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      海水魚類親體必需脂肪酸營養(yǎng)的研究進(jìn)展

      2016-03-28 16:39:29彭士明李云莉施兆鴻高權(quán)新張晨捷王建鋼
      海洋漁業(yè) 2016年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:類固醇性腺魚類

      彭士明,李云莉,2,施兆鴻,高權(quán)新,張晨捷,王建鋼

      (1.中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院東海水產(chǎn)研究所,上海 200090;2.上海海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,上海 201306)

      海水魚類親體必需脂肪酸營養(yǎng)的研究進(jìn)展

      彭士明1,李云莉1,2,施兆鴻1,高權(quán)新1,張晨捷1,王建鋼1

      (1.中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院東海水產(chǎn)研究所,上海 200090;2.上海海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,上海 201306)

      脂肪酸營養(yǎng)特別是其中的必需脂肪酸在海水魚類生殖調(diào)控方面具有重要的生理作用。飼料中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)以及花生四烯酸(ARA)含量在調(diào)控海水魚類性腺發(fā)育、排卵、孵化率及仔魚質(zhì)量等方面作用顯著。本文主要從必需脂肪酸需求量、對(duì)繁殖性能影響、對(duì)機(jī)體脂肪酸存儲(chǔ)影響及對(duì)內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控作用4個(gè)方面歸納總結(jié)了海水魚類親體脂肪酸營養(yǎng)的研究概況,并重點(diǎn)分析探討了在內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控方面的研究進(jìn)展,同時(shí)對(duì)后續(xù)的研究重點(diǎn)提出了一些建議。

      必需脂肪酸;海水魚類;親體;研究進(jìn)展;展望

      脂肪酸營養(yǎng)在海水魚類生殖調(diào)控方面具有重要的生理作用,目前,脂肪酸營養(yǎng)已成為魚類生殖營養(yǎng)學(xué)研究中的熱點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一[1-2]。研究證實(shí),多不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA)特別是長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)對(duì)海水魚類的正常繁殖、生長及發(fā)育均起著非常重要的作用,是其生命過程中不可缺少的營養(yǎng)因子[3-4]。已有的針對(duì)海水魚類必需脂肪酸的研究報(bào)道主要集中在二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)以及花生四烯酸(ARA)這3種脂肪酸,研究重點(diǎn)主要是分析探討這3種必需脂肪酸在調(diào)控海水魚類性腺發(fā)育、排卵、孵化率及仔魚質(zhì)量等方面所起的具體生理作用[5-6]。截至目前,已有相關(guān)研究報(bào)道所涉及的海水魚類主要包括狼鱸(Dicentrarchus labrax)[7]、真鯛(Sparus aurata)[8]、花尾胡椒鯛(Plectorhynchus cinctus)[9-10]、大西洋庸鰈(Hippoglossus hippoglossus)[11]、黃鰭鯛(Acanthopagrus latus)[12]、塞內(nèi)加爾鰨(Solea senegalensis)[13]、軍曹魚(Rachycentron canadum)[14]以及牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)[15]等。綜合分析已有的研究報(bào)道,有關(guān)海水魚類親體脂肪酸營養(yǎng)的研究主要涵蓋必需脂肪酸需求量、對(duì)繁殖性能影響、對(duì)機(jī)體脂肪酸存儲(chǔ)影響及對(duì)內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控作用4個(gè)方面。本文主要從以上4個(gè)方面歸納總結(jié)了海水魚類親體脂肪酸營養(yǎng)的研究概況,并重點(diǎn)分析探討了在內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控方面的研究進(jìn)展,同時(shí)對(duì)后續(xù)的研究重點(diǎn)提出了一些建議。

