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·綜述·
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子特化蛋白Sp1在腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展*
杜葉平 綜述,武春梅,苗晉華△審校
(中國人民解放軍第二六四醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,山西太原 030001)
關(guān)鍵詞:轉(zhuǎn)錄因子特化蛋白-1;腫瘤;綜述
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子特化蛋白-1(transcription Specificity Protein 1,Sp-1)于1983年被發(fā)現(xiàn),由785個(gè)氨基酸組成,相對分子質(zhì)量為81×103[1]。研究證實(shí),Sp1可與DNA的GC-box區(qū)域結(jié)合,增強(qiáng)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[2]。還可能與細(xì)胞內(nèi)DNA損傷及染色體重構(gòu)有關(guān)。在癌細(xì)胞中,可通過與ATF7IP形成復(fù)合體,誘導(dǎo)TERT 和 TERC基因表達(dá)而維持端粒酶的活性。目前發(fā)現(xiàn),Sp1的異常表達(dá)與肝癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、胃癌等腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展有很大的關(guān)系[3-9]。
1Sp1的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Sp1歸屬于Sp/KLF家族[10],通過3個(gè)Cys2His2樣鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)的DNA結(jié)合模序特異的識別結(jié)合副含GC啟動(dòng)子序列,可在多種組織中表達(dá),同時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長進(jìn)程。Sp1可調(diào)節(jié)數(shù)千個(gè)編碼基因的表達(dá),包括細(xì)胞周期調(diào)節(jié)蛋白A2、p21cip1/waf1、E-cadherin和Sp1自身等。這些基因都參與細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程、細(xì)胞侵襲等生物學(xué)進(jìn)展。Sp1同樣調(diào)節(jié)非編碼基因的表達(dá)。
2轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Sp1生理功能
Sp1是一個(gè)重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可與NF-κB形成一個(gè)復(fù)合體,通過與組蛋白脫乙?;?與組蛋白脫乙?;?的募集反應(yīng),進(jìn)而下調(diào)miR-29b的表達(dá),來促成白血病細(xì)胞的增殖[11]。同樣,Sp1可與HDAC4形成復(fù)合體,下調(diào)miR-200a的表達(dá),促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞癌的增殖和侵襲。此外,Sp1還可激活miR-34c、miR-132、miR-365等的表達(dá)。Sp1還可調(diào)節(jié)一些腫瘤相關(guān)基因: FGFR1、FGF-1、IGF1R、IGFBP-2、VEGF、TK1等的表達(dá)[12-18]。
3Sp1與腫瘤
目前,細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展、細(xì)胞黏附等多種分子變化均與腫瘤進(jìn)展密切相關(guān),這一系列的分子變化又受多種腫瘤相關(guān)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)。轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Sp1與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)系研究主要有白血病、大腸癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、前列腺癌、肺癌等。
3.1Sp1在胃癌中的作用有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[2],Sp1在胃癌組織中表達(dá)活性明顯升高,Sp1可通過激活 MTA2啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域-1 043 bp~-843 bp進(jìn)促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲。 Xu等[19]通過構(gòu)建pGL3-Sp1-3′UTR和pGL3-Bcl-w-3′UTR證實(shí)Sp1和Bcl-w是miR-335的靶向調(diào)節(jié)因子,在轉(zhuǎn)染miR-335的胃癌SGC-7901細(xì)胞中,二者的熒光素酶活性被明顯抑制。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),在轉(zhuǎn)染miR-335的胃癌細(xì)胞中,Sp1表達(dá)水平下降。此外,通過轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA敲除Sp1基因表達(dá),胃癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移能力受到抑制。
