狀態(tài)并顯著提高土壤速效鉀含量以及促進(jìn)非交換性鉀向交換態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)化并維持新的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。
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Substituting effect of crop residues for potassium fertilizer in rice-rapeseed rotation system
LI Ji-fu1, XUE Xin-xin1, LI Xiao-kun1, REN Tao1, ZOU Jia-long2, CHEN Hua-dong3, CONG Ri-huan1, Zhou Li1, LU Jian-wei1*
(1ResourcesandEnvironmentCollege,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity/KeyLaboratoryofArableLandConservationinMiddleandLowerReachesofYangtzeRiver,MinistryofAgriculture,Wuhan430070,China;2SoilandFertilizerStationofJinzhouDistrictofJingzhouCity,Jingzhou,Hubei434020,China; 3ChuandianTownAgriculturalTechnologyExtensionandServiceCenter,Jingzhou,Hubei434020,China)
【Objectives】In order to provide a scientific basis for crop residue management and potassium(K)fertilization, effects of straw returning to field and recommended K fertilizer rate on yields of rice and winter oilseed rape, potassium accumulation amounts of shoots, K use efficiencies, and soil K contents in rice-rapeseed system were studied.【Methods】A long-term(2011-2014)field experiment was carried out in a selected high K level soil in Jianghan plain. There were seven treatments with three replications,1)CK(-K); 2)+K; 3)+S; 4)S+1/4K; 5)S+1/2K; 6)S+3/4K, and 7)S+K, where K and S denoted K fertilizer and crop residues, respectively. The K2O application amount was 90 kg/hm2. 【Results】 1)The application of K fertilizer and straw returning to field could increase the crop yields and K uptakes of shoots at varying degrees for the six growth seasons. Compared with the CK treatment(-K), the straw incorporation with the K fertilizer treatment(S+K)has the best effect, and the yield increased rates are 12.8% and 19.1% for rice and rapeseed and the K uptake increase rates are 35.7% and 79.3%, respectively. 2)The straw returning to field has no significant impacts on the KfREs(K fertilizer recovery efficiency)of rice and winter oilseed rape, but observably decreases the KREs(K recovery efficiency)under the recommended K fertilizer rate. Meanwhile, the straw returning to field also decreases the KfAE(K fertilizer agronomic efficiency)of rice, but enhances the KfAE of winter oilseed rape. The KAE(K agronomic efficiency of straw K with chemical K)of rice is reduced, but that of winter oilseed rape is equivalent compared with the KfAE without the straw incorporation. 3)The correlation analysis among the yield increase rates, K accumulation amounts and K-fertilizer amounts indicates that the recommended rates of K fertilizer are higher than the actual demand for rice and rape growth in consideration of the continuous straw returning to field. Using the fertilizer efficiency model and considering the straw returning to field and nutrient balance, the optimum annual average amounts of K fertilizer(K2O)are 52.0 and 61.9 kg/hm2for rice and winter oilseed rape, which are 42.2% and 31.2% less than the recommended amounts in this region.【Conclusions】 Under the high soil K level condition, we conclude that the straw returning to field can not only replace partial chemical potassium and get higher yield, but also improve soil available K, maintain the nutrient balance of soil system and assure the virtuous circle of straw potassium resources in rice-rapeseed rotation system.
rice-rapeseed rotation; crop residue; potassium fertilizer; potassium fertilizer efficiency;
2014-11-17接受日期: 2015-01-12網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期: 2015-10-10
湖北省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目 (2013CFB203); 公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(201203013); 國(guó)家油菜產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(CARS-13); 中央高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)(2012BQ059)資助。
李繼福(1987—),男,河南新鄉(xiāng)人,博士研究生,從事土壤肥力與作物養(yǎng)分管理研究。E-mail: jifuli@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn; Tel: 027-87288589
S143.3; S365
A
1008-505X(2016)02-0317-09