減氮增銨對滴灌玉米氮素營養(yǎng)及產(chǎn)量的影響

王雪薇 ,夏文豪, 劉 濤, 唐 誠, 褚貴新

(新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)綠洲生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/石河子大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院，新疆石河子 832000)

?

減氮增銨對滴灌玉米氮素營養(yǎng)及產(chǎn)量的影響

王雪薇 ,夏文豪, 劉 濤, 唐 誠, 褚貴新

(新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)綠洲生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/石河子大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院，新疆石河子 832000)

摘要：【目的】增銨營養(yǎng)具有明顯改善旱地作物氮素營養(yǎng)與提高作物產(chǎn)量的效應(yīng)?！痉椒ā吭O(shè)置N(0 )(不施氮)、N(375 )(全氮)、75%N(375)+CP (減氮25%+增銨)以及N(375)+CP (全氮增銨)4個(gè)處理，在覆膜滴灌條件下，研究尿素減量及其與氯甲基吡啶，隨水分次滴施對玉米氮素營養(yǎng)、產(chǎn)量及氮素養(yǎng)分資源利用效率的影響?！窘Y(jié)果】減氮增銨處理75%N(375)+CP可促進(jìn)植株干物質(zhì)的積累，較N0增加了22%；75%N(375)+CP處理的玉米葉鞘含量比N(375)處理降低了16.7%；75%N(375)+CP處理產(chǎn)量較N0處理增加了18.6%，且使滴灌玉米的氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力，較全氮施肥分別提高了41.6%和26.8%?！窘Y(jié)論】在滴灌水氮一體化供應(yīng)條件下，通過硝化抑制劑增銨減少氮肥用量25%(75～95 N kg/hm2)，可顯著提高氮素養(yǎng)分利用效率。

關(guān)鍵詞：玉米；籽粒產(chǎn)量；減氮增銨；氮素利用率；氮素營養(yǎng)

0引 言

1材料與方法

1.1材 料

該試驗(yàn)為滴灌小區(qū)試驗(yàn)，于2014年在新疆沙灣縣烏蘭烏蘇氣象站試驗(yàn)地進(jìn)行(E85°49′、N44°17′)，年降雨量約為187.7 mm，供試土壤為灌耕灰漠土(CalcaricFluvisal)，質(zhì)地為壤土，耕層(0～20 cm)，土壤pH 8.52，有機(jī)質(zhì)18.73 g/kg，全氮0.96 g/kg，速效磷23.87 g/kg，速效鉀340.95 g/kg。玉米品種為春玉米良玉66 號。供試氮肥為尿素(含N 46.6%)375 kg/hm2、磷肥為磷酸一銨(含P2O561%、含N 12%)90 kg /hm2，鉀肥為硫酸鉀(含K2O 51%)90 kg/hm2。

1.2 方 法

1.2.1試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

采用滴灌小區(qū)試驗(yàn)，隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)置4個(gè)處理，分別為：T1：N0(CK)、T2：N375(當(dāng)?shù)氐喂喔弋a(chǎn)玉米常規(guī)施氮量)、T3：75%N375+CP、T4：N375+CP(其中N375：純氮施量375 kg/hm2，75%N375：純氮施量281.25 kg/hm2，CP：氯甲基吡啶 上海碧晶)，重復(fù)3次。40+80 (cm)寬窄行覆膜種植，株距14.5 cm，每小區(qū)4膜，1膜2行，鋪設(shè)1條滴灌帶，理論種植密度為112 500株/hm2，小區(qū)面積38.4 m2(4.8 m×8.0 m)。氮肥和磷肥全部作追肥隨水滴施，生育期內(nèi)滴水10次，施肥8次，各生育時(shí)期田間管理措施等同當(dāng)?shù)匾话愦筇铩?月25日播種至10月2日收獲。表1

表1具體滴水施肥方案
Table 1 Schedule for water drip irrigation and fertigation of both N and P fertilizers

出苗后天數(shù)TheDaysafterseedlingemergence(d)506068758290100110120135滴水量(%)Irrigationvolume15101510101010884N (%)15101512151210650P2O5(%)78101112131313130

