羅佳
分詞是高考的熱門考點之一,同時也是困擾同學們的重難點之一。高考對現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的考查十分常見,其考法變化多樣,題型生動靈活。
現(xiàn)在分詞是一種非限定動詞, 由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。它兼有動詞、副詞和形容詞的特征,可帶賓語或受狀語修飾。就其形式而言,分為主動態(tài)的一般式doing,完成式having done;被動態(tài)的完成式having been done,進行式的being done。否定形式都是在-ing形式前加not?,F(xiàn)在分詞和賓語或狀語一起構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在分詞短語,在句中可以做定語、表語、賓語補足語或狀語。
動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語,修飾動詞或句子,相當于狀語從句。它在從句中可表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況及獨立成分,作時間,原因,條件,讓步狀語時多位于句首;作結(jié)果和讓步或方式狀語時多居于句末。
1.表示時間,doing可轉(zhuǎn)化為when或while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,having done卻相似于after引導(dǎo)的時間狀從句。
(2010北京卷) at my classmates face, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
A. Looking B. Look
C. Looked D. To look
(2013山東卷) at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.
A. Having eaten B. To eat
C. Eat D. Eating
2.表示原因,可轉(zhuǎn)制成由because,as等引導(dǎo)的原因狀從。
(2013北京卷) the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
A. Find B. Finding
C. To find D. Found
3.表示結(jié)果,表示主句的動作所帶來的必然結(jié)果,相當于一個并列謂語。
(2013全國大綱卷) I got the office earlier that day, the 7∶30 train from Paddington.
A. caught B. to have caught
C. to catch D. having caught
4. 表示條件,相當于if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件句。
(2012江蘇卷) an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will get it sooner or later.
A. Based B. Basing
C. Base D. To base
5. 表示讓步,可變化為although,though等引導(dǎo)的從句。
(2007陜西卷) that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her.
A.To have said B. Having said
C. To say D. Saying
6. 表示伴隨或方式,表伴隨時相當于被and連接的兩個并列的分句或短語。
(2005重慶卷) Daddy didnt mind what we were doing.as long as we were together, fun.
A.had B.have
C.to have D.having
解題時遇到現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,最難的無外乎兩類情況:究竟是選主動態(tài)還是被動態(tài);到底是用一般式還是用完成式。
對于這兩點,前者為分詞作狀語的語態(tài)性,即現(xiàn)在分詞與主句主語(其邏輯主語)之間的關(guān)系。如:
例1 (2014福建卷) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A. Spending B. Spent
C. Having spent D. To spend
解析 句意:作為交換生在香港過了一年后,琳達表現(xiàn)得比同齡人更成熟。在本句中動詞spend與主句主語Linda構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動關(guān)系,所以使用現(xiàn)在分詞在句中做狀語。而spend the past year ...這個動作是在主句謂語appears more mature之前就發(fā)生的,所以使用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。故C正確。
例2 (2005湖北卷) from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A.Being separated B.Having separated
C.Having been separated D.To be separated
解析 句意:因為澳大利亞已經(jīng)和其他大陸分離了數(shù)百萬年,所以它有許多種在世界上其他國家找不到的動植物。澳大利亞是被“分離”出來數(shù)百萬年,從時間狀語for millions of years看,答案選C。此句中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語相當于原因狀語從句As it has been separated from other continents for millions of year。
另外,我們還要注意分詞作狀語的人稱一致性。
Standing on the top of mountain, the lake looks so beautiful. (×)
Standing on the top of mountain, we can see the lake. ()
在第一句中,standing和邏輯主語lake之間沒有任何關(guān)系,故為錯句,而第二句中的standing動作的發(fā)出者就是we,故用一般式。
對于后者,可總結(jié)為,現(xiàn)在分詞在句子中作狀語時,都要以主句的謂語動詞的動作時間為參照物,因此在解題的關(guān)鍵是要理清現(xiàn)在分詞的動作和謂語動詞發(fā)生時間的先后關(guān)系。即現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的時間性,也就是分詞所表示動作與謂語動詞之間動作發(fā)生的先后順序:與主句動作同時或相繼發(fā)生——一般式doing(主動關(guān)系),與主句動作存在明顯的先后順序關(guān)系,也就是說分句動作完成后,主句動作才發(fā)生——完成式having done(主動關(guān)系),或having been done(被動關(guān)系)。如:
例3 (NMET1992) his letter, I decided to write to my father again.
A.Not having received B.Not receiving
C.Having not received D.Receiving not
解析 句意:因為我沒有收到我父親的信,所以我決定再給他寫一封。從時間上看,“沒有收到父親的來信”在先,“再給他寫信”在后,因此應(yīng)首先排除B和D兩項?,F(xiàn)在分詞完成式的否定式是在其前加not,這樣又可排除C項。因此答案為A。
例4 (2004上海春招) Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage the girl and took her away, in the woods.
A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared
C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing
解析 句意:突然,一個開著黃色車的男子抓住那個女孩并把她帶走了,而后消失在樹林中。由句中的and可知前一空選與took并列的謂語動詞,用disappearing的動作與主句動作幾乎是同時伴隨發(fā)生的。選D。
[練習]
1.When different cultures,we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A.compared B.being compared
C.comparing D.having compared
2.Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, a record $ 57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A.having reached B.reaching
C.to reach D.to be reaching
3.We often provide our children with toys,footballs or basketballs, that all children like these things.
A.thinking B. think
C.to think D. Thought
4. from heart trouble for many years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.
A. Suffered B. Suffering
C. Having suffered D. Being suffered
5. to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked B. To ask
C. Having asked D. To be asded
[參考答案]
1~5 CBACA