高考閱讀理解猜詞悟義七大技巧

閱讀理解一直是高考的重頭戲，而詞義猜測(cè)題基本上是閱讀每年必考的題型。從近三年的高考考試大綱來看，高考已將以往考綱中的“根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義”修改為“根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語(yǔ)的含義”，這意味著高考對(duì)考生猜詞悟義的能力要求更高了。鑒于此，下面筆者結(jié)合高考真題介紹七種猜詞悟義的方法，希望幫助大家攻克詞義猜測(cè)題。

根據(jù)定義、釋義或同位語(yǔ)進(jìn)行猜測(cè)

有些文章，特別是科技說明文，作者通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)下定義，通過閱讀定義和解釋部分，考生便可理解該詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。有時(shí)，需要猜測(cè)的單詞或短語(yǔ)后面會(huì)緊跟一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，作為對(duì)前面的詞或短語(yǔ)的解釋說明。有時(shí)，文章會(huì)用冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等對(duì)某個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)加以解釋說明。例如：

① What does the underlined word "tyrannies" in Paragraph 2 refer to？ （2015年江蘇卷D篇）

A. Countries where their people need help.

B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

原文

Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations， splendid empires， but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies， one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

解析

所猜測(cè)單詞tyrannies后面出現(xiàn)了同位語(yǔ)one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses （一個(gè)很有權(quán)勢(shì)的人統(tǒng)治一大群無(wú)助的人）來進(jìn)行解釋說明，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有D項(xiàng)“用絕對(duì)權(quán)力來統(tǒng)治的政府”與其意思相符，故答案為D。

② The underlined sentence "the opposite is true" in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees ______. （2014年遼寧卷C篇）

A. compete for survival B. protect their own wealth

C. depend on each other D. provide support for dying trees

原文

Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest， Simard shows just how wrong he was. In fact， the opposite is true： trees survive through their co-operation and support， passing around necessary nutrition "depending on who needs it".

解析

劃線句子后面用冒號(hào)引出了對(duì)其的解釋說明。由后面的解釋可知，樹是通過合作和相互支持來生存的，而四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中與該意思相符的只有C項(xiàng)（相互依存），故答案為C。

根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行猜測(cè)

英語(yǔ)中通過詞根加詞綴或兩個(gè)單詞合成的方式可以構(gòu)成新詞。因此，掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)，再結(jié)合上下文語(yǔ)境，也可以快速猜測(cè)詞義。例如：

The underlined word "outlawed" in Paragraph 2 probably means "_______". （2010年福建卷B篇）

A. allowed B. banned

C. offered D. refused

原文

Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005， after the fall of the Taliban （塔利班）， which had outlawed TV， 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2013—pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.

解析

劃線單詞outlaw中的out-為前綴，在構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞時(shí)有“超越，超過”的意思，與law連用，字面意思是“超越了法律”，即為法律所不容或法律禁止。再結(jié)合原文“In 2005， after the fall of the Taliban， which had outlawed TV， 1 in 5 Afghans had one.”可知，2005年塔利班垮臺(tái)以后，五分之一的阿富汗人有了電視機(jī)，而在這之前電視應(yīng)該是“被禁止的”。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有ban有“禁止”的意思，故選B項(xiàng)。

根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)

在閱讀理解文章的句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物或兩種現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，這時(shí)我們可以根據(jù)這種因果邏輯關(guān)系推斷詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。表示因果關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有because、so、thus、therefore、as a result of、since、so that、so/such ... that ...等。例如：

What does the underlined word "disrupting" in Paragraph 4 probably mean？ （2013年陜西卷D篇）

A. Breaking. B. Following.

C. Attending. D. Disturbing.

原文

My son could not follow the teacher&apos；s directions， he told me， and thus， Scola was disrupting the class. Didn&apos；t he know my son did not speak English yet？

解析

劃線單詞所在的句子出現(xiàn)了因果關(guān)系標(biāo)志詞thus，由前面的原因“我兒子聽不懂老師的指示”可以推知，“他因此認(rèn)為我兒子Scola干擾了課堂”，故選D項(xiàng)。其余三項(xiàng)都不符合這一因果邏輯關(guān)系。

根據(jù)指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)

英語(yǔ)文章中常使用代詞代替上文中的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)，將上下文內(nèi)容連貫起來，使前后相呼應(yīng)。文章中的代詞可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指代一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，需要認(rèn)真查找；有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的對(duì)象。解題時(shí)需要返回原文找到代詞所在的句子，仔細(xì)分析，然后向前查找，找出離該代詞最近的名詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，以之替換該代詞，看句子是否通順。例如：

① The underlined word "it" in the second paragraph refers to "_____". （2015年福建卷B篇）

A. one new thing B. a request

C. the news D. some comment

原文

We would talk about the news of the day； no matter how insignificant， it was never taken lightly.

