杜會英, 馮 潔, 張克強, 王 風, 郭海剛
(農(nóng)業(yè)部環(huán)境保護科研監(jiān)測所,天津 300191)
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牛場肥水灌溉對冬小麥產(chǎn)量與氮利用效率及土壤硝態(tài)氮的影響
杜會英, 馮 潔, 張克強*, 王 風, 郭海剛
(農(nóng)業(yè)部環(huán)境保護科研監(jiān)測所,天津 300191)
牛場肥水; 灌溉; 冬小麥; 產(chǎn)量; 氮利用效率; 土壤硝態(tài)氮積累
隨著集約化飼養(yǎng)程度的不斷提高,畜禽養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)生大量糞污,根據(jù)“全國第一次污染源普查公報”數(shù)據(jù),我國畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)糞便年產(chǎn)量為2.43億噸,尿液等廢水產(chǎn)生量1.63億噸[1]。然而養(yǎng)殖糞污處理和利用率極低,已成為影響我國環(huán)境質(zhì)量的重要污染源之一,同時造成養(yǎng)分資源的極大浪費。作為一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國,我國農(nóng)業(yè)年用水量達到全年總用水量的60%以上[2],水資源貧乏及地域分布不均勻造成我國嚴重的農(nóng)業(yè)用水危機,華北平原地區(qū)水資源短缺問題在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中尤為突出,農(nóng)灌區(qū)地下水嚴重超采,導致地下水位下降等諸多生態(tài)環(huán)境問題[3]。將處理后的養(yǎng)殖肥水作為水、氮資源進行農(nóng)田灌溉,是減輕養(yǎng)殖肥水中氮污染水體的重要途徑,也是緩解農(nóng)業(yè)水資源短缺的重要措施之一。
1.1試驗點概況
1.2試驗設計
試驗共設5個處理,每個處理3次重復,分別為: 不施肥、小麥各生育期進行清水灌溉(CK); 在冬小麥生育期內(nèi)進行2次牛場肥水灌溉(越冬期和灌漿期,肥水灌溉帶入氮量為160kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T1); 在冬小麥生育期內(nèi)進行3次牛場肥水灌溉(越冬期、拔節(jié)期、灌漿期,肥水灌溉帶入氮量為240kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T2); 在冬小麥生育期進行4次牛場肥水灌溉(越冬期、拔節(jié)期、抽穗期和灌漿期,肥水灌溉帶入氮量為320kg/hm2),不進行清水灌溉(T3); 農(nóng)民習慣施肥,冬小麥播種時,N、P2O5和K2O施入量分別為56kg/hm2、79kg/hm2和23kg/hm2、冬小麥拔節(jié)期追純氮量為276kg/hm2,全生育期氮投入量為332kg/hm2,各生育期清水灌溉(CF)。各處理在小麥收獲后進行取樣分析。試驗小區(qū)面積60m2(長15m×寬4m)。所有處理灌水定額均為830m3/hm2,灌溉方式為漫灌,灌水量利用超聲波流量計計量,灌溉誤差1%以內(nèi)。冬小麥全生育期灌水4次。供試冬小麥品種為濟麥22。
1.3樣品采集與分析
冬小麥收獲時每個小區(qū)采收2m2的小麥樣品,風干后脫粒,分籽粒和秸稈兩部分稱量其干重,將采集的小麥籽粒、秸稈樣品烘干、粉碎、混勻,然后用濃H2SO4-H2O2消解,采用流動注射分析儀(FIA-6000+)測定籽粒和秸稈的氮含量。
1.4計算方法
植株氮積累量(kg/hm2)=(籽粒干量×籽粒含氮量)+(秸稈干量×秸稈含氮量);
氮表觀利用率(%)=(施氮區(qū)地上部氮積累量-不施氮區(qū)地上部氮積累量)/氮肥投入量×100;
氮農(nóng)學效率(kg/kg)=(施氮肥區(qū)產(chǎn)量一不施氮肥區(qū)產(chǎn)量)/施氮量;
土壤硝態(tài)氮殘留量(kg/hm2)= 土層厚度×土壤容重×硝態(tài)氮濃度;
1.5統(tǒng)計方法:
試驗數(shù)據(jù)用SAS和Excel軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。
2.1牛場肥水灌溉的產(chǎn)量效應
表1 不同肥水N帶入量下冬小麥的產(chǎn)量 (kg/hm2)
注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)不同字母表示差異達5% 顯著水平Valuesfollowedbydifferentlettersinthesamecolumnmeansignificantdifferenceat5%level.
2.2肥水灌溉對冬小麥氮吸收的影響
圖1 20112013年不同肥水灌溉次數(shù)下冬小麥植株的氮積累Fig.1 Plant N accumulation of winter wheat under different effluent irrigation frequency in 2011-2013
吸收[16-18],隨著肥水灌溉年限的增加,肥水促進植株氮吸收的效果增加,對比不同年限間植株氮吸收量,2012年冬小麥產(chǎn)量整體較2011和2013年低,植株氮吸收量也較低。在肥水灌溉的三個處理中,2011年和2012年肥水灌溉的三個處理之間差異不顯著,2013年T2和T3處理植株氮吸收量顯著高于T1處理。
2.3肥水灌溉對冬小麥氮利用的影響
由表2可以看出,冬小麥肥水氮表觀利用率和農(nóng)學效率均隨肥水灌溉帶入氮量的增加而降低,且隨著肥水灌溉年限的增加而增加,三年氮表觀利用率和氮農(nóng)學利用率均以T1最高,三年平均分別為48.57%和37.15kg/kg,2011年和2013年T1處理顯著高于T3和農(nóng)民習慣施肥處理,2012年T1與T3和習慣施肥處理差異不顯著。張福鎖等[19]報道小麥平均施氮量169.0kg/hm2,氮表觀利用率和農(nóng)學效率分別為28.20%和8kg/kg,李瑞奇等[20]研究表明,小麥生產(chǎn)中施氮240kg/hm2可以獲得較理想的氮素利用效率,本研究與此一致。
2.4牛場肥水灌溉對土壤硝態(tài)氮積累的影響
表2 灌溉肥水中氮的利用效率
注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示差異達5% 顯著水平Valuesfollowedbydifferentlettersinthesamecolumnmeansignificantdifferenceat5%level.