3.2Sp1在胰腺癌中的作用Tan等[20]通過構(gòu)建Sp1載體和siRNA干擾質(zhì)粒,來增加或抑制胰腺癌ASPC-1細(xì)胞Sp1的表達(dá)。在轉(zhuǎn)染Sp1載體的細(xì)胞中,Sp1表達(dá)升高同時(shí)上調(diào)了miR-19a的表達(dá)水平,在轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA干擾質(zhì)粒的細(xì)胞中,Sp1表達(dá)下降抑制了miR-19a的表達(dá)水平。通過CHIP分析miR-19a有22個(gè)啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合區(qū)域可以與Sp1結(jié)合,EMSA分析證實(shí)有4個(gè)啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域可以結(jié)合。結(jié)果表明,Sp1是miR-19a的上游轉(zhuǎn)錄因子之一,可直接調(diào)節(jié)miR-19a的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。
Banerjee等[21]研究證實(shí),與人類正常胰腺導(dǎo)管細(xì)胞相比,在胰腺癌細(xì)胞株中Sp1 的mRNA與蛋白表達(dá)明顯升高,Sp1異常表達(dá)和活化在用胰腺癌進(jìn)程中扮演著重要角色,大量證據(jù)表明,胰腺癌的惡性行為和臨床結(jié)果與過表達(dá)的Sp1密切相關(guān)。Li等[22]研究顯示,在胰腺癌中,Sp1可直接調(diào)節(jié)NME5啟動(dòng)子誘導(dǎo)其表達(dá),改變胰腺細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)活性。
3.3Sp1在肺癌中的作用有研究表明[23],在Kras誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)基因肺癌小鼠中,Sp1表達(dá)高度上調(diào)。同時(shí),在低侵襲力的肺腺癌細(xì)胞和Ⅰ期肺癌患者中,Sp1表達(dá)高度上調(diào),相反,在高侵襲力的肺癌細(xì)胞和Ⅳ期肺癌患者中,Sp1表達(dá)是下調(diào)的。此外,Sp1在體外可反向調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的遷移、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等。在高侵襲性肺腺癌細(xì)胞中,過表達(dá)的Sp1可上調(diào)E-cadherin致癌。自肺癌早期到晚期,Sp1表達(dá)水平漸下降,在腫瘤形成過程中對肺癌細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲能力影響重大。Zheng等[24]證實(shí)Sp1在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中可調(diào)節(jié)前列腺素E2和尼古丁誘導(dǎo)生長因子。
3.4Sp1在乳腺癌中的作用已有研究表明[6]FUT4是HSF1和Sp1的靶向調(diào)節(jié)因子,HSF1和Sp1可通過ERK1/2MAPK和PI3K/Akt信號通路來調(diào)節(jié)FUT4的表達(dá),在細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞周期中扮演重要角色。Tian等[25]將Sp1表達(dá)質(zhì)粒和SiRNA干擾Sp1分別轉(zhuǎn)染到MDA-MB231和MCF-10A細(xì)胞中,發(fā)現(xiàn)過表達(dá)的Sp1顯著上調(diào)了FOXF2的mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)水平;相反,Sp1基因敲除后,F(xiàn)OXF2表達(dá)顯著下調(diào)。表明,Sp1可通過結(jié)合非甲基化FOXF2近端啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域進(jìn)而上調(diào)FOXF2的表達(dá)。Sp1通過激活FOXF2基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,在乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖進(jìn)展中扮演著關(guān)鍵角色,
4展望
Sp1作為一個(gè)普遍存在的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子激活蛋白,牽涉到了多方面的生物學(xué)進(jìn)程,包括細(xì)胞增殖和發(fā)展,但Sp1在人類腫瘤中的研究依舊是一個(gè)研究重點(diǎn)。Sp1在腫瘤增殖過程中既是一個(gè)促進(jìn)因子又是抑制因子,Sp1作為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的生物角色與其輔因子密切相關(guān)。Sp1在眾多腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中扮演著重要的角色,調(diào)節(jié)多種與癌因子或致癌因子,可能參與多種基因調(diào)控通路。進(jìn)一步以Sp1為中心,探討其與上下游基因的作用機(jī)制,盡可能地為腫瘤的早期診斷、治療以及預(yù)后評估方面提供新的線索。
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(收稿日期:2015-09-28)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-4130.2016.04.035
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1673-4130(2016)04-0514-03
基金項(xiàng)目:山西省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2013011043-4)。
作者簡介:杜葉平,女,主管技師,主要從事腫瘤分子生物學(xué)研究工作研究。△通訊作者,E-mail:miaojh337@163.com。