      1 海水魚類親體必需脂肪酸需求量

      魚類在不同發(fā)育階段對(duì)營養(yǎng)素的需求會(huì)有所不同,在性腺發(fā)育成熟過程中,由于需要積累大量的營養(yǎng)素以保障所產(chǎn)生的配子質(zhì)量,因此,魚類在親體階段對(duì)營養(yǎng)素(特別是脂類營養(yǎng))的需求量較幼體階段要高一些。FERNANDEZPALACIOS等[8]以產(chǎn)卵量、正常卵子所占比例以及仔魚成活率為指標(biāo)所得出的真鯛親體n-3 LCPUFA需求量為1.6%。在對(duì)牙鲆的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量達(dá)到1.5%~2.0%即可滿足其性腺發(fā)育所需[15]。上述兩種魚類親體對(duì)n-3 LC-PUFA的需求量大致相似,然而,在對(duì)花尾胡椒鯛的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),其對(duì)飼料中n-3 LCPUFA的最適需求量為2.40%~3.70%[10]。ZAKERI等[12]通過利用魚油、魚油與葵花籽油等比例混合油、葵花籽油3種脂肪源研究分析飼料中不同n-3 LC-PUFA含量(依次為6.67%、4.26%和2.92%)對(duì)黃鰭鯛產(chǎn)卵繁殖的影響,研究得出,以魚油為單獨(dú)脂肪源,即n-3 LC-PUFA含量為6.67%時(shí)所得到的卵子與初孵仔魚質(zhì)量最佳。由此可以看出,不同魚種間親體對(duì)n-3 LCPUFA的需求量存在較大差異。此外,已有的研究還指出,飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量并非越高越好,過高或者過低的n-3 LC-PUFA含量均會(huì)影響海水魚類的正常繁殖,降低其繁殖性能。LI等[10]的研究報(bào)道中指出,飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量高于5.85%或低于1.12%均會(huì)顯著降低花尾胡椒鯛的產(chǎn)卵量、卵子及仔魚質(zhì)量。同樣,在牙鲆的研究中也得出,飼料中過高的n-3 LC-PUFA含量會(huì)顯著降低其卵子質(zhì)量,導(dǎo)致其繁殖性能降低[16]。除了針對(duì)n-3 LC-PUFA需求量的研究之外,有關(guān)海水魚類n-6系列必需脂肪酸(主要是花生四烯酸)需求量的研究也有諸多報(bào)道,但主要集中在對(duì)仔魚和幼魚階段的營養(yǎng)需求,針對(duì)親體的ARA營養(yǎng)需求研究并不多,僅見如:FURUITA等[17]在對(duì)牙鲆親體的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),飼料中0.6%的ARA可有效提高其繁殖性能,但過高的ARA含量(1.2%)卻會(huì)顯著降低其卵子及仔魚的質(zhì)量。在對(duì)塞內(nèi)加爾鰨親體的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在不同季度內(nèi)飼料中ARA的適宜含量是有一定變化的,夏季與初秋季節(jié)飼料中ARA的適宜含量需控制在占總脂肪酸比例的3.9%,而冬季控制在2.2%即可,全年內(nèi)飼料中ARA的平均適宜含量為占總脂肪酸比例的3.0%[18]。NGUYEN等[14]在對(duì)軍曹魚親體適宜必需脂肪酸需求量的研究中得出,其飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量應(yīng)不低于1.86%,同時(shí)還指出,飼料中ARA的含量建議控制在0.15%~0.24%(干物質(zhì)比),過高的飼料ARA含量(0.42%~0.60%)同樣對(duì)其受精卵質(zhì)量具有負(fù)面影響。由上述可知,不同海水魚類親體在其性腺發(fā)育成熟過程中對(duì)必需脂肪酸(包含n-3和n-6 LC-PUFA)的需求量不盡相同,同時(shí),過量的必需脂肪酸也對(duì)親體的正常繁殖具有負(fù)面影響。