圖2 牛場肥水灌溉對冬小麥收獲后土壤硝態(tài)氮的影響Fig.2 Effects of dairy effluents irrigation on soil -N after the harvest time of winter wheat
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Effectsofdairyeffluentsirrigationonyieldandnitrogenuseefficiencyofwinterwheatandsoilnitratenitrogen
DUHui-ying,FENGJie,ZHANGKe-qiang*,WANGFeng,GUOHai-gang
(Institute of Agro-environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Tianjin 300191, China)
【Objectives】Studyontheeffectsofdairyeffluentsongrainyield,nitrogenuseefficiencyandsoilnitratecontentswillprovidetheoreticalbasisfortheassessmentoflivestockeffluentsirrigationonfarmland,soastodecreasetheriskofnitrogenlosefromlivestockeffluents.【Methods】AfieldexperimentusingdairyeffluentsforirrigationinwinterwheatwasconductedsuccessivelyforthreeyearsintheplainofNorthChina.Thestudyincludedfivetreatmentswiththreereplications:Nofertilizerandirrigatedwithfreshwater(CK);twoirrigationwithdairyeffluentsinwinteringandfillingstages,twofreshwaterirrigation,thetotalnitrogenbroughtwitheffluentswas160kg/hm2(T1);threeirrigationwithdairyeffluentsinwintering,jointingandfillingstages,onefreshwaterirrigationinheadingstage,thetotalnitrogenbroughtwitheffluentswas240kg/hm2(T2);fourirrigationwithdairyeffluentsinwintering,jointing,headingandfillingstages,withtotalnitrogenbroughtwitheffluentsof320kg/hm2(T3);andfarmercustomizedfertilization,inorganiccompoundfertilizerwith375kg/hm2afterplanting,and600kg/hm2ureaapplicationatthewheatjointingstageandfreshwaterirrigationinwheatgrowingseason(CF).Thetotalirrigationquotawas830m3/hm2,andtheirrigationquantitywascontrolledbywaterUltrasonicflowmeters.Thesoilnitritenitrogencontentandwinterwheatyieldwereinvestigatedatharvest. 【Results】 1)Thedairyeffluentsirrigationsignificantlyincreasedtheyieldofwinterwheatwhichwasfluctuatedwiththeinputofnitrogenfromtheeffluents,thehighestyieldwasobtainedinthethreedairyeffluentsirrigationswiththeNinputof240kg/hm2. 2)ThenitrogenaccumulationinplantsandgrainsofwheatirrigatedwitheffluentswassignificantlyhigherthanthoseoftheCK.In2011and2012,therewerenosignificantdifferencesinthenitrogenaccumulationsinplantsamongthetreatments,in2013,however,thoseinT2andT3weresignificantlyhigherthaninT1andCF. 3)Withtheincreasingofnitrogenbroughtbydairyeffluents,thenitrogenrecoveryefficiencyandnitrogenagronomicefficiencyweredecreased,withtheaveragevaluesof48.57%and37.15kg/kginT1,respectively. 4)Aftertheharvestofwinterwheat,thesoilnitratenitrogenaccumulationin0-100cmlayerwasincreasedwiththeincreasingofnitrogenamountofdairyeffluents.The0-100cmlayerofsoilnitratenitrogenaccumulationintheT3wassignificantlyhigherthanthoseinT1andT2.【Conclusions】Dairyeffluentsirrigationsignificantlyincreasesthegrainyieldofwinterwheat.Withtheincreaseofnitrogenamountfromdairyeffluents,thenitrogenrecoveryefficiencyandnitrogenagronomicefficiencyofdairyeffluentsaredecreased.Thenitratenitrogenaccumulationin0-100cmsoillayerissignificantlyenhancedwith320kg/hm2ofnitrogenbroughtwiththefourirrigationofdairyeffluents.Thisresultindicatesthatmostofnitrogenisnotutilizedbywinterwheat,mightleachedintodeepsoil.Undertheexperimentconditions,consideringcomprehensively,thepropernitrogenamountbroughtwithdairyeffluentinwinterwheatwas160-240kg/hm2.
dairyeffluents;irrigation;winterwheat;grainyield;nitrogenuseefficiency;soilnitratenitrogen
2014-07-28接受日期: 2015-01-16網(wǎng)絡出版日期: 2015-07-06
國家科技支撐計劃(2012BAD15B02)資助。
杜會英(1977—),女,河北唐山人,副研究員,博士,從事養(yǎng)殖廢棄物面源污染控制和農(nóng)田安全利用方面研究。
E-mail:duhuiying2008@163.com。*通信作者E-mail:kqzhang68@126.com
S143.1
A
1008-505X(2016)02-0536-06