劉振興,李紅
抗苗勒管激素在女性生育力評(píng)估的臨床應(yīng)用
劉振興,李紅△
卵子的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量隨年齡的增加而下降,在同齡女性中生育力的差異也很大。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)多種方法預(yù)測(cè)卵巢刺激后的反應(yīng)性和生殖潛能??姑缋展芗に兀ˋMH)是一種由小的生長(zhǎng)卵泡內(nèi)的顆粒細(xì)胞分泌的糖蛋白,可以間接反映始基卵泡池內(nèi)的卵泡數(shù)量,進(jìn)而反映卵巢的儲(chǔ)備。AMH已經(jīng)被用于預(yù)測(cè)體外受精(IVF)周期中卵巢刺激的反應(yīng)性,預(yù)測(cè)絕經(jīng)年齡,評(píng)估醫(yī)源性損傷后的卵巢儲(chǔ)備,替代竇卵泡計(jì)數(shù)(AFC)用于診斷多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS)等。
抗苗勒管激素;生殖技術(shù),輔助;卵巢功能早衰;卵巢腫瘤;多囊卵巢綜合征
(J Int Reprod Health/Fam Plan,2016,35:241-244)
抗苗勒管激素(anti-Müllerian hormone,AMH)是由2個(gè)相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為72 000的亞單位通過(guò)二硫鍵連接構(gòu)成的二聚體糖蛋白[1]。與抑制素(inhibins)、活化素(activins)、骨形成蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins,BMPs)以及生長(zhǎng)分化因子(growth and differentiation factors,GDFs)等同屬于轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(transforming growth factor beta,TGF-β)超家族成員,具有調(diào)節(jié)生長(zhǎng)和分化的作用。AMH具有良好的穩(wěn)定性,一般情況下在整個(gè)月經(jīng)周期中無(wú)明顯波動(dòng),但是仍有一些因素影響AMH的分泌水平,這些變化在臨床中有著重要的意義和價(jià)值。
男性AMH由睪丸支持細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,從胚胎形成期開(kāi)始分泌AMH,促使苗勒管退化,形成男性生殖系統(tǒng)正常結(jié)構(gòu)。在過(guò)去10年中,隨著一些實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)方法的發(fā)展,對(duì)AMH的認(rèn)知也更加深入,AMH在女性生殖功能中的臨床意義逐漸受到關(guān)注。近幾年,AMH的檢測(cè)已經(jīng)用于多種常規(guī)的臨床診療,尤其在體外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)中應(yīng)用廣泛。
女性卵巢中包含了一定數(shù)目的始基卵泡,始基卵泡耗竭預(yù)示卵巢功能的衰竭。因此卵泡池內(nèi)的剩余始基卵泡數(shù)是卵巢儲(chǔ)備的標(biāo)志,在整個(gè)生育期,始基卵泡離開(kāi)始基卵泡池進(jìn)入生長(zhǎng)卵泡池,其中大部分卵泡會(huì)發(fā)生閉鎖,直至始基卵泡池耗竭。研究證實(shí)AMH參與了卵泡發(fā)育的2個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程即:①抑制始基卵泡的募集,阻止其由靜止階段進(jìn)入生長(zhǎng)卵泡池。②降低竇卵泡對(duì)卵泡刺激素(FSH)的敏感性[2]。事實(shí)上,通過(guò)對(duì)人類卵巢的組織學(xué)研究,研究者已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)原始卵泡的數(shù)量與AMH之間存在確定的聯(lián)系[3]。
迄今為止,AMH用于預(yù)測(cè)IVF中卵巢刺激的反應(yīng)性、提供個(gè)體化治療及刺激方案的可能性是最受關(guān)注的。同時(shí)AMH能夠用于評(píng)估醫(yī)源性操作對(duì)卵巢
儲(chǔ)備的損害,如骨盆放射治療、化學(xué)藥物治療、子宮動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)以及卵巢手術(shù),通過(guò)AMH或許能夠在選擇保留生育功能的策略上找到可行的方法避免上述損害。從現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)分析看出,AMH在不同年齡段的表達(dá)水平及其與更年期年限的關(guān)系,提供了個(gè)體化預(yù)測(cè)生育年限的方法。
