閱讀理解題奪分捷徑

王德紅

縱觀近幾年高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題，細(xì)節(jié)理解題仍然占較大比例，而且已由過(guò)去簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)號(hào)入座直接答題變成通過(guò)語(yǔ)句的同義或反義轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)考查考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)的理解能力，難度逐年增加。

抓住文段中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵，也是做好其他類型題目的基礎(chǔ)。細(xì)節(jié)理解題的題干常為：

When/Where did the story happen？

Which of the following statements are （not） correct？

According to the passage， which of the following statements are （not） mentioned？

What is the right order of the events given in the passage？

All of the following statements may be true except...

干擾項(xiàng)特征：

1.將原文內(nèi)容擴(kuò)大或縮小。即把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換，使該選項(xiàng)看似正確，實(shí)際上卻是錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)。

2.把未然當(dāng)已然。即改變文中某句話的時(shí)態(tài)，如把將來(lái)時(shí)變成現(xiàn)在時(shí)，把未發(fā)生的事情當(dāng)成已發(fā)生的事情。

3.無(wú)中生有。即選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是根據(jù)主觀想象或推測(cè)得出的結(jié)論，而文中并未涉及。

4.偷換概念。即把原來(lái)做某事的“張三”換成“李四”，所述細(xì)節(jié)確實(shí)與原文一致，考生一不小心就會(huì)誤選。

5.文不對(duì)題。這類題最不容易辨別，選項(xiàng)中的描述與原文完全一致，屬于原文中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，這時(shí)要回到題干，看該選項(xiàng)是否能回答題干的問(wèn)題。

事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，難度指數(shù)：★★

解答事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題最基本也是最常用的方法是題干定位法。首先從問(wèn)題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細(xì)節(jié)；然后再把這部分內(nèi)容仔細(xì)閱讀一遍，比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的區(qū)別，在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確定最佳答案。

（2015湖北卷，C篇節(jié)選）Hilversum is a medium-sized city between the major cities of Amsterdam and Utrecht in the Gooi area of North Holland， the Netherlands. Unlike most of the Netherlands， Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of sand. Once called the Garden of Amsterdam， it still attracts travelers to come over to cycle and walk through the surrounding forests. They visit it for a relaxing day off from the urban madness. For Dutch people， Hilversum is all about textile（紡織）and media industries， and modern architecture.

1. Hilversum is different from most of the Netherlands in that ________.

A. it has a large population

B. it is cut off from big cities

C. it has many beautiful gardens

D. it is in a hilly area with sandy soil

【解析】根據(jù)文中Unlike most of the Netherlands， Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of sand可知，Hilversum與荷蘭其他城市不同，它位于丘陵區(qū)域，這個(gè)區(qū)域的土壤含沙較多。答案：D。

細(xì)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)換題，難度指數(shù)：★★★

細(xì)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)換題屬于間接理解題，需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)意上的轉(zhuǎn)換，找出表達(dá)上的差異。解答此類題目時(shí)，考生可以帶著問(wèn)題，有針對(duì)性地掃讀全文，迅速鎖定相關(guān)語(yǔ)句，再進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出表達(dá)不同但意義相同的部分，然后得出答案?？忌枰獙?duì)原文信息進(jìn)行加工處理，然后再進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的推理或鑒別。這屬于介于事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題和推理判斷題之間的一種題型，對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)有一定難度。

（2014山東卷，C篇節(jié)選）For nearly 30 years Mumbet served the Ashley family. One day， Ashley’s wife tried to strike Mumbet’s sister with a spade. Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead. Furious， she left the house and refused to come back. When the Ashleys tried to make her return， Mumbet consulted a lawyer， Theodore Sedgewick. With his help， Mumbet sued（起訴）for her freedom.

2. Why did Mumbet run away from the Ashleys？

A. She found an employer.

B. She wanted to be a lawyer.

C. She was hit and got angry.

D. She had to take care of her sister.

【解析】由題干問(wèn)題定位到原文One day， Ashley’s wife tried to strike Mumbet’s sister with a spade. Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead. Furious， she left the house and refused to come back，注意相關(guān)信息詞語(yǔ)意上的轉(zhuǎn)換，選項(xiàng)C中的hit和原文中的strike盡管表達(dá)不同，意義卻相同，got angry和furious也是表達(dá)不同但意義相同的詞語(yǔ)。答案：C。

細(xì)節(jié)排序題，難度指數(shù)：★★★★

細(xì)節(jié)排序題一般采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件，以便迅速縮小選擇范圍。如果文章是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間為線索；如果是說(shuō)明文，排序時(shí)通常以說(shuō)明的先后順序?yàn)榫€索；如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序?yàn)榫€索。

（2014四川卷，C篇節(jié)選）A schoolgirl saved her father’s life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic（過(guò)敏的） reaction which stopped his heart.Izzy， nine，restarted father Colm’s heart by stamping（踩）on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.

Izzy’s mother，Debbie，immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father，so decided to use CPR.However， she quickly discovered her arms weren’t strong enough， so she stamped on her father’s chest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions（按壓）until the ambulance arrived.

Izzy， who has been given a bravery award by her school， said： “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn’t strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”

3. What’s the right order of the events？

① Izzy kicked Colm. ② Debbie called 999.

③ Izzy learned CPR. ④ Colm’s heart stopped.

A. ③①②④ B.④②③①

C. ③④②① D. ④③①②

【解析】由My mum taught me CPR可知，Izzy能實(shí)施急救是因?yàn)樗赣H以前教過(guò)她急救的技巧，故③的動(dòng)作最早，因此首先確定A、C兩項(xiàng)；根據(jù)第一段中的 stopped breathing，第二段中called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father，so decided to use CPR 可知，這三個(gè)動(dòng)作的順序是④②①。答案：C。

圖表、圖畫(huà)題，難度指數(shù)：★★★★★

圖表、圖畫(huà)有時(shí)出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解的文章中，有時(shí)出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中，這增加了試題的難度，同時(shí)也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的信息。在解答此類試題的時(shí)候，一定要把握?qǐng)D表、圖畫(huà)中所暗含的信息，特別是有些事實(shí)是通過(guò)圖片來(lái)敘述的，我們可以采用按圖索驥的方法。

（2015浙江卷，B篇節(jié)選）

A bar graph has two axes and uses bars to show amounts. In Graph 1，we see that the x-axis shows grades that students earned， and the y-axis shows how many students earned each grade. You can see that 6 studentsearned an A because the bar for A stretches up to 6 on the vertical measurement. There is a lot of information we can get from a simple graph like this.

4. What is the total number of students who earned a C or better？

A.4 B.6 C.10 D.20

【解析】根據(jù)圖表可以看出，獲得A的有6人，獲得B的有10人，獲得C的有4人，由此可知獲得C或者C以上的有20人，因此并不是每個(gè)人都可以完成這個(gè)任務(wù)。答案：D。