《特朗勃》

宋云峰

美國傳記故事片《 特朗勃》（Trumbo，2015）的上映令觀眾（尤其是美國觀眾）再次回想起20世紀(jì)40年代到50年代美國社會的“紅色恐慌”以及美國國會對好萊塢左翼藝術(shù)家的瘋狂迫害，并反思美國社會的所謂自由民主（宗教、言論、出版、結(jié)社、示威等自由是美國憲法所賦予每一個美國公民的權(quán)利）的本質(zhì)。影片基于布魯斯·亞歷山大·庫克（Bruce Alexander Cook）的傳記《達(dá)爾頓·特朗勃》（Dalton Trumbo）改編，由杰伊·羅奇（Jay Roach）執(zhí)導(dǎo)、布萊恩·科蘭斯頓（Brian Cranston）主演，講述好萊塢金牌編劇達(dá)爾頓·特朗勃因其美國共產(chǎn)黨員身份和激進(jìn)的左翼觀點(diǎn)而遭到美國“眾議院非美活動調(diào)查委員會”和“麥卡錫主義”的迫害而坐牢，并為了生計不得不隱姓埋名，給電影公司當(dāng)槍手編劇的荒唐而奇特的經(jīng)歷。雖然有人指出影片在歷史、人物、時間等細(xì)節(jié)上存在失實(shí)之處，但是多數(shù)影評人在影片主題和表演方面給予正面肯定，主演科蘭斯頓也因此獲得了奧斯卡最佳男演員獎提名。

Trumbo is a 2015 American biographical（傳記的）drama film directed by Jay Roach and starred Bryan Cranston， Diane Lane， and Helen Mirren. It follows the life of Hollywood screenwriter（編?。〥alton Trumbo and is based on the biography Dalton Trumbo by Bruce Alexander Cook. The film was shown in the Special Presentations section（特別展映單元）of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival（多倫多國際電影節(jié)）on September 12， 2015， and was released on November 6， 2015， by Bleecker Street. Trumbo has received generally positive reviews， with lead actor Bryan Cranston nominated（提名）for several awards including the Academy Award. However， the film has also been criticized for historical inaccuracies and misportrayals of important people and events.

特朗勃其人其事

詹姆斯·達(dá)爾頓·特朗勃（1905—1976）為20世紀(jì)40到60年代好萊塢才華橫溢的金牌編劇，其作品中觀眾耳熟能詳?shù)挠欣寺矍槠读_馬假日》（Roman Holiday）、史詩巨片《出埃及記》（Exodus）和史詩傳記片《斯巴達(dá)克斯》（Spartacus）等。然而，由于其美共黨員身份及左翼政治觀點(diǎn)，更由于他拒絕在美國眾議院非美活動調(diào)查委員會作證指認(rèn)美國電影行業(yè)內(nèi)其他美共成員和左翼人士，特朗勃在1947年被判蔑視國會罪，遭受牢獄之災(zāi)，并被好萊塢列入不得雇用的十人黑名單（被稱作“好萊塢十君子”）。為了生計，他不得不給別的編劇當(dāng)槍手，或使用化名繼續(xù)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作。令人驚奇的是，特朗勃在這樣的特殊環(huán)境中才思泉涌，其中兩部匿名之作《羅馬假日》和《勇敢的人》（The Brave One）榮獲奧斯卡最佳編劇獎。

James Dalton Trumbo （1905—1976） was an American screenwriter and novelist， who scripted films including Roman Holiday， Exodus， Spartacus， and Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo（《東京上空30秒》）. One of the Hollywood Ten（好萊塢十君子）， he refused to testify（作證）before the House Un-American Activities Committee（HUAC，美國眾議院非美活動調(diào)查委員會）in 1947 during the committees investigation of Communist influences in the motion picture industry， and was subsequently blacklisted（被列入黑名單）by that industry. He continued working clandestinely（秘密地，暗中）， and his uncredited（未署名的）work won two Academy Awards（奧斯卡獎）； the one for Roman Holiday （1953） was given to a front（臺前的）writer， and the one for The Brave One （1956） was awarded to a pseudonym（筆名，假名）. The public crediting of him as the writer of both Exodus and Spartacus in 1960 marked the end of the Hollywood Blacklist， and his earlier achievements were eventually credited to（歸功于）him.

歷史背景：“紅色恐慌”、美國眾議院非美活動調(diào)查委員會及“麥卡錫主義”

美國歷史上曾有過對國內(nèi)左翼社會革命的兩次“紅色恐慌”時期，一次是蘇聯(lián)十月革命后對工人運(yùn)動高漲和政治極端主義的恐慌，一次是“冷戰(zhàn)”開始后對蘇聯(lián)通過美共的影響和活動顛覆美國政權(quán)可能性的恐慌，其中尤以第二次恐慌為甚，又將其稱為“麥卡錫主義”。兩次“紅色恐慌”均為美國右翼政客為鎮(zhèn)壓美國左翼工人運(yùn)動（包括無政府主義）、壓制持不同政見者（美國共產(chǎn)黨）或左翼進(jìn)步藝術(shù)家而渲染制造的社會恐慌。

