了解命題者視角，“三步走”攻破完形填空

秦媛

編者按：從2016年第1期開始，英語科目將注重于題型專項提升，聚焦題型難點和易錯點，幫助考生彌補知識漏洞。

文章的開頭通常會出現(xiàn)一個完整的句子，提示全文，讓考生迅速進入主題，為理解文章奠定基礎。

語篇層次設空的比例有所增加，超過了三分之一，使考生無法憑某個單句的其他部分就能得出答案。文中“掩埋”的線索包括文章的話題、主題、背景、人物、時間、地點、事件等，考生應以這些線索來解題、確定文體，從而把握文章的發(fā)展方向，達到順利“完形”的目的。

不少考生看了很多完形填空解題技巧后還是一頭霧水，原因是沒有真正認識到完形填空的考查關鍵。

大家不妨和筆者站在命題者的角度來看看完形填空是怎樣“編”出來的，知道了命題的思路，了解了設題的角度和選詞的方向，難題自然迎刃而解。下面筆者就以一篇完形填空作為案例，總結、分析高考完形填空考查的方向及規(guī)律。

Todd was working at his gas station at night when he heard over the radio that a 1____ in Long Island had been 2____ by an armed man who had killed the night guard and got away with $ 150，000.“One hundred and fifty thousand，” Todd whistled. Here's a fellow who just 3____ into a bank and helps himself 4____ so much money. Todd thought of the 5____ with which he managed to get the amount of money he 6____ to start his gas station. So many papers to 7____ ， so much money to pay back. The news 8____ twenty minutes later. The gunman had 9____ a car for a ride， and then 10____ out the driver. He was possibly 11 ____the Southern State Parkway in a white Ford. License plate（車牌）number LJR1939. The 12____ of the announcer continued：“13 ____ out for white cars. Don't pick up 14____， and all you folks in gas stations better not do 15____ to a white Ford car.” Todd stood up and 16____to see out into the cold night. It was dark but Todd 17____ the Southern State Parkway was out there. Just 18____ ， Todd saw the headlights coming at him and a car pulled in for 19____ . There it was， a white Ford. He saw the 20____ ， LJR1939. “What should I do？”Todd had to make a quick 21___ .“Yes， sir？”Todd 22____ while making up his mind for sure.

“23____ her up，”the man said sounding like any other 24____ . When the tank（油箱）was full， Todd quickly turned round and pointed a gun at the man.“Hands up 25____ get out！”

1. A. store ? B. bank ? C. station ? D. house

2. A. searched for ?B. held up ?C. taken over ?D. broken into

3. A. walks ? B. looks ? C. marches ? D. drives

4. A.for ? B. by ? C. to ? D. of

5. A. satisfaction ?B. difficulty ?C. disappointment ?D. spirit

6. A. saved ? B. made ? C. offered ? D. needed

7. A. collect ? B. prove ? C. sign ? D. write

8. A. continued ? B. lasted ? C. spread ? D. arrived

9. A. bought ? B. borrowed ? C. stolen ? D. stopped

10. A. sent ? B. found ? C. left ? D. pushed

11. A. calling from ?B. fleeing from ? C. heading for ? D. looking for

12. A. news ? B. warning ? C. advice ? D. voice

13. A. Look ? B. Run ? C. Call ? D. Set

14. A. guests ? B. strangers ? C. prisoners ? D. passengers

15. A. harm ? B. favor ? C. service ? D. business

16. A. tried ? B. decided ? C. hoped ? D. happened

17. A. considered ?B. knew ?C. recognized ? D. learnt

18. A. then ? B. there ? C. right ? D. now

19. A. directions ? B. repairs ? C. gas ? D. parking

20. A. mark ? B. number ? C. sign ? D. name

21. A. decision ? B. call ? C. movement ? D. remark

22. A. wondered ? B. stopped ? C. waited ? D. asked

23. A. Cover ? B. Fill ? C. ?Check ? D. Tie

24. A. visitor ? B. robber ? C. driver ? D. rider

25. A. or ? B. and ? C. but ? D. to

【答案】1—5：B D A C B ?6—10：D C A D D ?11—15：C D A B C ?16—20：A B A C B 21—25：A D B C B

Todd was working at his gas station at night when he heard over the radio that a 1____ in Long Island had been 2____ by an armed man who had killed the night guard and got away with $150，000.“One hundred and fifty thousand，”Todd whistled.

