短文改錯(cuò)例析

潘小蓮

短文改錯(cuò)主要測試同學(xué)們觀察、發(fā)現(xiàn)、判斷和糾正語篇錯(cuò)誤的能力、語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)及綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力，進(jìn)而考查同學(xué)們在詞法、句法及語篇行文邏輯等方面的知識(shí)。近幾年的高考設(shè)題類型有：多詞，缺詞，錯(cuò)詞。主要考查詞法、句法、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)和行文邏輯。

例1 （短文改錯(cuò)）Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a hobby（1）which is both interested and fun.（2）And every year more and more people start a stamp collection of your own（3）and discover an interest which can even last lifetime.（4）Starting your collection of stamps are easy because they are everywhere.（5）Holiday and birthday postcards from relatives and letter（6）from friends can provide you for stamps from all over the world.（7）So once you have started collecting seriously，（8）you will probably want to join in the Stamp Collectors Club（9）which exists to add your collection more stamps.（10）

解析 （1）age→ages。all修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。這里的age是“時(shí)代“的意思。

（2）interested→interesting。interesting意為“有趣的”，常用來修飾物。

（3）your→their。這里的代詞代表的是上文提到的people，所以應(yīng)用their own來表示。

（4）lifetime前加a。a lifetime 意為”一生”， “終身”。

（5）第一個(gè)are→is?，F(xiàn)在分詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

（6）letter→letters。復(fù)數(shù)形式和postcards一致。

（7）for→with。provide sb with sth.為固定搭配。

（8）So→But。由上下文知這里應(yīng)是轉(zhuǎn)折的意思。

（9）去掉in。join in 表示參加……活動(dòng)。join后直接加賓語表示加入某個(gè)組織并成為其中的一個(gè)成員。

（10）add→add to。這里add to是豐富的意思。

從短文改錯(cuò)題的設(shè)題特點(diǎn)看，要求我們平時(shí)既要系統(tǒng)掌握《考試大綱》規(guī)定的語法知識(shí)，又要培養(yǎng)一定的閱讀、分析和邏輯推理能力。做題時(shí)，同學(xué)們要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1. 通讀全文，理解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，掌握文章大意。這是做好短文改錯(cuò)題的前提和基礎(chǔ)。既然是文章，它就有主題思想，就有簡單的故事情節(jié)及上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。有些同學(xué)在做題時(shí)往往忽視這一過程，結(jié)果常常出現(xiàn)差錯(cuò)。上文的中心思想是集郵給集郵愛好者帶來的快感。許多人愛好集郵。

2. 判斷句子是否完整。就是要判斷句子成分是否完整，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、補(bǔ)語、狀語等是否完整。例1中的4和10就是屬于這種類型。

3. 觀察結(jié)構(gòu)是否一致。一致主要涉及以下幾方面

（1）主謂是否一致：謂語動(dòng)詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。如例1中的5就是主謂一致，動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)形式。

（2）代詞是否一致。代詞與其所指代的名詞在人稱、數(shù)、性別方面要保持一致。如例1中的3就是代詞不一致的問題。文中提到的people是第三人稱的復(fù)數(shù)形式，所以要用their.

（3）時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)是否一致：時(shí)態(tài)一致指句子時(shí)態(tài)與整篇文章的主體時(shí)態(tài)保持一致；句子時(shí)態(tài)與其語言環(huán)境一致：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列謂語的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。語態(tài)一致指句子主語與謂語動(dòng)詞存在主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語態(tài)；在非謂語動(dòng)詞中，名詞或代詞與動(dòng)詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式。如存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，則用被動(dòng)語態(tài)或被動(dòng)形式。

（4）修飾語與名詞的數(shù)是否一致：如例1中的age要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，因?yàn)樗籥ll來修飾。

（5）平行結(jié)構(gòu)是否一致：由and， or， but， either ... or， neither ... nor， not only ... but also， as well as， along with ...， together with ...等并列連詞或詞組連接的平行結(jié)構(gòu)在詞性、時(shí)態(tài)、非謂語動(dòng)詞等形式上一定要前后一致。

（6）行文邏輯是否一致：看某個(gè)句子與短文在邏輯、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)及上下文上是否保持一致。如例1中的8就是這種情況。這里的So 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。

例2 My soccer coach retired in last week.（1）I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.（2）My mum makes the better biscuits in the world，（3）so I decide to ask her for help.（4）Mum taught me some basic step of baking.（5）I insisted on doing most of the baking myself.I thought the biscuits were really well.（6）My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up.（7）