A “Red Scare” is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical（激進(jìn)的）leftism. In the United States， the First Red Scare （1919—1920） was about worker （socialist） revolution and political radicalism. The Second Red Scare （1947—1957） was focused on national and foreign communists influencing society， infiltrating（滲透）the federal government， or both. The second Red Scare occurred after World War II （1939—1945）， and was popularly known as “McCarthyism” after its most famous supporter， Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthyism coincided with（與……同時發(fā)生）increased popular fear of communist espionage（間諜活動）consequent to（作為……的結(jié)果）a Soviet Eastern Europe， the Berlin Blockade （1948—1949）（柏林封鎖）and the confessions of spying for the Soviet Union given by several high-ranking U.S. government officials.

成立于1938年的美國國會眾議院非美活動調(diào)查委員會是制造第二次“紅色恐慌”、迫害美共黨員和左翼進(jìn)步人士的主要機(jī)構(gòu)，主要致力于調(diào)查美共和蘇聯(lián)間諜對美國政府機(jī)構(gòu)的可能性滲透。1969年，該機(jī)構(gòu)更名為“眾議院國內(nèi)安全委員會”。1975年，國會廢止該組織，其功能轉(zhuǎn)移到眾議院司法委員會。

The House Un-American Activities Committee （HUAC） was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives（美國眾議院）. It was originally created in 1938 in order to uncover（揭露，發(fā)現(xiàn)）citizens with Nazi ties inside the United States， but it concentrated its efforts instead on investigating possible Communist Party infiltration（滲透）. In 1969， the House changed the committees name to “House Committee on Internal Security”. When the House abolished（廢除）the committee in 1975， its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.

提起第二次“紅色恐慌”，人們往往將眾議院非美活動調(diào)查委員會對美國文藝界左翼人士的迫害活動與臭名昭著的“麥卡錫主義”混為一談。實(shí)際上，麥卡錫是參議院議員，與該機(jī)構(gòu)沒有直接關(guān)系。但是，麥卡錫位高權(quán)重，擔(dān)任參議院政府運(yùn)作委員會及其下屬機(jī)構(gòu)美國參議院調(diào)查委員會主席，在制造“紅色恐慌”方面更是有過之而無不及。

The committees anti-Communist investigations are often compared with those of Joseph McCarthy who， as a U.S. Senator， had no direct involvement with this House committee. McCarthy was the Chairman of the Government Operations Committee and its Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate， not the House.

麥卡錫在1950年聳人聽聞地提出美共黨員已經(jīng)滲透到美國社會的許多領(lǐng)域，包括杜魯門總統(tǒng)的行政部門、國務(wù)院、美國之音以及美國軍隊。他制造并利用“紅色恐慌”以及同性戀嫌疑（稱作“The Lavender Scare”）指控美國政府內(nèi)部的多名政客和其他名人，制造了許多悲劇，甚至致使一名參議員自殺。由于逐漸喪失了多數(shù)民意的支持，“麥卡錫主義”最終于1954年被美國參議院譴責(zé)并終止其行為。

In succeeding（隨后的）years after his 1950 speech， McCarthy made additional accusations of Communist infiltration into the State Department， the administration of President Harry S. Truman， the Voice of America， and the United States Army. He also used various charges of communism， communist sympathies， disloyalty， or homosexuality to attack a number of politicians and other individuals inside and outside of government. McCarthy made various attempts to intimidate（恐嚇）， and expel（開除）from government positions， persons whom he accused， or threatened to publicly accuse， of homosexuality. Following the death of Senator Lester Hunt of Wyoming by suicide in 1954， McCarthys support and popularity faded. On December 2， 1954， the Senate voted to censure（譴責(zé)）Senator McCarthy by a vote of 67 to 22， making him one of the few senators ever to be disciplined（處分）in this fashion.

對《特朗勃》的評價

盡管《特朗勃》是部獨(dú)立投資的小眾影片，票房也只有區(qū)區(qū)821萬美元（截止2016年2月），但其主題的嚴(yán)肅性和傳記的真實(shí)性還是贏得了看過影片的觀眾和影評家的高度贊揚(yáng)。隨著影片獲奧斯卡獎提名，更多的觀眾會觀看該片，并反思美國民主自由制度的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排他性要素。兩大大眾影評網(wǎng)站（“爛番茄”和Metacritic）對該片的評價均較為正面。

Trumbo has received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 74%， based on 144 reviews， with an average rating of 6.7/10. The sites critical consensus（共識）states， “Trumbo serves as an honorable and well-acted tribute to（致敬）a brilliant writers principled stand（原則立場）， even if it doesnt quite achieve the greatness of its subjects own classic screenplays.” Metacritic gives the film a score of 60 out of 100， based on reviews from 33 critics， indicating “mixed or average reviews”.

