李義輝(重慶市醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院麻醉科,重慶 400014)
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小兒骶管內(nèi)復(fù)合右美托嘧定術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果的觀察
李義輝
(重慶市醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院麻醉科,重慶 400014)
【摘要】目的 觀察小兒骶管內(nèi)復(fù)合右美托咪定的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果。方法 40例6個(gè)月~6歲患兒隨機(jī)分為2組,每組20例。靜脈麻醉后利多卡因6 mg/kg,羅哌卡因2 mg/kg,容量0.75 mL/kg行骶管阻滯:A組局麻藥中不加其他藥,B組局麻藥中加入右美托咪定2 μg/kg。采用FLACC疼痛評(píng)分表進(jìn)行評(píng)分,記錄鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間、不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果 B組的鎮(zhèn)痛效果明顯優(yōu)于A組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 2 μg/kg右美托咪定復(fù)合利多卡因6 mg/kg,羅哌卡因2 mg/kg,容量0.75 mL/kg行骶管阻滯的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,不增加不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
【關(guān)鍵詞】骶管阻滯;術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛;小兒
骶管阻滯操作簡(jiǎn)單,對(duì)患兒生理干擾小,是小兒臍部以下手術(shù)最常用的麻醉方法。但單次骶管阻滯術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間比較有限,術(shù)后多數(shù)患兒需進(jìn)一步鎮(zhèn)痛治療。有研究報(bào)道在骶管阻滯的局麻藥中加入嗎啡、曲馬多可顯著延長(zhǎng)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間,減少鎮(zhèn)痛藥的用量,但仍有較高的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。而目前國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于骶管阻滯局麻藥中復(fù)合右美托咪定延長(zhǎng)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間的研究甚少。
1.1 方法:選取ASAⅠ或Ⅱ級(jí)6個(gè)月~6歲擇期行會(huì)陰部手術(shù)的患兒40例。將患兒隨機(jī)均勻分成兩組。常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)ECG、NIBP、SpO2、RR后鎮(zhèn)靜并行骶管阻滯。A組利多卡因6 mg/kg,羅哌卡因2 mg/kg,容量0.75 mL/kg。B組利多卡因6 mg/kg,羅哌卡因2 mg/kg加右美托咪定2 μg/kg,容量0.75 mL/kg注入骶管腔。10~15 min后開(kāi)始手術(shù)。每5 min記錄一次血壓和心率。
采用小兒FLACC疼痛評(píng)分表評(píng)分。每例患兒離開(kāi)PACU時(shí)進(jìn)行評(píng)分,第1個(gè)24 h內(nèi),每4 h進(jìn)行一次評(píng)分。任何時(shí)候評(píng)分≥4分,給予嗎啡0.2 mg/kg肌內(nèi)注射,使評(píng)分≤3分。記錄鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間(從骶管阻滯完成到評(píng)分≥4分的時(shí)間)及術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)肌內(nèi)注射嗎啡的次數(shù)。并記錄呼吸抑制,低血壓,心動(dòng)過(guò)緩,術(shù)后惡心嘔吐(PONV),皮膚瘙癢,尿潴留等并發(fā)癥。
1.2 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS17.0軟件對(duì)各組數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示。計(jì)量資料采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)資料采用Kruskal-Wallis檢驗(yàn)法。
表1 術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛數(shù)據(jù)
兩組患兒術(shù)中生命體征平穩(wěn),B組的鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間明顯長(zhǎng)于A組(P<0.05),兩組惡心嘔吐,皮膚瘙癢發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。兩組患兒術(shù)后均無(wú)呼吸抑制、低血壓、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、尿潴留的發(fā)生情況。
單次骶管阻滯的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間有限,常需應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物。以往研究骶管阻滯局麻藥中加入芬太尼、嗎啡、曲馬多等輔助藥物來(lái)改善術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛。王建等[1]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)骶管阻滯中加入嗎啡可顯著增強(qiáng)鎮(zhèn)痛效果,但術(shù)后仍會(huì)出現(xiàn)尿潴留(13.5%)、皮膚瘙癢(10.8%)、惡心嘔吐(8.1%)等并發(fā)癥。而右美托咪定是一種高選擇性的α2AR激動(dòng)劑,可作用于脊髓以及外周器官α2AR產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用[2]。人類(lèi)臨床試驗(yàn)已成功將其注入硬膜外腔用于術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛[3-5]。本研究證實(shí),骶管阻滯局麻藥中復(fù)合右美托咪定可有效延長(zhǎng)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間。這與EI-Hennawy等的研究一致[6]。而右美托咪定的藥理作用與嗎啡、曲馬多的藥理作用不同。它是一種新型的高選擇性的α2AR激動(dòng)劑[7],因此不會(huì)引起惡心嘔吐、尿潴留等并發(fā)癥。但關(guān)于右美托咪定用于骶管阻滯的研究尚少,對(duì)其臨床安全性仍存在問(wèn)題[8],還需大量臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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Effect of Addition of Dexmedetomidine to Lidocaine and Ropivacaine Caudal Block on Postoperative Analgesia in Children
LI Yi-hui
(Department of Anesthesiology, Affliated Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China)
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the effect of addition of dexmedetomidine to lidocaine and ropivacaine caudal block on postoperative analgesia in children. Methods Forty children age 6months to 6 years old were evenly and randomly assigned into two groups in a double-blinded manner. each patient received a single caudal block with lidocaine 6 mg/kg and ropivacaine 2 mg/kg and the total volume 0.75 mL/kg. The local anesthetic solution was added dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg in group B. Pain scores were evaluated after surgery with the paediatric observational FLACC. The duration of caudal analgesia ,and side-effects were recorded. Result Method Group B has a better analgesic effect than Group A (P<0.05). Conclusion Addition of dexmedetomidine to lidocaine and ropivacaine caudal block signifcantly promoted analgesia in children without an increase in incidence of side-effects.
[Key words]Caudal block; Postoprative analgesia; Children
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R971.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B
文章編號(hào):1671-8194(2016)13-0022-02