一個(gè)問(wèn)題，解答多變

余可佳　朱杏菊

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，讀者的閱讀理解過(guò)程可分為四個(gè)層次，即表層理解、深層理解、評(píng)價(jià)性理解和欣賞性理解。目前高考英語(yǔ)閱讀主要考查表層理解和深層理解。

表層理解是對(duì)文章字面意思的理解。主旨大意、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)、邏輯順序、語(yǔ)義猜測(cè)和結(jié)構(gòu)分析等均屬于表層理解。深層理解是理解文中隱含的意思。推理判斷、體裁出處、擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用、態(tài)度分析和前后文內(nèi)容的補(bǔ)充等都屬于深層理解的范疇。

英語(yǔ)高考閱讀理解中有這樣一類問(wèn)題：

What can we learn about ... from ...？

What can be learnt from ...？

We can learn from ... that .

According to ...， we can learn .

What is ... according to ...？

許多人認(rèn)為這類題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題。事實(shí)上在高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的這類題中有一部分的確是細(xì)節(jié)理解。

例1 （2015新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷） Disappointed by many a broken， vine-ripened （蔓上成熟的） promise， Ive refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store， once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry， hard， and tasteless. But I homed in， with uncertainty， on one particular table at the Browns Grove Farms stand， full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist. These were the real deal—and at that moment， I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldnt be experiencing again for months.

26. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter？

A. They are soft. B. They look nice.

C. They taste great. D. They are juicy.

解析 B。從文章的第3段第2句No matter how attractive they look in the store， once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry， hard， and tasteless.可知，紐約冬季出售的西紅柿只是看起來(lái)不錯(cuò)，但是干、硬，而且無(wú)味，所以此題答案是B。

例2 （2015陜西卷） Both locally and globally， the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations （種植園） could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate， and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover， the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic （酸性的） soil conditions.

54. What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4？

A. It limits the spread of new growing techniques.

B. It leads to air pollution and global warming.

C. It slows down the loss of shade trees.

D. It improves local soil conditions.

解析 全文分析了咖啡豆的新種植技術(shù)帶來(lái)利潤(rùn)的同時(shí)也給我們帶來(lái)很多危害，影響到我們生活的各個(gè)方面。此段中間的一句告訴我們此題答案是B，說(shuō)明咖啡豆的新種植技術(shù)帶來(lái)了空氣污染和溫室效應(yīng)。文章中有很明顯的直接信息。

這類What can we learn ...？式細(xì)節(jié)理解題屬于表層理解的范疇，可以通過(guò)先讀題目，后到文章中尋找出與正確選項(xiàng)相同或相似的句子來(lái)解答。

例3 （2015天津卷） Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely， there will be setbacks （挫折） and disappointments in life； boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.

54. What can be learned from Paragraph 5？

A. Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.

B. Trying without success is meaningless.

C. Repeated failure creates a better life.

D. Boldness can be gained little by little.

解析 D。本段意思是膽魄是一種使自己的潛能發(fā)揮到極致的意愿，不是一夜間能夠獲得的，但可以對(duì)孩子進(jìn)行這方面的教育，也可以對(duì)成年人進(jìn)行這方面的開發(fā)，以此來(lái)增強(qiáng)信心。由此可知，膽魄是一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地獲得的。

這類What can we learn ...？推理判斷題屬于深層理解的范疇，在文章中不能直接找到答案。深層理解題要通過(guò)整體理解加上個(gè)人分析才能得出答案。

還有一類用What can we learn ...？提問(wèn)的題，它們介于細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷之間。

例4 （2015重慶卷） The values of artistic works， according to cultural relativism （相對(duì)主義）， are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions. Such a view， however， fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.

52. According to the passage， what do we know about cultural relativism？

A. It introduces different cultural values.

B. It explains the history of artistic works.

C. It relates artistic values to local conditions.

D. It excites the human mind throughout the world.

解析 C。文章的第一句的意思是：文化相對(duì)主義認(rèn)為，藝術(shù)作品的價(jià)值在于能夠反映當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鐣?huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。由此可以推斷出文化相對(duì)主義認(rèn)為藝術(shù)作品的價(jià)值與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況息息相關(guān)。

例5 （2015天津卷） The Jibo robot， arranged to ship later this year， is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot， ask it questions， and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesnt just deliver general answers to questions； it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.

44. We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will .

A. train employees

B. be our workmates

C. improve technologies

D. take the place of workers

解析 B。文章的第一段說(shuō)機(jī)器人將會(huì)普遍地應(yīng)用于工作和生活之中。第二段說(shuō)明家務(wù)機(jī)器人和社會(huì)機(jī)器人的差異。第三段涉及機(jī)器人的使用，與第44題有直接關(guān)系：你可以與機(jī)器人談話，可以對(duì)機(jī)器人提問(wèn)，并要求機(jī)器人完成不同的任務(wù)。由此可見機(jī)器人可以協(xié)同人工作。既然可以協(xié)同工作，機(jī)器人就可以成為“我們的”同事。如此看來(lái)，這是一道推斷題。然而我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文中有a personalized assistant這一說(shuō)法，assistant就是workmate的一種，所以此題也能看作細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

綜上所述，就What can we learn ...？這一問(wèn)題的性質(zhì)而言，它可能是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，也可能是推理判斷題，也可能游離于表層理解和深層理解之間。對(duì)題目性質(zhì)的區(qū)分不是我們的最終目的，關(guān)鍵在于正確作答的方法。必須指出的是把所有What can we learn ...？的問(wèn)題視為細(xì)節(jié)理解題的觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的。問(wèn)題是一旦不是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，考生就在文章中找不出相同或相似的詞句，糾結(jié)于此就會(huì)浪費(fèi)許多時(shí)間，結(jié)果不能正確作答。所以一旦在文章中找不出相同或相似的詞句，考生就應(yīng)想到它可能是推理判斷題，要在整體理解的基礎(chǔ)上挖掘字里行間的意思，運(yùn)用常識(shí)和邏輯去推測(cè)其話外之音。