李?yuàn)櫮?,王凱,馬楠,孟醒初,張威,孫超,董沖,吳斌,韓潮,覃紅,高偉
Kasai手術(shù)對(duì)膽道閉鎖兒童行活體肝移植術(shù)的影響
李?yuàn)櫮?,王凱*,馬楠,孟醒初,張威,孫超,董沖,吳斌,韓潮,覃紅,高偉△
摘要:目的評(píng)價(jià)肝門-空腸吻合術(shù)(Kasai手術(shù))對(duì)膽道閉鎖兒童行活體肝移植術(shù)治療效果及預(yù)后的影響。方法對(duì)2006年9月—2014年9月實(shí)施的150例活體肝移植患者資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,其中90例受者先行Kasai手術(shù),后接受活體肝移植(Kasai組);60例受者直接接受活體肝移植(非Kasai組)。比較2組受者的一般資料、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和累積生存率的差異。結(jié)果受者年齡為4.9~87.0個(gè)月。Kasai組受者在移植時(shí)的移植月齡、體質(zhì)量、身高均高于非Kasai組,而兒童終末期肝病(PELD)評(píng)分、術(shù)前膽紅素水平則低于非Kasai組(均P<0.05)。2組移植物質(zhì)量與受者體質(zhì)量比(GRWR)、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中失血量比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。2組受者的肺感染、急性排斥反應(yīng)、門靜脈吻合口狹窄、門脈血栓、肝動(dòng)脈閉塞、膽漏、膽腸吻合口狹窄等發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P> 0.05)。Kasai組肝移植術(shù)后總體并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為61.1%,高于非Kasai組的43.3%(χ2=4.580,P=0.032)。全部患者中死亡7例(4.7%),其中Kasai組6例(4.0%),5例為多器官功能衰竭,1例嚴(yán)重的肺感染;非Kasai組1例(0.7%),因術(shù)前消化道出血急診手術(shù)死于多器官功能衰竭。供者均無(wú)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥及死亡。全部受者術(shù)后1個(gè)月、1年、3年和5年累積生存率分別為98.6%、96.6%、94.9%,92.7%。其中,Kasai組分別為98.9%、96.5%、93.8%、91.3%;非Kasai組分別為98.3%、96.6%、96.4%、95.5%,2組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.490,P=0.222)。結(jié)論膽道閉鎖患者在Kasai術(shù)后行活體肝移植術(shù)可獲得滿意的臨床效果,不會(huì)增加移植術(shù)后主要并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率及死亡比例,長(zhǎng)期生存率與未接受Kasai手術(shù)的患者相當(dāng)。且Kasai手術(shù)可推遲行肝移植的時(shí)間、利于兒童生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、減輕移植術(shù)前黃疸。
關(guān)鍵詞:膽道閉鎖;肝移植;Kasai手術(shù);兒童
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81570592)
作者單位:天津市第一中心醫(yī)院小兒肝移植科,東方器官移植中心(郵編300192)
*并列第一作者;作者簡(jiǎn)介:李?yuàn)櫮蓿?977),女,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事兒童肝移植術(shù)后管理及隨訪工作;王凱(1978),男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事成人及兒童肝移植與移植免疫相關(guān)研究
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通訊作者E-mail:gao-wei@medmail.com.cn
膽道閉鎖(biliary atresia,BA)是新生兒膽道進(jìn)行性炎性梗阻性疾病[1],以肝外膽管的完全性梗阻或同時(shí)伴有肝內(nèi)膽道梗阻為特征,如不能及時(shí)有效治療可導(dǎo)致肝功能衰竭,是兒童肝移植最常見(jiàn)的適應(yīng)證之一[2-3]。目前,治療BA最有效的方法是肝門-空腸吻合術(shù)(Kasai手術(shù))和肝臟移植。Kasai手術(shù)于1959年首次實(shí)施,可明顯延長(zhǎng)BA患兒的存活率,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告Kasai術(shù)后患者自體肝20年存活率為21%~44%[4-6]。但長(zhǎng)期存活的患者在疾病的后期仍需行肝移植手術(shù)。Kasai手術(shù)失敗后再行肝移植手術(shù),是目前多數(shù)學(xué)者推薦的BA的治療方案。然而早期的Kasai手術(shù)是否會(huì)影響后期的肝移植手術(shù)效果,目前鮮有報(bào)道。本文通過(guò)回顧性分析我院150例活體肝移植治療BA患兒的臨床資料,探討既往Kasai手術(shù)史對(duì)患者活體肝移植手術(shù)效果及預(yù)后的影響。
1.1供者和受者的選擇收集2006年9月—2014年9月于天津市第一中心醫(yī)院初次行活體肝移植手術(shù)的BA患兒150例,其中男91例,女59例,月齡4.9~87.0個(gè)月,體質(zhì)量4.5~27.5 kg。所有供者均是患兒三代以內(nèi)的直系親屬,均為自愿捐肝,均符合醫(yī)學(xué)供者標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并通過(guò)了天津市第一中心醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審批。根據(jù)肝移植前是否接受Kasai手術(shù),分為Kasai組90例和非Kasai組60例。
1.2手術(shù)方法