血清AMH的對(duì)數(shù)值在新生兒期短暫上升,進(jìn)入兒童期及青春期后緩步上升,20歲左右達(dá)到峰值,20歲后逐步下降,24歲后AMH水平與始基卵泡數(shù)均開(kāi)始下滑,絕經(jīng)后AMH表達(dá)水平顯著降低[4]。隨著年齡的上升,卵巢中始基卵泡數(shù)逐漸下降,而AMH水平與卵巢中始基卵泡數(shù)呈正相關(guān)[5]。
絕經(jīng)年齡對(duì)于想要推遲生育的女性來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要,準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)絕經(jīng)年齡能避免年齡因素導(dǎo)致的不孕以及一些更年期相關(guān)的癥狀。一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期隨訪研究表明AMH能夠預(yù)測(cè)絕經(jīng)年齡[6-7],最近一項(xiàng)包含27 563名女性的大樣本研究同樣證實(shí)了上述觀點(diǎn)[8]。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為將體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)和吸煙作為附加變量預(yù)測(cè)絕經(jīng)年齡,能提高AMH預(yù)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性[9]。一項(xiàng)為期10年、包含1 015名生育期婦女的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究對(duì)比了實(shí)際的絕經(jīng)年齡與AMH預(yù)測(cè)的絕經(jīng)年齡,結(jié)果證實(shí)AMH能夠預(yù)測(cè)絕經(jīng)年齡[10]。
腫瘤治療方法的改進(jìn)總體上提高了兒童和年輕的惡性腫瘤患者的長(zhǎng)期生存率,同時(shí)學(xué)者們開(kāi)始更多地關(guān)注腫瘤治療后患者的生活質(zhì)量,包括生育力以及生殖功能的保留。常見(jiàn)的治療方法包括化學(xué)藥物治療以及放射治療。治療過(guò)程中大多數(shù)患者由于生長(zhǎng)卵泡池的耗竭而發(fā)生閉經(jīng)。然而,如果治療后仍有充足的始基卵泡剩余意味著可以恢復(fù)月經(jīng)。隨著始基卵泡池的耗竭,卵巢功能早衰以及閉經(jīng)會(huì)在接下來(lái)的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生。目前尚無(wú)可靠的方法預(yù)測(cè)發(fā)生卵巢功能早衰以及閉經(jīng)的確切時(shí)間,但是AMH能夠作為一種篩查方法,用于腫瘤患者治療后隨訪過(guò)程中卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能的早期評(píng)估,從而能夠預(yù)測(cè)哪些患者有卵巢功能早衰的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11-12]。此外,檢測(cè)AMH可以使青春期前的腫瘤患者在早期發(fā)現(xiàn)性腺衰退,使其在合適的生理階段通過(guò)性甾體激素進(jìn)行青春期誘導(dǎo),促進(jìn)青春期的正常發(fā)育[13]。最近的一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究測(cè)量了一組兒科腫瘤患者確診時(shí)、完成治療時(shí)、隨訪6個(gè)月之后的AMH水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)AMH能反映卵巢在化療后的損害,同時(shí)卵巢的損害能在青春期前以及傳統(tǒng)的卵巢功能早衰的證據(jù)[例如升高的FSH水平以及低雌二醇(E2)水平]證實(shí)之前被檢測(cè)出來(lái)[14]。另一項(xiàng)研究同樣認(rèn)為與血清FSH水平相比,AMH能更加準(zhǔn)確地識(shí)別患者青春期延滯的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[15]。此外,青少年和年輕女性如果在化療前的AMH水平較低,則其在化療后很有可能發(fā)生閉經(jīng)。有研究表明,治療前的AMH水平能夠幫助臨床醫(yī)生制定合理的治療策略,更好保護(hù)患者的生殖功能[13-14]。