1.2.2樣品采集及測定項(xiàng)目1.2.2.1植物干物質(zhì)量及養(yǎng)分含量

分別在玉米拔節(jié)期、抽雄吐絲期、灌漿期、乳熟期、完熟期滴水施肥前取植株樣，各小區(qū)隨機(jī)取3株，分器官在105℃殺青30 min，然后在75℃烘干恒重，稱重，測定干物質(zhì)量；粉碎樣品測定植株氮含量及氮素吸收量。

1.2.2.2 植物中硝酸鹽含量

用RQ flex10反射儀(德國MERCK)測定玉米葉鞘的硝態(tài)氮含量。測試時(shí)期為拔節(jié)期、抽雄吐絲期、灌漿期。拔節(jié)期測定最上部完全展開葉的葉鞘部位，抽雄吐絲期和灌漿期測定穗位葉的葉鞘部位，各小區(qū)隨機(jī)抽取無損傷且長勢均勻的 3株進(jìn)行測定。

1.2.2.3產(chǎn)量與產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成要素

測產(chǎn)：在每個(gè)小區(qū)未取樣區(qū)劃2.4 m×4.0 m的樣方，收獲全部玉米，稱重并計(jì)算穗數(shù)。

考種：每個(gè)小區(qū)隨機(jī)取20株長勢相似的玉米，進(jìn)行考種，測定產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成要素及相關(guān)指標(biāo)，計(jì)算產(chǎn)量。

氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力=施氮區(qū)玉米產(chǎn)量/施氮量；

氮肥利用率=(施氮區(qū)玉米地上部吸氮量-無氮區(qū)玉米地上部吸氮量)/施氮量×100%[12]。

1.3數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)

采用Excel軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析；用SPSS17.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行單因素方差分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1不同施氮處理對植株干物質(zhì)量的影響

研究表明，不同處理對玉米各個(gè)器官干物質(zhì)積累有較大影響。完熟期玉米干物質(zhì)的分配表現(xiàn)為：穗部(61.4%～62.1%)>莖稈(23.4%～25.8%)>葉片(12.7%～15.0%)。與對照處理(N0)相比，施氮可增加玉米莖、葉、穗干物質(zhì)量(P< 0.05)；N375、75%N375+CP和N375+CP處理的干物質(zhì)分別比N0增加了7 648.8、6 565.1、9 732.0 kg/hm2，增幅分別為25%、22%、32%。各施氮處理之間的干物質(zhì)量表現(xiàn)為N375+CP > N375> 75%N375+CP。N375和N375+CP處理的干物質(zhì)分別比75%N375+CP處理增加了1 083.7和3 166.85 kg/hm2，增幅分別為2.9%和8.6%，但經(jīng)方差分析處理間差異不顯著。由此可見，減氮增銨不會(huì)顯著降低玉米干物質(zhì)積累量。圖1

圖1不同施氮處理下玉米成熟期干物質(zhì)量變化
Fig. 1 The effect of different N treatments on maize dry matter accumulation at maturity stage

2.2不同施氮處理對葉片硝酸鹽含量的影響

2.3不同施氮處理對葉片含氮量和吸氮量的影響

研究表明，拔節(jié)期施氮處理植株葉片含氮量均顯著(P< 0.05)高于不施氮處理N0。N375+CP、N375和75%N375+CP處理葉片含氮量分別較N0處理增加了38.8%、32.9%、43.9%，差異顯著(P< 0.05)，但3個(gè)施氮處理間差異不顯著。在拔節(jié)期和成熟期各施氮處理玉米植株吸氮量均顯著高于對照(P< 0.05)。如在拔節(jié)期，N375、75%N375+CP和N375+CP處理的葉片含氮量分別比對照增高了54.6%、44.3%和76.5%；在成熟期時(shí)N375、75%N375+CP和N375+CP處理的葉片含氮量分別比對照增高了60.7%、46.9%和67.5%；但施氮處理間植株葉片吸氮量不顯著。說明減氮增銨處理并不會(huì)降低植株葉片含氮量、吸氮量。表2

表2 不同施氮處理下葉片含氮量和吸氮量變化
Table 2 The effects of different N treatment on leaf total N content and maize N uptake

處理Treatment植株葉片含氮量LeafNtotalcontent(g/kg)拔節(jié)期Jointingstage成熟期Maturestage 植株葉片吸氮量MaizeNuptake(kg/hm2)拔節(jié)期Jointingstage成熟期MaturestageN014.48±2.44b10.84±1.37a48.75±6.73b53.44±7.14bN37520.10±1.75a12.90±0.65a75.40±4.60a85.92±2.81a75%N375+CP19.25±2.13a12.13±1.06a70.35±5.74a78.54±14.73aN375+CP20.84±0.77a13.03±1.79a86.08±18.60a89.52±10.53a平均Mean18.6712.22 70.1476.86

