唐春男,陶志剛
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冠心病研究
吸煙對急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征患者血清脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2的影響及意義
唐春男,陶志剛
目的:探討吸煙急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征(ACS)患者血清脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2(LP-PLA2)的變化,進(jìn)一步闡明吸煙對該物質(zhì)的影響及與冠心病的關(guān)系。
方法:入選170例于2015-01至2015-12因胸痛在我院行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影患者,依據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)、冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果及吸煙史分為:(1)對照組(70例),包括吸煙對照亞組(31例)及非吸煙對照亞組(39例);(2)ACS組(100例),包括吸煙ACS亞組(50例)及非吸煙ACS亞組(50例)。檢測血清LP-PLA2、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平。
結(jié)果:吸煙對照亞組血清LP-PLA2水平高于非吸煙對照亞組(P=0.018),吸煙ACS亞組血清LP-PLA2水平高于非吸煙ACS亞組(P=0.027),ACS組血清LP-PLA2水平顯著高于對照組(P=0.000)。血清LP-PLA2水平與CRP呈正相關(guān)(r=0.724,P<0.01)。
結(jié)論:ACS患者血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平較無冠心病者明顯升高,提示二者可能直接參與了冠心病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,且吸煙者LP-PLA2水平更高,這可能是吸煙者更易罹患冠心病并加重病情進(jìn)展的原因之一。
急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征;吸煙;脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2
Abstract
Objective: To explore serum levels of lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 ( LP-PLA2) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who is smoking, to further clarify the impact of smoking on LP-PLA2 and the relationship with coronary artery disease (CAD).
Methods: A total of 170 patients who received coronary angiography (CAG) because of chest pain in our hospital from 2015-01 to 2015-12 were enrolled. According to CAG results and smoking history, the patients were divided into 2 groups:Control group, n=70 healthy subjects including 2 subgroups as Smoking control subgroup, n=31 and Non-smoking control subgroup, n=39; ACS group, n=100 patients including 2 subgroups as Smoking ACS and Non-smoking ACS subgroups, n=50 in each subgroup. Blood levels of LP-PLA2 and C-reactive protein (CRP) were detected and compared among different groups.
Results: Serum levels of LP-PLA2 in Smoking control subgroup was higher than Non-smoking control subgroup,P=0.018; LP-PLA2 level in Smoking ACS subgroup was higher than Non-smoking ACS subgroup, P=0.027; LP-PLA2 level in ACS group was higher than Control group, P=0.000. Serum levels of LP-PLA2 was positively related to CRP (r=0.724, P<0.01).
Conclusion: Blood levels of LP-PLA2 and CRP were increased in ACS patients suggesting both of them might be involved in CAD occurrence; LP-PLA2 level was even higher in smokers implying this is could be one of the reasons for smokers were more likely to suffer from CAD and aggravate CAD progress.
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2016, 31:636.)
