“最好的作品”與可持續(xù)性

張利

“最好的作品”與可持續(xù)性

張利

總有人說(shuō)：最好的作品是未完成的作品。相比于授予建筑師的普利茲克建筑獎(jiǎng)，授予建筑作品的阿卡汗獎(jiǎng)，豪瑞可持續(xù)建筑獎(jiǎng)（現(xiàn)已更名為拉法基豪瑞獎(jiǎng)）有著特殊的地位——它授予尚未建成的設(shè)計(jì)方案，其評(píng)審的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是該方案的可持續(xù)性。

經(jīng)過(guò)了12年4屆的評(píng)獎(jiǎng)，豪瑞獎(jiǎng)所推崇的探索可持續(xù)建筑的5項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)經(jīng)得起推敲與時(shí)間考驗(yàn)。這5項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是創(chuàng)新與可轉(zhuǎn)移性——進(jìn)步、道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與社會(huì)包容——人、資源與環(huán)境表現(xiàn)——地球、經(jīng)濟(jì)可行性與兼容性——繁榮、環(huán)境與審美效果——地點(diǎn)。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定得益于與拉法基豪瑞基金會(huì)合作的院校，學(xué)者們并未把可持續(xù)定義在狹義的范圍里，而是兼顧到建筑項(xiàng)目所能持續(xù)發(fā)揮作用的各個(gè)層面。依據(jù)這5項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所評(píng)選出的獲獎(jiǎng)作品在世界各地得到實(shí)施之后均獲得很高評(píng)價(jià)并持續(xù)發(fā)揮著作用。

本期我們收錄了18個(gè)項(xiàng)目，包含：具有典型性的公共設(shè)施設(shè)計(jì)探索，有位于斯圖加特這樣的城市的火車(chē)站，也有位于岡多村中的磚石學(xué)校；多種類(lèi)型對(duì)社區(qū)的改造與更新的嘗試，從貧民窟到農(nóng)莊，從歷史錯(cuò)綜的氏族聚落到城郊的農(nóng)村；對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施再利用的創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)者將無(wú)法發(fā)揮作用的公共設(shè)施改為音樂(lè)學(xué)校、公園，試圖以小規(guī)模的措施恢復(fù)古河活力，將防洪設(shè)施與日常公共服務(wù)結(jié)合；還能看到致力于減少浪費(fèi)與降低建筑成本的驚人的建議，在材料與模具方面創(chuàng)造性的運(yùn)用令人眼前一亮，等等。

每一項(xiàng)作品，設(shè)計(jì)者面對(duì)的都是復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題。我們能夠強(qiáng)烈地感受到他們對(duì)這些項(xiàng)目的熱忱與執(zhí)著，感受到他們心懷對(duì)未來(lái)的強(qiáng)烈期待、使命感與責(zé)任感，以及其中超越對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)收益、個(gè)人成就預(yù)期的讓建筑真正服務(wù)于人的愿望。這正是從事建筑與城市設(shè)計(jì)者本應(yīng)具有的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。

豪瑞獎(jiǎng)在中國(guó)具有特殊的意義，它一直堅(jiān)持表達(dá)對(duì)中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化、歷史價(jià)值詮釋以及社區(qū)更新的關(guān)注。第一屆豪瑞獎(jiǎng)亞太區(qū)金獎(jiǎng)授予常青教授的杭州來(lái)氏聚落再生設(shè)計(jì)，第二屆豪瑞獎(jiǎng)全球銅獎(jiǎng)授予張悅教授團(tuán)隊(duì)的鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)可持續(xù)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，都是這方面的例證。我們期待拉法基豪瑞獎(jiǎng)所代表的廣義可持續(xù)性?xún)r(jià)值觀繼續(xù)關(guān)注與肯定在中國(guó)發(fā)生的影響與改變世界最多人口的建筑實(shí)踐。

刊載項(xiàng)目中，仍有一部分至今尚未建成。往往在建筑與城市規(guī)劃這一領(lǐng)域，許多懷著理想與抱負(fù)的美好設(shè)想因?yàn)閷?shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程中多種問(wèn)題與無(wú)奈無(wú)法最終得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，而豪瑞獎(jiǎng)給了這些方案一次機(jī)會(huì)，讓人們可以看到設(shè)計(jì)者的“初衷”。

感謝拉法基豪瑞基金會(huì)與拉法基豪瑞中國(guó)在本刊制作中給予的支持。

People tend to say that the best project is the one still uncompleted. In contrast to the established architect awards like the Pritzker Award and the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, the Holcim Awards for Sustainable Construction (now officially the LafargeHolcim Awards) are given to uncompleted projects, at least uncompleted yet. The sole value of these awards is one unmistakable word: sustainability.

With their four cycles' (twelve years') worth of running, what the Holcim Awards have are 5 criteria tried and tested: Innovation and transferability –Progress, Ethical standards and social inclusion –People, Resource and environmental performance – Planet, Economic viability and compatibility –Prosperity, Contextual and aesthetic impact – Place.

These criteria owe substantially to the minds from the schools working with LafargeHolcim. These minds have rejected to interpret sustainability as a narrow technological subject. On the contrary, they have incorporated almost all aspects of architecture on which sustainability may be taken care of. Winning projects selected from all around the globe based upon these criteria have made convincing examples of broader sustainability since their completion. This in turn has given the Holcim Awards more and more prestige.

We are publishing 18 projects in this issue, including: experiments in typical public facilities, such as the main station of Stuttgart, the secondary school in Gando, Burkina Faso; diverse attempts in community making and regenerating, from clan’s settlements of complex history to rural areas on the outskirt of major cities; creative reuse of infrastructure, such as the renovation of abandoned facilities into a music school and parks, giving vividness to an old river with design intervention, and the combination of daily public use with flood infrastructure; radical proposals of construction cost reduction, with eye-opening use of materials and molds.

In each project, the designer faces a series of complicated problems. In each project, we see and feel the designer's passion and perseverance, the genuine aspiration of making architecture work for people, and the fact that such determination and responsibility far exceeds any personal desire for money or fame.

The Holcim Awards have unique meanings to China. Through their twelve years, the Holcim Awards have maintained the keen eyes on Chinese urbanisation, historical reinterpretation, and community regeneration. In the 1st Awards cycle, the Asia-Pacific Gold was awarded to Prof. CHANG Qing's "Design for a Clan Settlement's Regeneration". In the 2nd cycle, the Global Bronze was awarded to Prof. ZHANG Yue's "Sustainable Planning for a Rural Community". Both projects provide solid proof of the broad sustainable approach which the Holcim Awards advocate. We watch the coming LafargeHolcim Awards cycles with great curiosity, wishing that the innovative experiments related to the world's largest population base to be honoured more.

A number of the projects published in this issue are yet to be built. This is the known story of architecture that for whatever reasons, occasionally, it takes painfully long time to realise truly beautiful ideas. Without the Holcim Awards, we couldn't have given these fantastic designs such exposure.

Our thanks to LafargeHolcim Foundation and LafargeHolcim China, whose support makes this issue possible.

"The Best Project" and Sustainability

ZHANG Li

清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院/《世界建筑》

2016-12-11