注:同一列中不同字母表示差異達(dá)到顯著水平(P<0.05),下同

Note:Different letters on the same column mean significant difference atP<0.05,the same as below

2.4不同施氮處理對玉米產(chǎn)量與構(gòu)成要素影響

研究表明，從玉米產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成要素分析，千粒重各處理之間差異不顯著，施氮處理對玉米千粒重?zé)o顯著影響。從產(chǎn)量分析，與對照(N0)相比，施氮可以顯著提高玉米產(chǎn)量。75%N375+CP、N375、N375+CP處理玉米產(chǎn)量分別較N0處理增加了18.6%、24.4%和28.9%。雖然75%N375+CP處理的玉米產(chǎn)量在3個(gè)施肥處理中最低，但經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)各施氮處理間差異未達(dá)到顯著水平；說明減氮增銨并不會(huì)降低滴灌玉米產(chǎn)量。表3

表3不同施氮處理下玉米產(chǎn)量與構(gòu)成要素
Table 3The effect of different N treatment on maize yield and its component

處理Treatment產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素Theyieldanditscomponents產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2)Grainyield穗數(shù)(株/hm2)Spikes穗粒數(shù)Grainsperear千粒重(g)1000-seedweightN014787±451b100312594±10c433±31aN37518405±446a100660648±25ab432±3a75%N375+CP17542±766a100747623±37bc454±4aN375+CP19063±295a100225677±9a456±48a

2.5不同施氮處理對滴灌玉米氮肥利用效率的影響

研究表明，滴灌玉米的氮肥利用率在39.0%～44.6%，不同施肥處理間氮肥利用率順序表現(xiàn)為75%N375+CP>N375+CP>N375。75%N375+CP的氮肥利用效率分別較N375和N375+CP處理提高了41.6%和27.4%，且差異顯著(P<0.05)。氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力變化范圍為47.1%～64.0%，3個(gè)施氮處理的氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力與氮肥利用率呈相同趨勢。75%N375+CP的氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力也表現(xiàn)為最高，分別較N375和N375+CP處理提高了26.8%和22.8%，且三者差異顯著(P<0.05)。說明在滴灌條件下通過減氮增銨可顯著提高滴灌玉米氮素養(yǎng)分利用效率。圖3

圖3不同施氮處理下玉米氮肥利用率及氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力變化
Fig. 3 The effect of different N treatment on maize apparent N fertilizer recovery rate and partially fertilizer production per N of nitrogen fertilizer

3 討 論

4 結(jié) 論

在天山北坡滴灌玉米種植區(qū)，以當(dāng)?shù)氐喂喔弋a(chǎn)玉米施氮量(375 kg/hm2)為基礎(chǔ)，通過減氮增銨(75%N375+CP)可促進(jìn)植株干物質(zhì)的積累，且可改善植株氮素營養(yǎng)，提高玉米植株吸氮量；減肥增銨處理的玉米氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力，較全氮施肥提高了41%和26.8%。在現(xiàn)有常規(guī)施肥量的情況下，通過增銨措施、氮肥施量減少25%并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)。在滴灌水氮一體化條件下，通過硝化抑制劑增銨減少氮肥用量25%(75～95 N kg/hm2)不僅不會(huì)降低玉米的氮素營養(yǎng)與產(chǎn)量，且可顯著提高氮素養(yǎng)分利用效率。

參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

[1]吳美玲. 減施氮對不同品種玉米產(chǎn)量和氮效率的影響研究[D]. 長春：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)碩士論文, 2014.

WU Mei-ling. (2014).Researchoneffectofreducingnitrogenonyieldandnitrogenefficiencyofdifferentvarietiesofmaize[D]. Master Dissertation. Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun. (in Chinese)

[2] 吳建新, 左強(qiáng), 王甲辰, 等. 不同施肥措施對球莖茴香產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)及氮平衡的影響[J]. 北方園藝, 2010, (10): 15- 18.