1.2.1術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備及手術(shù)流程完善術(shù)前常規(guī)血液學(xué)與影像學(xué)評(píng)估。手術(shù)當(dāng)日禁食水,麻醉后取肋緣下弧形切口入腹(既往行Kasai手術(shù)者原則上在原有瘢痕基礎(chǔ)上延伸切口)。所有移植物均使用供者的左外側(cè)葉肝臟(Ⅱ、Ⅲ段),手術(shù)方式采用背馱式肝移植術(shù)。膽道重建采用Roux-en-Y肝空腸吻合術(shù)。術(shù)者均為同一肝移植治療組。
1.2.2血管重建方法門靜脈長(zhǎng)度足夠時(shí),行門靜脈主干對(duì)端吻合。如供、受體門靜脈直徑差別較大,可用受體門靜脈左右分支分叉部靜脈片與供體門靜脈進(jìn)行吻合。如供體門靜脈足夠長(zhǎng),可用受體脾靜脈和腸系膜上靜脈匯合部與供體門靜脈進(jìn)行吻合。如供體門靜脈較短,供、受體門靜脈直接吻合張力過(guò)大或長(zhǎng)度不夠,可用間置血管搭橋。如受體門靜脈直徑較細(xì)或有血栓,可將門靜脈縱行剖開(kāi),用靜脈補(bǔ)片擴(kuò)大門靜脈直徑。間置血管或靜脈補(bǔ)片來(lái)源可以為尸體髂靜脈或供體臍靜脈。動(dòng)脈采用顯微外科技術(shù)重建肝動(dòng)脈。
1.2.3術(shù)后管理術(shù)后免疫抑制方案為二聯(lián)免疫抑制,即他克莫司聯(lián)合甲基氫化潑尼松。他克莫司的初始劑量為0.10~0.15 mg/(kg·d),術(shù)后第1個(gè)月將濃度維持在7~9 mg/L,以后維持在5~8 mg/L。甲基氫化潑尼松的初始劑量為4 mg/(kg·d),隨后逐漸減量,術(shù)后3個(gè)月或半年逐漸停止使用。術(shù)后常規(guī)華法林抗凝治療,國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)維持在1.5~2.0。術(shù)后于重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(ICU)觀察3~5 d,約3周后出院。術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)隔周復(fù)查,3個(gè)月至半年每月復(fù)查1次,半年后復(fù)查間期延長(zhǎng)至3個(gè)月1次,以后視情況3~6個(gè)月復(fù)查1次。監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)主要為血常規(guī)、肝功能、凝血、他克莫司血藥濃度,移植超聲監(jiān)測(cè)移植肝血流情況。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 18.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);偏態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);率的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);Kaplan-Meier用于統(tǒng)計(jì)受者生存率,Log-rankχ2檢驗(yàn)用于比較累積生存率。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1受者一般資料全部患兒進(jìn)行手術(shù)時(shí)的月齡為4.9~84.0個(gè)月,中位數(shù)8.40(6.80,12.33)個(gè)月。Kasai組患兒接受肝移植時(shí)的月齡、體質(zhì)量、身高高于非Kasai組,術(shù)前兒童終末期肝病(pediatric end stage of liver disease,PELD)評(píng)分、膽紅素水平低于非Kasai組(P<0.05)。2組受者移植物質(zhì)量與受者體質(zhì)量比(graft to recipient body weight ratio,GRWR)、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中失血量等差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2供者一般資料150例供者中,男60例,女90例,年齡24~47歲,平均(28.7±5.6)歲。供肝脂肪肝12例(8%),脂肪變性比例均<25%,肝功能正常。其中2例(1.3%)術(shù)后發(fā)生膽漏,1例手術(shù)處理,1例穿刺引流均痊愈。1例(0.7%)發(fā)生肝臟血腫,外科處理后痊愈出院。截至隨訪結(jié)束,所有供者均無(wú)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn),均健康存活。
2.3受者肝移植術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況Kasai組主要并發(fā)癥為肺感染。非Kasai組以肝動(dòng)脈閉塞發(fā)生率最高。所有患兒均未在圍手術(shù)期內(nèi)出現(xiàn)膽道并發(fā)癥。2組受者的肺感染、急性排斥反應(yīng)、門靜脈吻合口狹窄,門脈血栓、肝動(dòng)脈閉塞、膽漏、膽腸吻合口狹窄等發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。Kasai組肝移植術(shù)后總體并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為61.1%(55/90),高于非Kasai組的43.3%(26/60),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.580,P=0.032)。
Tab.1 Comparison of general data between two groups 表1 2組受者一般資料比較
Tab.2 Comparison of complications in patients between two groups表2 2組患兒肝移植術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況比較 例(%)