      2 脂肪酸營養(yǎng)對(duì)海水魚類繁殖性能的影響

      有關(guān)脂肪酸營養(yǎng)(特別是必需脂肪酸)與海水魚類繁殖性能間關(guān)系的研究一直是近些年來水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物營養(yǎng)與飼料學(xué)研究的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。目前已有的關(guān)于必需脂肪酸影響海水魚類親體繁殖性能的研究報(bào)道主要集中在對(duì)繁殖力、精卵質(zhì)量、受精率、孵化率及仔魚質(zhì)量等幾個(gè)方面[6]。FURUITA等[15]在對(duì)牙鲆的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著飼料中LC-PUFA含量的增加,牙鲆的繁殖性能明顯得到改善,仔魚畸形率顯著降低,3日齡仔魚成活率顯著升高。MAZORRA等[11]在對(duì)大西洋庸鰈的研究報(bào)道中也指出,飼料中的脂類,特別是LCPUFA與卵子質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)卵力以及受精成功率關(guān)系極為密切。同樣,在日本鰻鱺(Anguillajaponica)[19]、真鯛[8]、花尾胡椒鯛[10]、塞內(nèi)加爾鰨[18]、黃鰭鯛[12]以及軍曹魚[14]等的報(bào)道中也得到了相似的研究結(jié)果。SORBERA等[20]在對(duì)狼鱸研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),必需脂肪酸在狼鱸生殖系統(tǒng)發(fā)育過程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,離體實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,必需脂肪酸可刺激卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育成熟,并可加強(qiáng)促性腺激素誘導(dǎo)卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育成熟的生理效應(yīng)。已有的研究證實(shí),DHA是魚類性腺及仔魚機(jī)體內(nèi)磷酸甘油酯特別是磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰膽堿的重要組成部分,因此,組織中DHA含量的多少直接影響到魚類的繁殖性能[6];EPA也是一種影響魚類繁殖力的重要脂肪酸,在魚類代謝過程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,主要體現(xiàn)在其在維持細(xì)胞膜的完整性方面具有重要的調(diào)控作用,同時(shí),EPA也作為一些環(huán)氧合酶的底物,以及一些前列腺素類化合物的前體物[6];ARA是魚類性腺組織分泌產(chǎn)生類二十烷酸主要前體物,因此,機(jī)體ARA的含量同樣直接影響魚類的繁殖性能[5]。此外,單斑重牙鯛(Diplodus sargus)在性成熟過程中其性腺組織中會(huì)積累較高含量的LC-PUFA[21],這從另一層面印證了LC-PUFA在海水魚類生殖繁育過程中起著至關(guān)重要的生理作用。由此可以推測,飼料中LC-PUFA含量可顯著影響卵子發(fā)育質(zhì)量及仔魚成活率的原因之一可能是通過改變卵及仔魚的營養(yǎng)組成,特別是其中必需脂肪酸的組成。當(dāng)然,必需脂肪酸營養(yǎng)對(duì)海水魚類繁殖性能的調(diào)控機(jī)理是非常復(fù)雜的,改變必需脂肪酸的營養(yǎng)組成僅僅是其中的一種調(diào)控方式。

      3 脂肪酸營養(yǎng)對(duì)機(jī)體脂肪酸存儲(chǔ)的影響

      已有的研究表明,機(jī)體脂肪酸組成與飼料中的脂肪酸組成密切相關(guān)[12-14]。NGUYEN等[14]利用必需脂肪酸含量不同的4組飼料喂養(yǎng)軍曹魚親體,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),不同飼料組間所得卵中的脂肪酸組成存在明顯差異,且其中各種脂肪酸含量的變化與飼料中的脂肪酸組成基本一致。同樣,在對(duì)黃鰭鯛的研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn),其卵、初孵仔魚以及3日齡仔魚的n-3 LC-PUFA含量均隨著飼料中n-3 LC-PUFA含量的增加而增加[12]。NORAMBUENA等[13]研究分析了ARA含量不同的6組飼料對(duì)塞內(nèi)加爾鰨親體組織中脂肪酸組成的影響,結(jié)果表明,精巢、卵巢、肌肉及肝臟組織中的脂肪酸組成均與對(duì)應(yīng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)飼料中的脂肪酸組成一致,各組織中ARA的含量均隨著飼料中ARA含量的增加而增加。盡管機(jī)體中很多必需脂肪酸的積累量均會(huì)隨著飼料中相應(yīng)含量的升高而升高,但某些特定的脂肪酸則更大程度上選擇性的存儲(chǔ)于機(jī)體組織中。WASSEF等[22]在對(duì)真鯛的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),各試驗(yàn)組性腺組織中DHA含量均高于對(duì)應(yīng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)飼料中的DHA含量,但是EPA和ARA的含量則無類似的情況,該研究結(jié)果表明了DHA更大程度上選擇性的保留在真鯛性腺組織中,揭示DHA作為一種必需脂肪酸其在真鯛性腺發(fā)育成熟過程中潛在的生理作用要明顯大于EPA和ARA。在對(duì)狼鱸的研究報(bào)道中也得到了相似的研究結(jié)果[23]。然而,由于不同魚種對(duì)DHA、EPA和ARA的需求量存在差異,因此,這種現(xiàn)象是否在海水魚類中普遍存在,還需要更進(jìn)一步的研究分析。