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的本質(zhì)是炎癥,炎癥參與了粥樣斑塊的形成和進(jìn)展到最終破裂,是急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征(ACS)發(fā)生的重要機(jī)制[1]。吸煙是ACS重要的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其具體致病機(jī)理并不清楚,近年來,炎癥—氧化應(yīng)激及其對多種炎癥介質(zhì)表達(dá)的調(diào)節(jié)成為了研究熱點(diǎn)[2, 3]。脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2 (LP-PLA2)是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化特異的炎癥標(biāo)記物,通過炎癥反應(yīng)加速粥樣病變進(jìn)展,可預(yù)測不良心血管事件的發(fā)生[4]。諸多研究表明[2, 5, 6],吸煙可上調(diào)健康人及早期冠心病患者血LP-PLA2水平,但在ACS患者中吸煙對LP-PLA2水平的影響及關(guān)系國內(nèi)外尚少見報(bào)道。故本文檢測吸煙ACS患者和非吸煙ACS患者血清LPPLA2 、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平,旨在進(jìn)一步闡明吸煙對血清LP-PLA2等炎癥介質(zhì)的影響及與冠心?。ㄓ绕涫茿CS) 的關(guān)系。
1.1 研究對象
選取170例因胸痛于2015-01至2015-12在我院行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影的患者,依據(jù)中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)心血管病學(xué)分會(huì)相關(guān)指南[7, 8]、冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果及吸煙史分為:(1)對照組(冠狀動(dòng)脈完全正常,70例),包括吸煙對照亞組(31例)及非吸煙對照亞組(39例);(2)ACS組(冠狀動(dòng)脈造影證實(shí)至少一支主要冠狀動(dòng)脈分支管腔直徑狹窄≥50%,100例),包括吸煙ACS亞組(50例)及非吸煙ACS亞組(50例)。吸煙標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:吸煙年限≥10年,每日吸煙≥20支,且入院前半年仍在吸煙。入院前已服用他汀類藥物者為服藥。排除嚴(yán)重肝、腎、心功能不全者,各種急慢性感染性疾病,其他器質(zhì)性心臟病,既往腦梗死病史及周圍血管栓塞性疾病患者。
1.2 方法
觀察指標(biāo)的檢測:入組患者均于入院次日清晨造影前抽取空腹肘靜脈血3 ml,離心并收集血清,置于-80℃冰箱中保存,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法測定LPPLA2、免疫散射比濁法測定CRP。LP-PLA2試劑盒由天津康爾克生物科技有限公司提供,CRP試劑盒由德國西門子生物科技有限公司提供,同時(shí)由本院檢驗(yàn)科檢測常規(guī)生化指標(biāo)。
冠狀動(dòng)脈造影及冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)判定:由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的兩位心內(nèi)科介入組醫(yī)生完成。采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Judkins法,每一血管至少3個(gè)以上的多體位投照。以冠狀動(dòng)脈主要分支(左主干、左前降支、左回旋支、右冠狀動(dòng)脈)管腔直徑狹窄≥50%為陽性標(biāo)準(zhǔn),累及左前降支、左回旋支、右冠狀動(dòng)脈記單支,累及2支或左主干記雙支,3支或左主干加單支記三支。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s) 表示,兩組間均數(shù)比較用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料的顯著性檢驗(yàn)用χ2檢驗(yàn),變量間的相關(guān)性用Pearson相關(guān)分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 各組臨床資料比較(表1)
各組在年齡、性別、基礎(chǔ)疾病、血脂水平、冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)等方面比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),均衡可比。
表1 各組臨床資料比較(±s)
注: ACS:急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征;TC:總膽固醇; TG:甘油三酯;LDL-C:低密度脂蛋白膽固醇;HDL-C:高密度脂蛋白膽固醇; AMI:急性心肌梗死。-:無
對照組 ACS組非吸煙對照亞組(n=39)項(xiàng)目 吸煙對照亞組(n=31)吸煙ACS亞組(n=50)年齡 (歲) 60.74±6.39 59.71±9.61 61.68±8.53 60.16±10.18男性[ % (例)] 79.40 (31) 83.87 (26) 84.00 (42) 88.00 (44)高血壓[ % (例)] 48.72 (19) 38.71 (12) 44.00 (22) 42.00 (21)糖尿病[ % (例)] 23.07 (9) 22.58 (7) 26.00 (13) 24.00 (12)TC (mmol/L) 4.82±0.66 4.79±0.58 4.63±0.93 4.49±0.88 TG (mmol/L) 1.35±0.39 1.52±0.68 1.36±0.51 1.53±0.59 LDL-C (mmol/L) 3.05±0.71 2.88±0.82 3.03±0.89 2.81±0.93 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.23±0.23 1.21±0.29 1.16±0.32 1.15±0.29 AMI [ % (例)] - - 36.00 (18) 36.00 (18)服用他汀類藥[ % (例)] - - 42.00 (21) 40.00 (20)單支病變[ % (例)] - - 46.00 (23) 48.00 (24)雙支病變[ % (例)] - - 22.00 (11) 26.00 (13)三支病變[ % (例)] - - 32.00 (16) 26.00 (13)非吸煙ACS亞組(n=50)
2.2 各組檢測指標(biāo)水平比較(表2)
吸煙對照亞組血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平高于非吸煙對照亞組(P<0.05);吸煙ACS亞組血清LPPLA2水平高于非吸煙ACS亞組(P<0.05),CRP水平比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。吸煙ACS亞組血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平顯著高于吸煙對照亞組(P<0.01),非吸煙ACS亞組血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平顯著高于非吸煙對照亞組(P<0.01)。LP-PLA2與CRP呈正相關(guān)(r=0.724,P=0.000)。
