黃海濤, 丁勝光, 王 飛, 沈 亮, 仲崇俊, 陸晨希
(南通市第一人民醫(yī)院胸心血管外科,江蘇 南通 226001)
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·基礎(chǔ)研究·
局部應(yīng)用VEGF-165抑制兔頸移植靜脈內(nèi)膜增生的研究
黃海濤, 丁勝光, 王 飛, 沈 亮, 仲崇俊, 陸晨希
(南通市第一人民醫(yī)院胸心血管外科,江蘇 南通 226001)
目的 探討局部應(yīng)用VEGF-165抑制兔頸移植靜脈內(nèi)膜增生的機(jī)制。方法 健康家兔24只,均建立頸外靜脈-頸總動(dòng)脈移植模型并分為對(duì)照組及實(shí)驗(yàn)組。對(duì)照組移植靜脈周圍僅應(yīng)用Pluronic-F-127,實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈周圍應(yīng)用Pluronic-F-127+VEGF-165。觀察靜脈移植血管外膜、內(nèi)膜增生情況,移植靜脈VEGF及eNOS的表達(dá)量,增殖細(xì)胞核抗原PCNA表達(dá)情況。分析外膜厚度與靜脈橋血管內(nèi)膜增生的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈內(nèi)膜增厚明顯減輕、而外膜明顯增厚,移植靜脈eNOS的表達(dá)量明顯增加;實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈平滑肌細(xì)胞向外膜方向遷移;術(shù)后免疫組化檢查顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈血管壁內(nèi)膜VEGF-165的蛋白含量高;兩組移植靜脈PCNA的表達(dá)量未及明顯差異。結(jié)論 VEGF-165可以通過增加內(nèi)皮eNOS表達(dá)加速移植靜脈血管內(nèi)皮化,促進(jìn)移植靜脈外膜生長促進(jìn)平滑肌向外膜遷移減輕移植靜脈內(nèi)膜增厚。
動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù); 移植靜脈; VEGF-165; 內(nèi)膜增厚
移植靜脈再狹窄是由多種原因造成,包括移植靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的損傷,外膜滋養(yǎng)血管的破壞,血管壁的缺氧[1]。靜脈移植到動(dòng)脈環(huán)境中,靜脈血管壁所承受的縱向剪切力和橫向管壁張力的變化,啟動(dòng)多種細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路的參與,最終導(dǎo)致平滑肌細(xì)胞的向內(nèi)膜遷移和增殖導(dǎo)致移植靜脈的再狹窄。本研究在移植靜脈外膜局部應(yīng)用VEGF-165,通過藥物滲透促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮化,同時(shí)能夠增加移植靜脈外膜的厚度,促進(jìn)平滑肌細(xì)胞向外膜遷移,從而減輕內(nèi)膜增生的程度。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與分組
新西蘭大白兔24只(南通大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心),體質(zhì)量(2.57±0.52)kg,微生物控制級(jí)別為Ⅰ級(jí),普通環(huán)境中喂養(yǎng),自由飲水。隨機(jī)分成對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組,每組12只。對(duì)照組移植靜脈血管外周僅噴涂Pluronic-F-127膠膜;Pluronic-F-127+VEGF-165實(shí)驗(yàn)組: 移植靜脈血管外周噴涂含有VEGF-165(100ng/ml)的Pluronic-F-127膠膜。
1.2 建立自體靜脈移植模型
實(shí)驗(yàn)兔術(shù)前禁食、禁水4h,建立耳緣靜脈通道,3%戊巴比妥鈉按30mg/kg經(jīng)耳緣靜脈行麻醉。麻醉滿意后仰臥位固定,頸部去毛備皮,頸前正中縱行切口,仔細(xì)游離、切取頸外靜脈一段,肝素-生理鹽水沖洗、浸泡。游離右側(cè)頸總動(dòng)脈,耳緣靜脈內(nèi)注射1%肝素1ml/kg,使其肝素化,阻斷頸總動(dòng)脈近、遠(yuǎn)段,靜脈倒置,采用7-0 prolene線作端-側(cè)間斷吻合,約 8~10針,兩端吻合完成,縫線收緊前開放動(dòng)脈夾排氣后收緊,然后在兩個(gè)吻合口之間結(jié)扎動(dòng)脈,確定靜脈查無出血后,逐層縫合切口。送回單籠喂養(yǎng),術(shù)后 3d,每日耳緣靜脈注射1%肝素1ml/kg 防治血栓,注射青霉素80萬U預(yù)防感染。手術(shù)次日及取標(biāo)本當(dāng)日行血管彩色多普勒檢查,證實(shí)靜脈橋通暢。
1.3 取材、切片與染色
術(shù)后4周,再予3%異戊巴比妥靜脈麻醉,游離靜脈移植物,快速、準(zhǔn)確切取所需移植物組織,置入10%甲醛中固定24h,組織修整、洗滌,乙醇逐級(jí)脫水,二甲苯置換出組織塊中酒精,石蠟包埋,切片厚4μm,H-E染色,封片,光鏡觀察。用Olympus BX50生物顯微鏡和北航醫(yī)學(xué)圖像分析系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行圖像分析,計(jì)算血管腔內(nèi)膜的厚度、面積及外膜的厚度、面積。
1.4 免疫組化檢測(cè)移植靜脈內(nèi)膜VEGF-165的表達(dá)
應(yīng)用鏈霉素抗生物素蛋白-過氧化物酶法(S-P法),每例取2張連續(xù)石蠟切片,二甲苯脫蠟,梯度乙醇脫水,微波修復(fù)抗原,TBS沖洗后分別滴加VEGF-165抗體。陰性對(duì)照用TBS代替一抗,室溫孵育60min,TBS緩沖液沖洗,經(jīng)DAB顯色后,蘇木精復(fù)染,顯微鏡下觀察拍照。
1.5 Western印跡法檢測(cè)PCNA、eNOS表達(dá)量
加入RIPA裂解液,剪碎勻漿,離心半徑 8cm,12000r/min,離心10min后,提取總蛋白,Bradford法定量。取蛋白樣品,經(jīng)SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳分離,半干法轉(zhuǎn)膜,封閉120min,4℃孵育一抗過夜。TBST洗膜,二抗室溫?fù)u床孵育120min,HRP-ECL法顯色,凝膠成像儀掃描成像,以目的蛋白與β-actin灰度值的比值計(jì)算目的蛋白的表達(dá)水平,重復(fù)多次。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物手術(shù)情況