      4 脂肪酸營養(yǎng)對(duì)海水魚類機(jī)體內(nèi)分泌激素的調(diào)控作用

      魚類性腺的發(fā)育、分化與成熟受到生殖內(nèi)分泌因子(性激素及其受體等)和外源因子(環(huán)境因子、營養(yǎng)素等)的雙重影響[24]。外源因子和體內(nèi)的生殖內(nèi)分泌因子直接或間接作用于下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸,下丘腦分泌促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH),使腦垂體分泌促性腺激素(GtH)并作用于性腺,促使性腺分泌性類固醇激素,性類固醇激素與相應(yīng)受體結(jié)合,促進(jìn)性腺發(fā)育成熟并排出卵子或精子[24-25]。發(fā)育中的卵泡分泌雌激素(主要為E2)是卵巢發(fā)育成熟過程中至關(guān)重要的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)[24]。E2通過血液運(yùn)輸至肝臟并與肝細(xì)胞細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的E2受體結(jié)合,從而發(fā)揮其生物學(xué)效應(yīng),誘導(dǎo)肝臟合成卵黃蛋白原(Vg)[26-27]。魚類的性腺發(fā)育是一個(gè)能量積累的過程,在性腺發(fā)育過程中,機(jī)體脂肪酸特別是其中的LC-PUFA通過代謝途徑從脂肪組織轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至肝臟,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肝臟中Vg的合成[28-29]。然而,肝臟中Vg的合成不僅需要足量的LC-PUFA,其合成與積累同時(shí)需要在性類固醇激素的誘導(dǎo)之下方能完成[26-27]。因此,LC-PUFA、機(jī)體性類固醇激素水平是影響魚類特別是海水魚類卵黃發(fā)生、卵巢成熟的兩個(gè)重要因素。已有研究表明,LC-PUFA與海水魚類機(jī)體性類固醇激素分泌水平之間也存在著某種程度的因果聯(lián)系,即飼料中適宜的LC-PUFA水平可顯著提高海水魚類機(jī)體中性類固醇激素的分泌水平,進(jìn)而加速其精卵的發(fā)生、成熟[9-10]。然而,目前關(guān)于LC-PUFA是如何影響海水魚類性腺組織中性類固醇激素的分泌并未有詳盡的研究報(bào)道。在大西洋鮭(Salmo salar)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),如果E2的分泌及其與受體的結(jié)合效應(yīng)受阻,會(huì)導(dǎo)致成熟卵子絨毛膜發(fā)育畸形、繁殖力差以及較低的胚胎成活率[30]。因此,性類固醇激素在魚類性腺發(fā)育過程中具有至關(guān)重要的生理作用。在斜帶石斑魚(Epinephelus coioides)[31]、圓斑星鰈(Verasper variegates)[32]及條斑星鰈(Veraspermoseri)[33]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)性類固醇激素分泌的變化規(guī)律與卵泡發(fā)生、發(fā)育、成熟和排出的周期基本一致。李遠(yuǎn)友等[9]對(duì)花尾胡椒鯛親魚的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在性腺快速發(fā)育和成熟時(shí)期,飼料中n-3 HUFA不足或者過量均會(huì)導(dǎo)致血漿性類固醇激素雌二醇(E2)和睪酮(T)含量的降低,同時(shí)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)卵量、受精率以及仔魚成活率顯著降低。同時(shí),MERCURE等[34]的研究也指出,一定劑量的EPA和DHA可明顯抑制硬骨魚類離體卵泡類固醇的產(chǎn)生。由于長鏈脂肪酸特別是n-3 LC-PUFA是Vg和胚胎細(xì)胞生物膜的重要成分之一,而Vg的合成則需要E2的刺激。由此可以推斷,外源脂肪酸營養(yǎng)影響魚類性腺發(fā)育成熟的直接原因可能在于改變了魚體中性類固醇激素的分泌狀況,進(jìn)而阻礙了性腺的發(fā)育成熟。然而截至目前,國內(nèi)外關(guān)于脂肪酸營養(yǎng)對(duì)魚類性類固醇激素分泌的影響機(jī)理研究則鮮有報(bào)道。但綜合分析已有的研究報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn),在性腺發(fā)育過程中,魚體內(nèi)由下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸(HPG)所分泌的各種激素之間以及性類固醇激素E2和T之間均處于一種動(dòng)態(tài)的平衡之中,相互之間亦存在正負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用[24-25,35-37]。因此,探討必需脂肪酸影響性類固醇激素分泌的生理機(jī)制需要從HPG軸所分泌激素之間的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡入手。