卵巢外科手術(shù)有造成卵巢損害以及始基卵泡池減少的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。作為卵巢儲(chǔ)備的敏感指標(biāo),AMH已經(jīng)用于評(píng)估患者卵巢手術(shù)后的卵巢損害。現(xiàn)有的證據(jù)表明患有卵巢子宮內(nèi)膜異位囊腫的患者行腹腔鏡卵巢囊腫切除術(shù)后患者的AMH水平下降,這種下降既是直接的也是持久的[16]。兩項(xiàng)最近的Meta分析,一項(xiàng)包括8個(gè)符合條件的研究,237例子宮內(nèi)膜異位囊腫患者,另一項(xiàng)包括11個(gè)符合條件的研究,結(jié)果證實(shí)手術(shù)后AMH水平的下降能夠作為證據(jù)證實(shí)子宮內(nèi)膜異位囊腫切除術(shù)后,手術(shù)相關(guān)的損傷對(duì)卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能的損害確實(shí)存在[17-18]。附件區(qū)的手術(shù)是卵巢儲(chǔ)備的另一個(gè)關(guān)注點(diǎn),因?yàn)檩斅压芘c卵巢的血管及神經(jīng)分布在解剖結(jié)構(gòu)上鄰近,手術(shù)操作過(guò)程中有無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)的損傷營(yíng)養(yǎng)卵巢的血管及神經(jīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由此推測(cè)輸卵管切除術(shù)在一定程度上會(huì)影響卵巢功能,但是這方面的證據(jù)并不明確,并且只有少數(shù)的研究嘗試用AMH去評(píng)估輸卵管切除術(shù)后對(duì)卵巢功能的損害[19-20]。所以,輸卵管切除術(shù)對(duì)卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能的影響還有待研究及探討。
在過(guò)去10年中,研究已證實(shí)血清AMH水平在IVF周期中對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)卵巢反應(yīng)性有著巨大的臨床價(jià)值[21]。能夠在IVF周期刺激治療前預(yù)測(cè)卵巢的儲(chǔ)備是很有價(jià)值的,這能夠讓卵巢刺激更加溫和有效。在卵巢刺激之前單獨(dú)檢測(cè)AMH水平能夠辨別哪些女性有可能表現(xiàn)為卵巢低反應(yīng)性,從而加大刺激起始劑量,達(dá)到預(yù)期治療效果[22]。相反,AMH同樣能夠辨別哪些女性存在卵巢高反應(yīng)以及有發(fā)生卵巢過(guò)度刺激綜合征(OHSS)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[23]。然而AMH的檢測(cè)并不能夠用于決定是否進(jìn)行IVF治療,即使患者的血清AMH水平很低甚至檢測(cè)不出來(lái),仍有一定概率能夠懷孕[24]。與其他評(píng)估卵巢儲(chǔ)備的內(nèi)分泌指標(biāo)相比,F(xiàn)SH和AMH被認(rèn)為是目前IVF周期中預(yù)測(cè)卵巢反應(yīng)性最有效的指標(biāo)[20]。
除了讓臨床醫(yī)生能夠向患者告知更多關(guān)于IVF治療預(yù)期結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確信息之外,準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)卵巢的反
應(yīng)性,能夠讓醫(yī)生制定個(gè)體化的治療方案。在IVF周期中的個(gè)體化治療,主要是為了獲取最好的妊娠率,使OHSS發(fā)生率以及周期取消率降至最低。一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)性綜述認(rèn)為,AMH在制定個(gè)體化治療方案中與竇卵泡計(jì)數(shù)(AFC)一起發(fā)揮重要作用,且在兩項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)中兩者在確定FSH的起始劑量上無(wú)差異[25]。但與AFC相比,AMH的內(nèi)循環(huán)可變性更小,因此AMH的預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果可能更可靠[26]。通過(guò)AMH在ART中的預(yù)測(cè)作用,可對(duì)患者進(jìn)行正確的評(píng)估,制定理想的個(gè)體化治療方案,在一定程度上提高妊娠率,降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[27]。
PCOS是育齡女性及排卵障礙性不孕患者中最常見(jiàn)的一種內(nèi)分泌紊亂病癥。其主要表現(xiàn)為月經(jīng)稀發(fā)或閉經(jīng)、高雄激素表現(xiàn)、卵巢多囊樣改變,此外,PCOS患者經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)出代謝紊亂,包括肥胖和胰島素抵抗,同時(shí)這些患者的血AMH水平顯著升高[28],反映卵巢中小卵泡數(shù)增加。一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)性綜述及Meta分析證實(shí),AMH可作為首選方法用于鑒別PCOS[29]。一項(xiàng)包含419例PCOS患者及151名正常女性的橫斷面研究顯示,AMH能作為一項(xiàng)新的指標(biāo)診斷PCOS,同時(shí)建議用AMH取代超聲下AFC診斷PCOS[30]。此外,AMH可能與PCOS的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān),因此,血清AMH水平可能是預(yù)測(cè)PCOS嚴(yán)重程度和評(píng)估治療效果的有效指標(biāo)[31]。