實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中動(dòng)物無死亡,術(shù)后切口無感染,兩組移植靜脈無閉塞。
2.2 H-E染色切片計(jì)算機(jī)圖像分析
2.2.1 兩組移植靜脈病理學(xué)分析 病理肉眼可見對(duì)照組移植物管壁增厚,實(shí)驗(yàn)組管壁增厚主要為外膜增厚。光學(xué)顯微鏡下,對(duì)照組移植物內(nèi)膜明顯增厚,管腔縮小,內(nèi)膜下出現(xiàn)大量平滑肌細(xì)胞(smoth muscle cell, SMC)增殖,增殖的SMC排列紊亂,細(xì)胞周圍有較多的膠原纖維,中膜稍有增厚;實(shí)驗(yàn)組內(nèi)膜增厚較對(duì)照組減弱,中膜SMC主要向外膜遷移、內(nèi)下增殖,較對(duì)照組明顯減輕(圖1~2)。
圖1 對(duì)照組移植靜脈H-E染色Fig.1 H-E stain of vein graft in control group
圖2 實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈H-E染色Fig.2 H-E stain of vein graft in experimental group
2.2.2 移植靜脈管壁內(nèi)、外膜厚度及面積比較 對(duì)照組移植靜脈內(nèi)膜明顯增厚,內(nèi)膜面積增大,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈外膜較對(duì)照組增厚,面積增大,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見表1。
表1 兩組內(nèi)膜厚度、面積和外膜厚度、面積比較
與對(duì)照組相比,*P<0.01
2.3 免疫組化檢測(cè)移植靜脈內(nèi)膜的VEGF-165的表達(dá)
免疫組化監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果提示: 對(duì)照組移植靜脈內(nèi)膜VEGF-165的表達(dá)量少;與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈內(nèi)膜VEGF-165的表達(dá)量明顯增加(圖3~4)。
圖3 對(duì)照組移植靜脈內(nèi)膜VEGF-165表達(dá)情況Fig.3 Expression of VEGF-165 at vein graft intima in control group
圖4 實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈內(nèi)膜VEGF-165表達(dá)情況Fig.4 Expression of VEGF-165 at vein graft intima in experimental group
2.4 兩組PCNA及eNOS表達(dá)量的比較
兩組移植靜脈PCNA的表達(dá)量未見明顯差異(P>0.05);與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的eNOS表達(dá)量顯著增高(P<0.05),見圖5。
圖5 兩組移植靜脈PCNA及eNOS的表達(dá)情況Fig.5 Expression of PCNA and eNOS in two groups
大隱靜脈是臨床冠脈搭橋手術(shù)最常用的橋血管之一,靜脈移植動(dòng)脈環(huán)境后容易發(fā)生狹窄,這一病理改變嚴(yán)重影響冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)后的遠(yuǎn)期效果[2]。文獻(xiàn)[3]報(bào)道,移植靜脈10年的通暢率仍不理想,在50%左右。
目前,臨床上尚無有效的方法來抑制靜脈術(shù)后的再狹窄。多種方法在實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中用于減輕靜脈術(shù)后狹窄,如藥物干預(yù),包括: 降脂類藥物[4]、抗血小板藥物[5]、免疫抑制劑[6];其次,基因轉(zhuǎn)染技術(shù)如E2F誘騙物轉(zhuǎn)染移植靜脈在小樣本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)具有明顯的抑制作用,而在大樣本研究中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著的抑制作用[7-8];此外,血管外支架可抑制移植靜脈術(shù)后再狹窄,目前研究報(bào)道的血管外支架包括可降解的聚乳酸支架[9]、聚四氟乙烯[10]、帶藥物緩釋的血管外支架[11]等。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),帶有外支架的移植靜脈植入體內(nèi)后,在支架與移植靜脈之間會(huì)浸潤大量的炎癥細(xì)胞,主要包括巨噬細(xì)胞和巨細(xì)胞,這些細(xì)胞浸潤后會(huì)引起炎癥反應(yīng),同時(shí)這些細(xì)胞釋放出一系列能夠影響血管中膜平滑肌細(xì)胞(VSMC)增殖遷移、新內(nèi)膜形成及滋養(yǎng)血管再生的物質(zhì)如細(xì)胞因子和白三烯,其中最主要的即VEGF,VEGF引起VSMC向著外支架方向遷移,而不是向內(nèi)膜方向移動(dòng),從而抑制了新內(nèi)膜的形成[12-13]。
VEGF-165是目前研究最多的一種VEGF亞型,它具有最強(qiáng)效的促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖的能力。轉(zhuǎn)染VEGF-165的成肌細(xì)胞能改善心肌梗死區(qū)域的血液供應(yīng),增加心肌收縮力,改善心功能[14]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[15-16]證實(shí),VEGF為靜脈移植物新生內(nèi)膜增殖的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)介質(zhì),其機(jī)制主要包括加速損傷血管的再內(nèi)皮化[17],增加NO的合成[18]等。