表2 各亞組間檢測指標(biāo)結(jié)果(±s)
注:ACS:急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征;LP-PLA2:脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2;CRP:C反應(yīng)蛋白。與非吸煙對照亞組比較*P<0.05**P<0.01;與非吸煙ACS亞組比較△P<0.05; 與吸煙對照亞組比較▲P<0.01
組別 例數(shù) LP-PLA2 (ng/ml) CRP (μ g/ml)非吸煙對照亞組 39 101.04±24.01 4.06±2.02吸煙對照亞組 31 114.08±20.01* 5.79±3.29*非吸煙ACS亞組 50 126.72±38.68** 13.01±7.31**吸煙ACS亞組 50 143.58±35.74△▲ 13.59±7.76▲
2.3 急性心肌梗死患者與不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者檢測指標(biāo)比較(表3)
將ACS各亞組進(jìn)一步分為急性心肌梗死患者及不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)無論吸煙與否,急性心肌梗死患者血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平均高于不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者(P<0.01)。吸煙不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平均高于非吸煙不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者,吸煙急性心肌梗死患者血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平均高于非吸煙急性心肌梗死患者,但差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
表3 急性心肌梗死患者與不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者檢測指標(biāo)比較結(jié)果(±s)
表3 急性心肌梗死患者與不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者檢測指標(biāo)比較結(jié)果(±s)
注: LP-PLA2:脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2;CRP:C反應(yīng)蛋白。AMI:急性心肌梗死;UAP:不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛。與非吸煙UAP患者比較*P<0.01;與吸煙UAP患者比較△P<0.01
組別 例數(shù) LP-PLA2 (ng/ml) CRP (μ g/ml)非吸煙AMI患者 18 142.27±44.68* 17.64±7.53*非吸煙UAP患者 32 117.34±32.49 10.41±5.83吸煙AMI患者 18 164.16±36.53△ 18.74±7.71△吸煙UAP患者 32 132.04±29.35 10.61±6.04
ACS起病危急、病情危重,嚴(yán)重威脅患者生命健康,冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是主要病理基礎(chǔ),研究表明動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是一種慢性炎癥性疾?。?],任何誘發(fā)加重炎癥的危險(xiǎn)因素均可誘發(fā)ACS,吸煙加重氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥可能是其重要的致病機(jī)理,但仍需進(jìn)一步探究及闡明。
LP-PLA2屬磷脂酶超家族成員,主要由循環(huán)中成熟的巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞合成和分泌[10]。循環(huán)中的LP-PLA2 2/3與低密度脂蛋白(LDL)結(jié)合[11],LP-PLA2降解氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)表面的氧化磷脂二位(sn-2)?;ユI生成兩種強(qiáng)促炎因子溶血卵磷脂和氧化型非酯化脂肪酸,溶解滲入血管損傷的區(qū)段,激活多種炎性細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)炎性因子和氧化應(yīng)激的產(chǎn)生及細(xì)胞凋亡,加速動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展[11]。家兔及人的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變均檢出高濃度的LP-PLA2[12, 13],另一項(xiàng)研究表明,將因冠狀動(dòng)脈病變猝死的患者冠狀動(dòng)脈按照病變形態(tài)分類,發(fā)現(xiàn)LP-PLA2在穩(wěn)定的斑塊中含量很少,相反在薄纖維帽、大的壞死脂質(zhì)核、破裂斑塊及病變中的巨噬細(xì)胞中大量表達(dá)[12],LP-PLA2與易損斑塊、斑塊破裂、急性冠狀動(dòng)脈事件的發(fā)生直接相關(guān),對ACS可能有診斷性價(jià)值[14,15]。本研究中亦表明非吸煙ACS亞組血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平顯著高于非吸煙對照亞組(P<0.01),吸煙ACS亞組血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平顯著高于吸煙對照亞組(P<0.01),急性心肌梗死患者血清LP-PLA2、CRP水平高于不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者(P<0.01),提示LP-PLA2、CRP等炎癥介質(zhì)在ACS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起著重要的作用,而且可以在一定程度上反映冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的嚴(yán)重程度,與研究一致[16, 17]。