準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能對(duì)生殖醫(yī)學(xué)有著巨大的幫助,同時(shí)能夠提高女性的生殖健康水平。AMH是目前為止評(píng)估卵巢功能最可靠和最穩(wěn)定的內(nèi)分泌指標(biāo),在臨床上有著廣泛的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。更為重要的是AMH檢測(cè)可以使治療前的咨詢更加準(zhǔn)確,并且能幫助醫(yī)生在IVF周期中制定個(gè)體化治療策略,以達(dá)到最佳治療效果;能夠使患者在進(jìn)行腫瘤藥物治療以及卵巢手術(shù)治療前獲得更全面的評(píng)估,制定最佳的方案,從而更好地保護(hù)生殖功能。AMH還可能幫助診斷月經(jīng)過(guò)少或者閉經(jīng),當(dāng)AMH水平較高時(shí)表明可能存在PCOS,同時(shí)與PCOS的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)。未來(lái)對(duì)AMH的研究需要闡明,年輕女性中AMH水平下降導(dǎo)致的確切結(jié)果以及在自然妊娠中AMH的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
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The Clinical Application of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Female Reproduction
LIU Zhen-xing,LI Hong. Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210029,China(LIU Zhen-xing);Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University,Suzhou 215002,Jiangsu Province,China(LI Hong)
The number and quality ofoocyte decline with age.However,the fertility varies significantly even among women ofthe same age.Many measures have been developed to predictthe response to ovarian stimulation and the reproductive potential.Anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH),a glycoprotein secreted by the granulosa cells ofsmall growing follicles,can indirectly reflect the number of follicles in the primordial follicle pool and thus reflect the ovarian reserve.AMH as a practicalindicatorhas been used to predictthe ovarian response in IVF cycles,to predict the age ofmenopause,and to assess the ovarian reserve after iatrogenic injury as well.Ithas also been proposed as a surrogate forantralfollicle count(AFC)in the diagnosisofpolycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).
Anti-Mullerian hormone;Reproductive techniques,assisted;Ovarian failure,premature;Ovarian neoplasms;Polycystic ovary syndrome
2015-11-12)
[本文編輯王琳]
江蘇省省級(jí)科技創(chuàng)新與成果轉(zhuǎn)化(重大科技支撐與自主創(chuàng)新)專項(xiàng)引導(dǎo)資金項(xiàng)目(BE2012653)
210029南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)(劉振興);南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬蘇州醫(yī)院(李紅)
李紅,E-mail:hongliszivf@163.com
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