2.42組受者生存率比較在隨訪期間,150例受者死亡7例(4.7%),其中Kasai組6例(4.0%),5例死于多器官功能衰竭,1例死于嚴(yán)重的肺感染;非Kasai組1例(1.7%)因術(shù)前消化道出血急診手術(shù)死于多器官功能衰竭。全部受者術(shù)后1個(gè)月、1年、3年和 5年累積生存率分別為98.6%(149/150)、96.6%(140/145)、94.9%(129/136)、92.7%(115/ 124)。Kasai組術(shù)后不同時(shí)間累積生存率分別為98.9%(89/90)、96.5%(83/86)、93.8%(76/81)、91.3% (73/80);非Kasai組分別為98.3%(59/60)、96.6% (57/59)、96.4%(53/55)、95.5%(42/44),2組生存率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Log-rank χ2=1.490,P= 0.222)。
Fig.1 Survival curves of patients圖1 2組患兒生存曲線
BA以膽道系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行性炎癥和纖維性梗阻為特征,繼發(fā)黃疸、膽汁性肝硬化,其發(fā)病率約1/10 000~ 1/8 000,約占兒童肝移植的50%[3,7]。Kasai手術(shù)的出現(xiàn)雖然在一定程度上提高了BA患者的生存率,大多數(shù)患者最終仍需要接受肝移植。因此,在肝移植時(shí)代,對(duì)于BA患者,Kasai手術(shù)的價(jià)值與意義尚存爭(zhēng)議。
除肝移植術(shù)外,Kasai手術(shù)是治療兒童BA最有效的方式。有研究認(rèn)為Kasai術(shù)后黃疸清除率可達(dá)45.6%,1年和2年的自體肝生存率分別為53.7%和46.7%[8]。肝移植術(shù)前先期接受Kasai手術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于部分兒童在Kasai術(shù)后恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,體質(zhì)量增加,有利于提高肝移植的成功率,甚至部分患兒可長(zhǎng)期生存,從而避免了行肝移植術(shù)。
雖然Kasai術(shù)后會(huì)不可避免出現(xiàn)腹腔粘連,增加手術(shù)時(shí)間和出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但其并不會(huì)增加手術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率及影響遠(yuǎn)期存活。本組全部受者中無(wú)論是Kasai組還是非Kasai組的患者,術(shù)后1年、3年和5年的累積生存率均在90%以上,這說(shuō)明Kasai手術(shù)并不影響患者的近期及遠(yuǎn)期生存率。有研究認(rèn)為,相比于無(wú)手術(shù)史的患者,在移植術(shù)前接受Kasai手術(shù)的患者肝移植圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥、二次手術(shù)發(fā)生率沒(méi)有差異[9-10]。而Kasai術(shù)后1年后行移植手術(shù)的患者中,其總體并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率要低于未行Kasai手術(shù)的患兒[11]。Wang等[10]在對(duì)28例患兒分析中認(rèn)為,行Kasai手術(shù)與直接行活體肝移植的患兒在手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量等方面的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
本研究中,全部患者均未在圍手術(shù)期內(nèi)出現(xiàn)膽道并發(fā)癥。2組受者在門靜脈吻合口狹窄、門脈血栓、肝動(dòng)脈閉塞、膽道并發(fā)癥、肺部感染、急性排斥反應(yīng)等發(fā)生率均相似。作為兒童肝移植并發(fā)癥中較為常見(jiàn)的肝動(dòng)脈血栓形成,大部分患者的肝功能因再通或側(cè)枝循環(huán)的建立而肝功能逐漸恢復(fù),未出現(xiàn)死亡病例。同時(shí),由于我中心采用顯微鏡下動(dòng)脈吻合技術(shù),手術(shù)精準(zhǔn),使得肝動(dòng)脈血栓形成的發(fā)生率明顯低于其他中心。需要特別指出的是,Kasai術(shù)后膽管炎是影響預(yù)后的一個(gè)重要因素。在肝移植術(shù)前,反流性膽管炎發(fā)生次數(shù)越多,肝纖維化程度越重,進(jìn)而會(huì)出現(xiàn)門脈高壓,甚至出現(xiàn)消化道出血。此外,早期的膽管炎還可能引起肝門部膽管梗阻,加重淤膽。
本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),接受過(guò)Kasai手術(shù)的患者在肝移植時(shí)的月齡要大于非Kasai患者,且身體的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育更充分,而術(shù)前的膽紅素水平也低于非Kasai患者。這與Superina等[8]的研究結(jié)果一致,充分說(shuō)明了Kasai手術(shù)對(duì)于肝移植的積極作用,可改善受者的術(shù)前狀態(tài),在某種程度上必然會(huì)降低肝移植的手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),減少外科并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生概率。
總之,盡管Kasai手術(shù)會(huì)因可能發(fā)生腹腔粘連而增加肝移植術(shù)的手術(shù)難度,但其有助于改善BA患兒術(shù)前狀態(tài),促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,對(duì)于肝移植具有一定的積極意義。在目前我國(guó)的實(shí)際國(guó)情下,先期行Kasai手術(shù),在出現(xiàn)終末期肝硬化失代償期后再行肝移植術(shù),這種“序貫”治療,有助于BA患兒的長(zhǎng)期生存。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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(2016-04-05收稿2016-06-07修回)
(本文編輯李鵬)
中圖分類號(hào):R617
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/20160239
Effects of Kasai surgery on living donor liver transplantation in the treatment of children biliary atresia