      根據(jù)已有的資料分析,以下幾個(gè)因素在調(diào)控性類固醇激素分泌方面具有非常重要的生理作用。其一,垂體分泌GtH的情況。硬骨魚類存在兩種促性腺激素(GtHⅠ和GtHⅡ)。GtHⅠ主要是在魚類性腺發(fā)育的早期刺激性腺分泌E2和T等性類固醇激素,調(diào)節(jié)性腺的發(fā)育和配子的生成,而GtHⅡ主要是刺激性腺產(chǎn)生黃體酮,促使卵母細(xì)胞和精子的最后成熟并刺激排精和排卵[25,38]。因此,GtH對(duì)性類固醇激素的分泌具有重要的調(diào)控作用。在對(duì)許氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在精子發(fā)生及卵黃發(fā)生時(shí)期血清中具有較高含量的GtHⅠ,同時(shí)較高含量的GtHⅠ可誘導(dǎo)卵巢分泌更多的E2;在排精、排卵時(shí)期血清中GtHⅡ含量占主導(dǎo)[39]。當(dāng)然,GtH調(diào)控魚類性腺發(fā)育的生理機(jī)制也并非如此簡單,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雄性海鱸類魚從精子發(fā)生啟動(dòng)直至成熟排放的整個(gè)過程中,GtHⅠ與GtHⅡ的表達(dá)量均同時(shí)增加,也就是說,GtHⅠ與GtHⅡ兩者可能都參與了海鱸類魚精子發(fā)生及排放整個(gè)過程的調(diào)控[40]。其二,魚體內(nèi)性類固醇激素受體的表達(dá)情況。脊椎動(dòng)物生殖內(nèi)分泌研究發(fā)現(xiàn),性類固醇激素功能的發(fā)揮必須與其相應(yīng)的特異性受體結(jié)合[38],因而,激素受體的表達(dá)情況直接影響著相應(yīng)激素所具有的生理效應(yīng)。當(dāng)前,大量的研究資料已證實(shí),性類固醇激素及其與受體的相互作用是誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)硬骨魚類性腺發(fā)育、成熟及精卵排放的重要信號(hào)途徑[41]。在對(duì)半滑舌鰨(Cynoglossus semilaevis)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在生殖細(xì)胞的胞質(zhì)、胞膜以及核膜中,性類固醇激素及其受體均有廣泛表達(dá),并且在性腺發(fā)育不同時(shí)期其表達(dá)強(qiáng)度也有所不同,這進(jìn)一步表明了性類固醇激素及其受體在性腺發(fā)育不同階段具有不同的生理功能,且兩者之間存在明顯的相互反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用[42]。這一點(diǎn)在對(duì)文昌魚(Branchiostomabelcheri)的研究中也得到了證實(shí)[43]。其三,性腺型芳香化酶(P450aromA)的表達(dá)情況。雌激素的生物合成需要許多酶的參與,而其中芳香化酶是催化雄激素向雌激素轉(zhuǎn)化的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵酶和限速酶[44]。綜合分析現(xiàn)有的資料認(rèn)為,芳香化酶主要是通過調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)雄激素與雌激素的比例來控制魚類的性別分化和發(fā)育方向[44-45]。利用非類固醇型芳香化酶抑制劑處理雌性赤點(diǎn)石斑魚(Epinephelus akaara),導(dǎo)致其性腺芳香化酶活性顯著降低,同時(shí)血清11-酮基睪酮濃度顯著升高,E2含量顯著降低[46]。也就是說,芳香化酶抑制劑主要是通過降低性腺型芳香化酶的活性來抑制內(nèi)源性E2的產(chǎn)生并提高11-酮基睪酮水平,從而達(dá)到誘導(dǎo)赤點(diǎn)石斑魚由雌性轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾坌缘哪康?。在?duì)牙鲆的研究中也得到了相近的結(jié)論[45]。由此說明,生物體內(nèi)芳香化酶的活性和分布能反映魚體內(nèi)雌雄激素的生物合成狀況[44-46]。因此,芳香化酶細(xì)胞色素P450對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)魚類整個(gè)性類固醇激素的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡具有重要意義。