解析

本題需要猜測(cè)代詞it所指內(nèi)容，向前查找，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)名詞短語(yǔ)the news of the day，再結(jié)合前文句意“我們會(huì)談?wù)撨@一天的新聞，無(wú)論多么微不足道”可知，it指代前文中的the news，代入后句意為“無(wú)論多么微不足道，這些新聞從未被草率對(duì)待”，故選C項(xiàng)。

② The underlined word "they" in the third letter refers to ______. （2015年湖南卷A篇）

A. accidents B. vehicles

C. pedestrians D. cyclists

原文

Other road users， including horse riders， manage to obey the rules so why not cyclists？

It&apos；s about time they had to be registered and insured， so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle， or cause an accident， at least they can be traced and there might be an opportunity to claim.

解析

根據(jù)劃線詞語(yǔ)所在句子的句意可知，劃線處的they與前面兩個(gè)they指代的是同一個(gè)對(duì)象，因此我們需要跨越前面兩個(gè)代詞they到上一段尋找。上一段符合they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞或短語(yǔ)的有road users、horse riders、the rules、cyclists，將其分別代入劃線詞語(yǔ)所在的句子后可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有名詞cyclists符合語(yǔ)境，故選D項(xiàng)。

根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)

在劃線單詞或短語(yǔ)前后有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)，它往往暗示了該詞或該短語(yǔ)的含義，這時(shí)可從熟悉的詞語(yǔ)中推知生詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。常見的表示相同或相近意義的詞和短語(yǔ)有and、or、like、as well、similarly、too、also、either等。例如：

① What does the word "contributions" in the last paragraph refer to？ （2015年新課標(biāo)I卷C篇）

A. Artworks. B. Projects.

C. Donations. D. Documents.

原文

The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration （合作） with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid， Spain， and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg， Florida.

解析

劃線單詞contributions前出現(xiàn)了and，可利用同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。And前面提到了the fine selection of the major works （精選的重要作品），后面說contributions來自其他機(jī)構(gòu)，由并列關(guān)系可以推斷出contributions應(yīng)該屬于works的范疇，同時(shí)文中明確表示contributions是來自museum的，故選A項(xiàng)。

② What does the underlined word "nocturnal" in Paragraph 5 mean？ （2015年四川卷D篇）

A. Active at night.

B. Inactive at night.

C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.

原文

And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.

解析

劃線詞語(yǔ)所在的句子出現(xiàn)了also，可利用同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。前文說“不僅知更鳥在人造光下會(huì)一直醒著”，后文中的also表明與前面表達(dá)的意思相近，即“黑鸝和海鷗也更清醒”。因此，可推斷nocturnal應(yīng)該與awake是近義詞，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)只有A項(xiàng)與其意思相近，故選A，nocturnal意為“夜間活動(dòng)的”。

根據(jù)反義、轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)

有些需要猜測(cè)詞義的詞或短語(yǔ)前后會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ鹊脑~語(yǔ)，運(yùn)用這些詞語(yǔ)也可以幫助猜測(cè)詞義。能體現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯很多，常見的有but、yet、however、while、unlike、instead （of）、on the other hand、rather than、on the contrary等。例如：

What does the underlined word "sedate" probably mean？ （2015年重慶卷D篇）

A. Wild and romantic. B. Slow and peaceful.

C. Hungry and thirsty. D. Active and excited.

原文

In the evening， rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace， with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink. Sedate though they are， rides at this time of day are still very impressive.

解析

劃線詞語(yǔ)所在句子的句意為“雖然它們_____，但是在一天的這個(gè)時(shí)候騎馬觀賞仍然令人印象非常深刻”。由though可知前后兩句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，再結(jié)合前一句中提到的at a more relaxed and unhurried pace可知，應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)，sedate意為“不慌不忙的”。

根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行猜測(cè)

有些詞義猜測(cè)題找不到以上標(biāo)志線索，這時(shí)可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義，這也是近幾年來高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。例如：

The underlined part "lubricated the paths" in Paragraph 4 means ____. （2015年四川卷E篇）

A. made the paths wet B. made the paths hard

C. made the paths wide D. made the paths slippery

原文

The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths. Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds （滑板）. Then they would have dragged them along paths. To make the work easier， workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle. Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.

解析

由上文中的slid the blocks along smooth paths以及下文中的either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle可以推測(cè)，他們這樣做的目的是讓道路變得光滑，便于移動(dòng)物體。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有D項(xiàng)包含這層含義，故選D。

俗話說：“熟能生巧?！毕Ｍ魑煌瑢W(xué)在平時(shí)做題時(shí)多多運(yùn)用并熟練掌握這些方法技巧，爭(zhēng)取在高考中拿下詞義猜測(cè)題。