本研究結(jié)果還表明吸煙對照亞組血清LPPLA2、CRP水平明顯高于非吸煙對照亞組(P<0.05),吸煙ACS亞組血清LP-PLA2水平明顯高于非吸煙ACS亞組(P<0.05),吸煙ACS亞組血清CRP水平高于非吸煙ACS亞組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),LP-PLA2與CRP呈正相關(guān),提示吸煙與LP-PLA2、CRP等炎癥介質(zhì)的表達(dá)相關(guān),與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[2, 5],考慮可能機(jī)制如下:(1)加重血脂代謝紊亂:一項(xiàng)薈萃分析表明[18],吸煙者有著較高的總膽固醇(TC)(3.0%)、甘油三酯(TG)(9.1%)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)(1.7%)水平,較低的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)(-5.7%)水平,且與吸煙呈劑量依賴關(guān)系,本研究亦顯示吸煙者有著較高水平的TG,脂質(zhì)沉積損傷內(nèi)膜并刺激單核—巨噬細(xì)胞聚集增加了LP-PLA2的合成場所,可能與LPPLA2升高有關(guān)。(2)增強(qiáng)炎癥反應(yīng):煙霧中的焦油物質(zhì)(氫醌類、奎寧、酮類等)可促使多種細(xì)胞表達(dá)促炎細(xì)胞因子及導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激[19]:①NAD(P)H氧化酶活性增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致大量活性氧(ROS)生成加速炎癥反應(yīng)[19];②ROS激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(NF-κB)調(diào)控腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)等多種促炎因子表達(dá)[20];③持續(xù)吸煙者白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1)、IL-6、TNF-α、細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1 (ICAM-1)、血管細(xì)胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)、CRP等多種炎癥介質(zhì)表達(dá)增強(qiáng)[21, 22],可促使巨噬細(xì)胞游走、聚集。LP-PLA2受多種炎癥介質(zhì)調(diào)節(jié),吸煙者該物質(zhì)濃度較高可能與某種炎癥介質(zhì)的調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān),具體受何種介質(zhì)上調(diào)還需進(jìn)一步基礎(chǔ)研究證實(shí)。(3)氧化應(yīng)激[23]:一陣煙霧中大約含有1015個(gè)自由基,加之活性氧大量生成,氧化應(yīng)激可直接導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能受損,活性氧(過氧化氫、超氧陰離子、羥自由基等)可滅活抗氧化酶加速LDL的氧化生成ox-LDL[19],ox- LDL是公認(rèn)的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化強(qiáng)危險(xiǎn)因素。國內(nèi)基礎(chǔ)研究表明[24],ox-LDL可激活磷脂酰肌醇3激酶和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶p38信號通路,介導(dǎo)促進(jìn)LP-PLA2在人單核細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),而ox-LDL表面的未被水解的氧化磷脂是最主要的刺激表達(dá)的物質(zhì)。國外亦有研究表明[5],吸煙者有著較高水平的ox-LDL、LP-PLA2、溶血卵磷脂,且ox-LDL與LP-PLA2呈正相關(guān),并進(jìn)一步行體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明了ox-LDL能夠上調(diào)LP-PLA2、溶血卵磷脂在單核細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),并提出這可能是LP-PLA2的主要來源。
總之,無論在無冠心病者或是ACS患者中,吸煙者血清LP-PLA2水平均較非吸煙者高,這可能是吸煙者易于罹患冠心病并加重病情進(jìn)展的原因之一。因此,檢測LP-PLA2等炎癥介質(zhì)可有助于冠心病患者急性心血管事件的危險(xiǎn)性的評估,為臨床診治提供依據(jù)。
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(編輯:漆利萍)
Impact and Significance of Smoking on Serum Lipoprotein Associated Phospholipase A2 in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome.
TANG Chun-nan, TAO Zhi-gang.
Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai (264000),Shandong, China
Corresponding Author: TAO Zhi-gang, Email: tzg-2009@163.com
Acute coronary syndrome; Smoking; Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2
264000 山東省煙臺(tái)市,青島大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬煙臺(tái)毓璜頂醫(yī)院 心內(nèi)科
唐春男 碩士研究生 主要從事冠心病臨床研究 Email: 964779115@qq.com 通訊作者:陶志剛 Email:tzg-2009@163.com
R541.4
A
1000-3614(2016)07-0636-04
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2016.07.004
(2015-10-30)