      5 展望

      綜合分析以上研究資料,針對(duì)不同種類的海水經(jīng)濟(jì)養(yǎng)殖對(duì)象而言,為提高其繁殖性能,繼續(xù)深入開展親體培育階段適宜必需脂肪酸需求量的研究仍是目前營養(yǎng)與飼料行業(yè)的核心工作。然而,要想從機(jī)理上弄清必需脂肪酸影響海水魚類繁殖性能的原因,脂肪酸營養(yǎng)的生殖內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控及其分子基礎(chǔ)則應(yīng)是后續(xù)重點(diǎn)攻關(guān)的研究內(nèi)容。魚類生殖相關(guān)性激素的分泌受HPG軸的調(diào)節(jié),脂肪酸營養(yǎng)之所以能夠影響魚體性激素的分泌,原因應(yīng)在于其影響了機(jī)體HPG軸的生殖內(nèi)分泌機(jī)能,進(jìn)而改變了機(jī)體內(nèi)各激素間的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。因此,針對(duì)必需脂肪酸營養(yǎng)對(duì)海水魚類生殖內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控及其分子基礎(chǔ)的研究應(yīng)重點(diǎn)圍繞HPG軸激素間動(dòng)態(tài)平衡的角度展開。

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      Research progress of essential fatty acids nutrition in marine fish broodstock

      PENG Shi-ming1,LIYun-li1,2,SHIZhao-hong1,GAO Quan-xin1,ZHANG Chen-jie1,WANG Jian-gang1
      (1.East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Shanghai 200090,China;2.College of Fisheries and Life Science,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China)