WU Jian-xin, ZUO Qiang, WANG Jia-chen, et al. (2010). Effects of different fertilization treatments on yield, quality and nitrogen balance of the bulb [J].NorthernHorticulture, (10): 15-18. (in Chinese)

[3] 馬群, 李國業(yè), 顧海永, 等. 我國水稻氮肥利用現(xiàn)狀及對策[J]．廣東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2010, 37(11):126-129.

MA Qun, LI Guo-ye, GU Hai-yong, et al. (2011). Current situation and Countermeasures of rice nitrogen fertilizer use in China [J].XinjiangAgriculturalSciences, 37(11):126-129. (in Chinese)

[4] 劉建亮. 旱地高產(chǎn)高效玉米栽培體系水氮管理及調(diào)控[D]. 楊凌：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)博士論文, 2014.

LIU Jian-liang. (2014).Managementandregulationofwaterandnitrogenforhigh-yieldandhigh-efficiencydrylandmaizesystem[D]. PhD Dissertation. Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling. (in Chinese)

[5] Pang, X. P., Gupta, S. C., Moncrief, J. F., Rosen, C. J., & Cheng, H. H. (1998). Evaluation of nitrate leaching potential in minnesota glacial outwash soils using the ceres-maize model.JournalofEnvironmentalQuality, 27(1)：75-85.

[6] 譚賀. 不同氮肥運(yùn)籌對春玉米干物質(zhì)積累及氮吸收分配的影響[D]. 長春: 東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)碩士論文, 2013.

TAN He. (2013).EffectsofDifferenceNitrogenManagementsonDryMatterAccumulation,NitrogenUptakeandDistributionofSpringMaize[D]. Master Dissertation. Northeast Agricultural University, Changchun. (in Chinese)

[7] 王秀斌, 徐新朋, 孫剛, 等. 氮肥用量對雙季稻產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率的影響[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào), 2013,(6):1 279- 1 286.

WANG Xiu-bin, Xü Xin-ming, SUN Gang, et al. (2013). Effects of nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of double cropping rice [J].PlantNutritionandFertilizerScience, (6):1,279-1,286. (in Chinese)

[8] 姜雯, 周登博, 張洪生,等.不同施肥水平下聚天冬氨酸對玉米幼苗生長的影響[J]. 玉米科學(xué), 2007, 15(5):121- 124.

JIANG Wen, ZHOU Deng-bo, ZHANG Hong-sheng, et al. (2007). The Effect of Poly aspartic Acid on Maize Growth at Seedling Stage Under Different Fertilizer Applied Condition [J].JournalofMaizeScience, 15(5):121-124. (in Chinese)

[9] 孫傳范, 戴廷波, 曹衛(wèi)星. 不同施氮水平下增銨營養(yǎng)對小麥生長和氮素利用的影響[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào), 2003, (1):33-38,49.

SUN Chuan-fan, DAI Ting-bo, CAO Wei-xing. (2003). Effect of the Enhanced Ammonium Nutrition on the growth and nitrogen utilization of wheat under different N levels [J].PlantNutritionandFertilizerScience, (1):33-38,49. (in Chinese)

[10] 張維理, 田哲旭, 張寧,等. 我國北方農(nóng)用氮肥造成地下水硝酸鹽污染的調(diào)查[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào), 1995, 1(2) : 80 - 87.

ZANG Wei-li, TIAN Zhe-xu, ZHANG Ning, et al. (1995). Investigation of nitrate pollution in ground water due o nitrogen fertilization in agriculture in north China [J].PlantNutritionandFertilizerScience, 1(2): 80 -87. (in Chinese)

[11] Liu, L. J., Sang, D. Z., Liu, C. L., Wang, Z. Q., Yang, J. C., & Zhu, Q. S. (2004). Effects of real-time and site-specific nitrogen managements on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.AgriculturalSciencesinChina，(4)：262-268.

[12] 王端, 紀(jì)德智, 馬琳,等. 春玉米產(chǎn)量和施氮量對氮素利用率的影響[J]. 中國土壤與肥料, 2013, (6):42- 46.

WANG Rui, JI De-zhi, MA Lin, et al. (2013). Effects of corn yield and nitrogen application on nitrogen use efficiency [J].SoilandFertilizerinChina, (6):42- 46. (in Chinese)

[13] 戴廷波,曹衛(wèi)星,孫傳范,等. 增銨營養(yǎng)對小麥光合作用及硝酸還原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的影響[J]. 應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2003, 14(9):1 529-1 532.