At a party，my coach，with a biscuit in his mouth，asked surprisingly who made them and joked，（8）“I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”（9）

My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter?。?0）

解析 （1）去掉in。last week，next week，this week，that week前不加介詞。

（2）anything→something。句意：我想在他的退休晚會(huì)上為他做點(diǎn)兒特別的事情。此處是表示某件事而不是任何事情。

（3）better→best。由該句中的in the world以及前面的the可知此處要用形容詞的最高級(jí)。

（4）decide→decided。整個(gè)語境是過去，因此要用一般過去時(shí)。

（5）step→steps。step是可數(shù)名詞，前面有some修飾，因此要用復(fù)數(shù)。

（6）well→good。此處作表語，修飾the biscuits，要用good。well用作形容詞時(shí)，表示人身體好。

（7）after→when/while。用when/while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“當(dāng)我打包時(shí)掉在了地上一些”，而不是在“我”打包后掉在了地上。

（8）第一個(gè)a→the。此處特指前文提到的his retirement party，故用定冠詞the。

（9）get前加to。由語境可知，此處要用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語。

（10）enjoy→enjoying。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，介詞of后是復(fù)合賓語，用動(dòng)詞-ing形式。

短文改錯(cuò)題的答題方法及技巧牽涉許多方面，除常見的應(yīng)用之外，還有不同詞性在句中的不同用法、許多習(xí)慣用法及固定搭配等等。同學(xué)們除了掌握基本的答題方法和技巧之外，更重要的是在平時(shí)要強(qiáng)化聯(lián)系，反復(fù)實(shí)踐。

[練習(xí)]

短文改錯(cuò)

1. Im very thank to you for inviting me to stay with you in the come summer vacation. I have been dreamed of seeing you again so that I can get help from you in my English learning. And Im afraid I cannot go to your pla ce in this summer. Ive promised my grandmother， she lives in th e country， to spend this summer with her. She misses me too much that I find dif ficult to refuse her request. Im busy preparing for my examinations in present. I planned to visit you in winter if its convenient to you.

Best wishes.

Yours truly，

Li Ying

2. People often have troubles getting used to a new culture. They are usually curious when they first arrive a foreign country. Therefore， if they stay for a long time， they may start to feel different stages of culture shock. They can feel alone or sad because he cant deal with the local people. How quick people get used to culture differences may be depend on the way they learn. Thats a problem if they cant speak the language. On other hand， some can study the situation and make good guesses about the culture. When they finally began to understand some of the language and make some new friends， they will gradually enjoy themselves and feel satisfying.

3. Dear Joe，

Thanks for you mail. Im glad to k now you are interested in the 2014 Florida Winter Camp. It will be held from January 27 to February 13， during that time you will get wonderful experience. You will have chances to improve your speaking English in the courses providing. Also， activities arranged for you to spend weekends together with your host family， so you can learn American English in authentic situations. However， a trip to the local Disneyland will certainly add up the fun of the camp.

Join in the camp and you will have the better knowledge of American culture and life. You are sure to benefit from it.

Yours truly

Li Hua

4. I went hiking to a mountain with my friend last summer. It was a good trip in the beginning and something unexpected happened halfway. One of my friends suddenly felt a terrible pain in his stomach and he couldnt move any far. Nobody knew how to deal it. One girl tried to call her mum over her mobile phone， but there is no signal in the mountain area. Lucky we had brought a tent with us. We put it up and let him to rest in it. Aft er taken some pills， he drank some water and ate some food. After a while， I felt much better and we walked on. We all enjoyed us on the top of the mountain.

[參考答案]

1. （1）thank→thankful （2）come→coming

（3）dreamed→dreaming （4）And→But

（5）去掉in （6）she→who

（7）too→so （8）find后面加it

（9）in→at （10） planned→plan

2. （1）troubles→trouble （2）arrive后面加in

（3）Therefore→However （4）alone→lonely

（5）he→they （6）quick→quickly

（7）may be depend on中刪去be

（8）other前面加the （9）began→begin

（10）satisfying→satisfied

3. （1）you→your （2）that→which

（3）在“get”后面加a或experienc→experiences

（4）speaking→spoken （5）providing→provided

（6）在“arranged”前面加are

（7）However→Besides/Also/Morever

（8）up→to （9）去掉in

（10）the→a

4. （1）friend→friends （2）and→but

（3）far→farther （4）deal后面加with

（5）is→was （6）Lucky→Luckily

（7）去掉rest前面的to （8）taken→taking

（9）I→he （10）us改成ourselves