      Fatty acids,especially essential fatty acids,play an important role in the regulation of reproductive performance in marine fish.The importance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(LC-PUFA),especially 22∶6n-3(DHA),20∶5n-3(EPA)and 20∶4n-6(ARA),in broodstock nutrition has attracted attention in the last two decades.It has been well documented that dietary essential fatty acid is a nutritional factor that greatly affects spawning performance,egg and larval quality of fish.Lipids are utilized as energy sources throughout embryogenesis,and particularly in the later stages of development prior to hatching.EPA and DHA are themajor fatty acids in the total lipid of eggs ofmost fish and these fatty acidsmarkedly influence the reproductive parameters.DHA,especially abundant in retina and brain,has a particularly important role in maintaining the structure and function of the cellmembranes of these tissues.In addition,as a major fatty acid in phosphatidylinositol and precursor of prostaglandin,ARA stimulates ovarian and testicular steroidogenesis and is assumed to be involved in embryonic development of the immune system,hatching and early larval performance.Reported studies on essential fatty acids inmarine fish broodstock mainly cover four fields:(1)Requirements.Fat provides energy and essential fatty acids for the growth ofmarine fishes and play critical roles in marine fish nutrition.n-3 LC-PUFA are essential fatty acids.It is typically recognized thatmarine fishes have a limited ability to convert shorter chain and less unsaturated fatty acids into n-3 LCPUFA.Therefore,adequate amounts of n-3 LC-PUFA must be supplied through the diet to ensure normal growth and development.Studies on somemarine fish species have shown that different fishes require different levels of n-3 LC-PUFA,and also extremely high or low levels of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA are not conducive to the normal growth and development.Hence,the provision of appropriate amounts of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA is essential.On the other hand,little attention has been given to n-6 LC-PUFA in spite of evidence in the literature suggesting its potential importance in reproduction;(2)Reproductive performance.Dietary LCPUFA content greatly affects egg and larval quality.In general,low LC-PUFA levels in broodstock diets decrease egg quality.However,some authors have identified negative effects of excess LC-PUFA on egg quality.To obtain LC-PUFA levels suitable for developing formulated broodstock diet,it is necessary to determine the ways in which the egg changeswith the increasing levels of dietary LC-PUFA;(3)Body fatty acids storage.Numerous earlier reports on different species of finfish have evidenced that the fatty acid compositions of tissue lipids were closely related to dietary fatty acids input.DHA was selectively deposited and retained,as ovary DHA concentrationswere always higher than diet concentrations,suggesting that DHA had higher nutritional value and contributed more to the species reproduction than EPA or ARA;(4)Endocrine regulation.The importance of LC-PUFAs,especially n-3 LC-PUFAs,in broodstock nutrition has been extensively studied.Whilemost studies have focused on the effects of diet on body composition,growth performance,egg quality and larval survival rate,few studies have investigated the effects of nutrients on hormone synthesis during gonadogenesis.Pituitary gonadotropin hormone(GtH),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)and luteinizing hormone(LH)are involved in gametogenesis and sexual maturation in teleosts.In salmonid fish,F(xiàn)SH is primarily involved in vitellogenesis and spermatogenesis,whereas LH triggersmaturation,ovulation,and spermiation.In response to GtH,cholesterol is converted into testosterone(T)and 17β-estradiol(E2).E2stimulates hepatic vitellogenin synthesis,which is essential in oocyte development.In rainbow trout,F(xiàn)SH levels increase during vitellogenesis and decrease during finalmaturation concomitantwith increasing LH levels.Sex steroid hormones play important roles in vertebrate reproduction.In several teleost species,E2and T produced in gonadal tissues under the control of GtH,are essential in gametogenesis.Fatty acids(especially PUFAs)are cell signaling molecules,structural compounds and energy sources.PUFAs are crucial formediating immunological,metabolic,and endocrine signalswithin the uterine-fetal-placental unit.PUFAs are precursors of cell signalingmolecules,and there is evidence that they regulatemembrane signal transduction pathways and steroid hormone action,by modulating the binding of estrogen,progesterone,and glucocorticoids to their intracellular receptors.Therefore,PUFAs act as endogenousmodulators of key enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.Previous studies on fish reproduction have focused on lipids as energy sources,but their roles in other physiological processes have been overlooked in spite of the fact that PUFAs and their metabolites produced from cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase have modulatory effects on steroidmetabolism,which in turn control ovulation,steroidogenesis and fecundity rates.This paper reviewed the research on essential fatty acids in marine fish broodstock in the above four fields,especially made a comprehensive analysis on endocrine regulation of essential fatty acids,and proposed suggestions for further research on essential fatty acids in marine fish broodstock.

      essential fatty acids;marine fish;broodstock;review;prospect

      S 968.1

      A

      1004-2490(2016)01-0098-09

      2015-03-24

      國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31202009);上海市科技興農(nóng)重點(diǎn)攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(滬農(nóng)科攻字2013-2-1);中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)(東2014Z02-2)

      彭士明,男,博士,副研究員。E-mail:shiming.peng@163.com

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