1 A. store ? ?B. bank ? ?C. station ? ?D.house

Todd thought of the 5___with which he managed to get the amount of money he 6___ to start his gas station. So many papers to 7___ ，so much money to pay back.

5.A.satisfaction ? B. difficulty

C. disappointment ? D. spirit

Todd stood up and 16___ to see out into the cold night.It was dark but Todd 17___ the Southern State Parkway was out there.

17. A. considered ? B. knew ? C. recognized ? D. learnt

When the tank （油箱） was full， Todd quickly turned round and pointed a gun at the man.“Hands up 25___ get out！”

25.A.or ? ?B.and ? ?C.but ? ?D.to

Heres a fellow who just 3____ into a bank and helps himself 4____ so much money.

4. A. for ? ?B. by ? ?C. to ? D. of

（1）從上下文的角度考慮

完形填空必須從上下文的角度考慮，很多問題都要根據(jù)上下文來解答。第1題，該題的答案是B，如果只讀短文的第一句和第二句，很難確定答案，因為該題的其他三個選項都可以放進句中，語法正確，句子意義也完整。但根據(jù)第三句提示可知，該人闖入的是一家銀行

（2）從詞匯意義及用法的角度考慮

完形填空題中考查詞匯意義及用法的題目逐年增多，是完形填空題的主流。要做好這類題，首先要具備較大的詞匯量儲備，以及在語句中準確理解詞意的能力，考生做題時應結合上下文的意思，鎖定正確詞匯。如第5題考查考生對名詞意義的掌握，考生首先要準確理解四個選項用詞，再結合上文“One hundred and fifty thousand，”Todd whistled，及下文的managed to get...可知，這時Todd想到的應是得到錢不容易，故該題正確選項為B。因此平時在記單詞時，一定要做到詞不離句，句不離文

（3）從邏輯推理、常識等角度考慮

如第17題，Todd所在的汽車加油站附近的道路叫什么，按常理他應該知道，所以該題應選B

再如第25題，根據(jù)上下文我們可以知道，Todd抓住了強盜，絕對不會讓強盜選擇舉手還是出去，而是舉著手出去。所以該題答案是B而不是A

（4）從習慣用法和搭配的角度考慮

第4題，如果只看四個選項，這道題似乎是在考查介詞的用法，認真閱讀上下文后，才會發(fā)現(xiàn)help oneself to sth.是固定詞組，意為“自取……”。沒有理解到這層意思，是很難做對此題的。另外，對于習慣用法和詞組搭配的意思也應放在語言環(huán)境中去記憶，有的考生只知道 help oneself to...是“請隨便……”，因此，要理解透句子的意思才能正確作答。

名師總結：解題“三步走”

第一步：快讀全文，整體理解全文大意

短文的第一句一般不設題，考生要認真、重點理解這一句的意思，了解文章背景，理清文章內(nèi)容的線索。在快速閱讀過程中，不要急于動筆選擇答案，要一口氣讀到底，遇到不懂的地方先跳過去，繼續(xù)往下讀，切忌看一句選一題。

第二步：細讀全文，上下聯(lián)系，通篇考慮

在一篇完形填空短文中，往往有這種情況，聯(lián)系上下文找答案時，聯(lián)系上文較易，聯(lián)系下文就比較難。因此，第一遍閱讀時，理解全文大意非常關鍵。另外，在做題時，如遇到一題確實答不出，可先跳過去往下做，很可能下文中就有了上題的暗示或相關信息。

第三步：再讀全文，核對文意，糾正錯誤

題目做完后，應根據(jù)所選答案，再通讀一遍全文，檢查一下全文是否通順、流暢，用詞是否達意，上下文是否連貫，有無前后矛盾的邏輯錯誤。特別是一些考查詞意及搭配的題目，一定要從詞匯搭配與上下文意思是否有合理的邏輯關系去考慮，不要硬套搭配而不顧上下文意思。