DAI Ting-bo, CAO Wei-xing, SUN Chuan-fan, et al. (2003). Effect of enhanced ammonium nutrition on photosynthesis and nitrate reuctase and glutamine syntheses activities of winter wheat [J].ChineseJournalofAppliedEcology,14(9): 1,529-1,532. (in Chinese)

[14] 李彩鳳. 增銨營養(yǎng)對玉米品質(zhì)影響初探[J]. 玉米科學(xué),2003,11(3):82-84.

LI Cai-feng. (2003). Primarily Research on Quality of Maize Influenced by Enhanced Ammonium Nutrition [J].JournalofMaizeSciences, 11(3): 82-84. (in Chinese)

[15] 孫傳范, 戴廷波, 荊奇,等. 不同生育時(shí)期增銨營養(yǎng)對小麥生長及氮素利用的影響[J]. 應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2004, 15(5):753- 757.

SUN Chuan-fan, DAI Ting-bo, JING Qi, et al. (2004). Effect of enhanced ammonium nutrition(EAN)at different growth stages on wheat growth and nitrogen utilization [J].ChineseJournalofAppliedEcology, 15(5): 753- 757. (in Chinese)

[16] 田秀英, 王正銀. 尿素與復(fù)合氮肥增效劑配施對水稻氮素利用的影響[J]. 水土保持學(xué)報(bào),2006, 20(6):120- 123.

TIAN XU-ying, WANG Zheng-yin. (2006). Effect of Urea Combined with Compound Nitrogen Fertilizer Synergists on Nitrogen Utilization of Rice [J].JournalofSoilandWaterConservation, 20(6): 120-123. (in Chinese)

Response of Reduing Nitrogen and Enhancing Ammonium to Maize N Nutrition and Yield under Drip Irrigation Condition

WANG Xue-wei, XIA Wen-hao, LIU Tao, TANG Cheng, CHU Gui-xin

(KeyLaboratoryofOasisEco-agricultureofXinjiangProductionandConstructionCorps/CollegeofAgronomy,ShiheziUniversity,ShiheziXinjiang832003,China)

Abstract：【Objective】 The project aims to study the effect of enhancing ammonium nutrition in upland crop nitrogen nutrition in arid areas and improve crop yield as well. 【Method】In the present study, the effect of decreasing urea supply rate and enhancing ammonium nutrition by chloromethyl pyridine on maize yield, corn plant N nutrition status and N fertilizer using efficiency were investigated under plastic mulched drip irrigation condition. Four treatments was designed: N0 (without N), N(375 )(375 kg/hm2), 75%N(375)+CP (25% of N was reduced plus chloromethyl pyridine) and N(375)+CP (375 kg/hm2 plus chloromethyl pyridine). 【Result】Plant dry matter accumulation was increased by 22% with 75%N(375)+CP treatment compared with N0; the leaf -N content of maize was decreased by 16.7% with 75%N(375)+CP treatment in contrast to N(375); the maize yield was increased by 18.6% with 75%N(375 )+ CP treatment compared with N0, and N fertilizer recovery rate and nitrogen partial factor productivity of maize was increased by 41% and 26.8% respectively, in 75%N(375)+CP treatment compared with N0. 【Conclusion】 In brief, a great fertilizer N recovery rate and better plant N status could be archived by corn, meanwhile, the maize yield is not down through the strategy of reducing N supply rate and enhancing ammonium nutrition under drip irrigation condition.

Key words:maize; grain yield; decreasing the nitrogen and increasing the ammonium; nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency; maize N nutrition

中圖分類號：S513;S14

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼：A

文章編號：1001-4330(2016)03-0461-06

作者簡介:王雪薇(1993-)，女，新疆人，碩士研究生，研究方向?yàn)橹参餇I養(yǎng)，(E-mail)grammays17@163.com通訊作者:褚貴新(1969-)，男，甘肅人，教授，博士生導(dǎo)師，研究方向?yàn)橹参餇I養(yǎng)生理生態(tài)與新型肥料，(E-mail)chuguixinshzu@163.com

基金項(xiàng)目:國家“十二五”科技支撐項(xiàng)目(2012BAD42B02)

收稿日期：2015-10-26

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.03.010

Fund project:Supported by Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period. (2012BAD42B02)