LI Shanni*,WANG Kai*,MA Nan,MENG Xingchu,ZHANG Wei,SUN Chao,DONG Chong,
WU Bin,HAN Chao,QIN Hong,GAO Wei△
Department of Pediatric Transplant of Tianjin First Center Hospital,Oriental Organ Transplant Center,Tianjin 300192,China
△Corresponding AuthorE-mail:gao-wei@medmail.com.cn
Abstract:ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of portoenterostomy(Kasai surgery)on living donor liver transplantation (LDLT)for children with biliary atresia(BA).MethodsA total of 150 children with BA,who were treated with LDLT in our center from September 2006 to September 2014,were retrospectively analysed.The children were categorized into Kasai group(90 cases,60%)and non-Kasai(60 cases,40%)group,based on whether they had previously undergone Kasai procedure pre-LDLT.Clinical data,incidence of complications and accumulated survival rates were compared between two groups.ResultsThe ages of pediatric patients were 4.9-87.0 months.The patient age and height were significantly higher in Kasai group than those of non-Kasai group(P<0.05).The serum bilirubin level was lower before surgery in Kasai group than that of non-Kasai group(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in body weight,pediatric end stage of liver disease(PELD)score,graft to recipient body weight ratio(GRWR),operation time and blood loss between two groups(P> 0.05).Similarly,there were no significant differences in pulmonary infection,acute rejection,portal vein thrombosis,hepatic artery occlusion and biliary complications between the two groups(P>0.05).The overall complication rate of post-LDLT was 61.1%in Kasai group,which was higher than that in non-Kasai group(43.3%,χ2=4.580,P=0.032).Totally,there were 7 cases(4.7%)died on post-LDLT,in which there were 6 cases(4.0%)in Kasai group including 5 cases of multiple organfailure and 1 case of severe pulmonary infection,and 1 case(0.7%)in non-Kasai group,who died of multiple organ failure due to preoperative gastrointestinal bleeding for emergency surgery.There were no serious complications and death in donors.The overall cumulative survival rates were 98.6%,96.6%,94.9%and 92.7%in 1 month,1 year,3 years and 5 years after LDLT,respectively.And there were no significant differences in survival rates in 1 month,1 year,3 years and 5 years between two groups(χ2=1.490,P=0.222)with the rates of 98.9%,96.5%,93.8%,91.3%in Kasai group and 98.3%,96.6%, 96.4%,95.5%in non-Kasai group.ConclusionPerforming Kasai procedure can acquire satisfied results to pediatric patients with BA pre-LDLT,without increasing the incidence of major complications and mortality post-LDLT.And the accumulated survival rate is not different in pediatric patients received Kasai surgery compared with that in non-Kasai patient.Besides that,Kasai surgery might postpone the time of receiving LDLT,benefit to the growth of children and reduce the jaundice of pre-LDLT.
Key words:biliary atresia;liver transplantation;Kasai surgical;child