美國重要報刊的影評人也大都對《特朗勃》進(jìn)行了正面評價：

綜藝雜志Variety撰稿人Peter Debruge給予影片很積極的評價：“Trumbo may be clumsy（笨拙的）and overly（過度）simplistic at times， but its still an important reminder of how democracy can fail [that is， when a fervent（昏了頭的）majority turns on those with different and potentially threatening values]， and the strength of character it takes to fight the system.”《紐約郵報》評論人Lou Lumenick對該片的評價是：“Its a cracking（出色的）good story， and Cranston does a great job portraying a man who made great sacrifices for his principles.”《舊金山紀(jì)事報》影評人Mick LaSalle認(rèn)為：“Trumbo is breezy（輕松愉快的）and pithy（精煉的）without ever undercutting（削弱）the seriousness of the subject. A certain degree of wit is appropriate in a writers story， just as any Hollywood tale must at least have a whiff of absurdity（有一點(diǎn)荒謬）， or else it cant be true.”《波士頓環(huán)球報》影評人Ty Burr高度評價克蘭斯頓的表演：“Cranstons performance is the motor（馬達(dá)，發(fā)動機(jī)）that runs Trumbo， and that motor never idles（空轉(zhuǎn)）， never flags（變?nèi)?，衰減）in momentum（勢頭，動力）or magnetism（吸引力）or idealistic scorn（輕蔑）.”

對于該片的負(fù)面評價則集中在其細(xì)節(jié)失實(shí)之處：

Roger Ebert Journal影評人Godfrey Cheshire認(rèn)為：《特朗勃》只不過是“another of those simplistic， made-to-order（定制的）films about the Hollywood blacklist in which the blacklisted movie folks are all innocent， in every conceivable way.”他責(zé)難影片在暗示是麥卡錫和眾議院非美活動委員會制定了好萊塢的黑名單，而實(shí)際上該名單是由好萊塢自身影業(yè)公司的老板擬定的。

《特朗勃》故事情節(jié)

Dalton Trumbo is a screenwriter whose talent places him among the elite of Hollywood. However， his active membership in the Communist Party of the USA draws the contempt of staunchly（堅定地）anti-Soviet entertainment-industry figures such as columnist Hedda Hopper and actor John Wayne.

Trumbo is one of 10 screenwriters subpoenaed（傳訊）to testify（作證）before the House Un-American Activities Committee （HUAC） regarding alleged（聲稱的）Communist propaganda in Hollywood films. They refuse to directly answer questions， confident that a liberal majority on the Supreme Court（最高法院）will overturn the convictions（定罪）for contempt of Congress（蔑視國會）. Trumbos friend Edward G. Robinson， who supports the cause， sells the Portrait of Père Tanguy（印象派畫家梵高的名畫《唐吉老爹》）to raise money for their legal defense fund.

The unexpected death of Justice Wiley Rutledge ruins Trumbos plan to appeal（上訴）to the Supreme Court. In 1950， Trumbo serves 11 months in Texarkana prison， where he meets former HUAC chairman J. Parnell Thomas， who was convicted of（宣判有……罪）tax evasion（逃稅）.

As the Hollywood Blacklist expands to exclude more communists and communist sympathizers（支持者）from working in the industry， Trumbo and his comrades（同志，伙伴）are abandoned by Robinson and producer Buddy Ross， who disavow（否定，否認(rèn)）them to protect their careers. Trumbo is released from prison， but he remains blacklisted and his finances—and family life—become increasingly strained（緊張的，勉強(qiáng)的）. He resorts to（依靠，借助）giving the screenplay for Roman Holiday to his friend Ian McLellan Hunter， to take credit and a share of the money， and eventually the Academy Award for Best Story. Selling his idyllic（田園牧歌般的）lakeside home and moving to a house in the city， he goes to work as a pseudonymous（匿名的，使用筆名的）screenwriter for the low-budget King Brothers Productions， also farming out（分包，轉(zhuǎn)包）the writing of B-movie（低成本二流影片）screenplays to fellow blacklisted writers. He puts his wife Cleo and teenage children to work as his support staff， adding to domestic conflict. King Brothers film The Brave One， an original story by Trumbo under a pseudonym， receives an Academy Award he cannot claim（聲索，認(rèn)領(lǐng)）. His blacklisted friend Arlen Hird dies， destitute（一貧如洗的）， but an attempt by Hoppers allies to intimidate the head of King Brothers to fire Trumbo fails completely.

Over time， industry suspicion of Trumbos ghostwriting（代筆，當(dāng)槍手）develops， but he is careful not to confirm it. In 1960， actor Kirk Douglas recruits（雇用）him to write the screenplay for his epic film Spartacus， and director Otto Preminger recruits him to script Exodus for him； both publicly credit Trumbo as the screenwriter despite Hoppers futile（徒勞的）efforts to intimidate Douglas into dropping Trumbo. By 1960， the effectiveness of the Blacklist has been broken to the point where newly elected US President John F. Kennedy publicly endorses（認(rèn)可）Spartacus and Trumbo and others are able to begin rebuilding their careers. Ten years later， finally receiving his due accolades（應(yīng)得的嘉獎、榮譽(yù)）from Hollywood， Trumbo speaks about how the Blacklist victimized them all： those who stood by their principles and lost their jobs， and also those who compromised their principles to keep them.