本研究采用帶VEGF-165的Pluronic-F-127緩釋膜局部作用于移植靜脈的外周。結(jié)果顯示: 實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈外周局部使用VEGF-165可以使移植靜脈外膜局部形成較高的藥物濃度,促進(jìn)外增厚,增殖的平滑肌細(xì)胞向外膜遷移(外膜平滑肌細(xì)胞較對(duì)照組明顯增多),加上VEGF-165能夠增加血管的通透性,滲透入移植靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞部位(免疫組化顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組移植靜脈內(nèi)膜處VEGF-165含量明顯增加),促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的修復(fù)(eNOS的表達(dá)量增加)。同時(shí)Pluronic-F-127膠膜本身也可以促進(jìn)外膜滋養(yǎng)血管的生成,減輕移植靜脈的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,通過炎癥反應(yīng),最終引導(dǎo)SMC向血管外膜反向遷移。該膠膜對(duì)移植靜脈血管壁有一定的支持作用,減輕移植靜脈在動(dòng)脈環(huán)境中所承受的應(yīng)力和剪切力。
免疫抑制劑如雷帕霉素通過抑制SMC的增生可以減輕靜脈移植術(shù)后的內(nèi)膜增生狹窄[19],但最終可能使留下的靜脈壁菲薄。由于對(duì)治療后動(dòng)物模型觀察的時(shí)間短,是否引起動(dòng)脈瘤目前尚不清楚。本研究通過外膜SMC聚集增生,最終形成堅(jiān)厚的血管外壁,而血管管腔不受影響,可能會(huì)防止薄壁血管遠(yuǎn)期的擴(kuò)張而形成動(dòng)脈瘤,但遠(yuǎn)期的效果還需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)VEGF-165應(yīng)用后SMC的增殖也明顯增加,遠(yuǎn)期中膜及內(nèi)膜的SMC是否會(huì)明顯增生。如何精確控制VEGF-165的局部釋放形成較好的藥物濃度梯度,需要進(jìn)一步的研究。
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Local application of slow-releasing membrane carrying VEGF-165 inhibits neointima hyperplasia in rabbit vein graft
HUANGHai-tao,DINGSheng-guang,WANGFei,SHENLiang,ZHONGChong-jun,LUChen-xi
(Dept. of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Nantong First Peoples Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China)
Objective To investigate the effects of local application of VEGF-165 on jugular vein graft in rabbit and its mechanism. Methods Twenty four New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups: pluronic F-127 without VEGF-165 was locally applied on the jugular vein graft in control group; and pluronic F-127+VEGF-165 was applied in experimental group. The degree of adventitia and intimal hyperplasia in vein graft were assessed. The expression of VEGF was detected by immunohistochemistry; the expression of eNOS and PCNA was detected by Western Blot. The relationship of the thickness of vein graft adventitia and the degree of intimal hyperplasia was analyzed. Results Compared with control group, the intima hyperplasia was less; the adventitia hyperplasia was greater in experimental group; more SMC moved outwards in experimental group. The western blot test showed that there was no significant difference in the expression of PCNA between two groups; the expression of intimal VEGF and eNOS in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control groups. Conclusion VEGF-165 can increase the activity of eNOS in vein intima and accelerate the endothelialization. VEGF-165 can promote the growth of vein adventitia and attract the smooth muscle cell moving towards outside which contributes to alleviating the intimal hyperplasia.
coronary artery bypass grafting; vein graft; VEGF-165; intimal hyperplasia
10.16118/j.1008-0392.2016.01.008
2015-07-03
南通市科技局社會(huì)事業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新與示范項(xiàng)目(HS2013050)
黃海濤(1979—),男,主治醫(yī)師,博士.E-mail: hht1979@126.com
陸晨希.E-mail: luchenxint@126.com
R 654.3
A
1008-0392(2016)01-0037-05
同濟(jì)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2016年1期