李先強(qiáng)
(塔里木大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)院,新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)塔里木畜禽科技重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,新疆阿拉爾 843300)
氟苯尼考研究進(jìn)展
李先強(qiáng)
(塔里木大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)院,新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)塔里木畜禽科技重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,新疆阿拉爾 843300)
氟苯尼考廣泛應(yīng)用于獸醫(yī)臨床防治豬、牛等動(dòng)物的細(xì)菌感染性疾病。近年來該藥在藥效學(xué)以及藥動(dòng)學(xué)等方面已有了廣泛研究,從氟苯尼考的理化性質(zhì)、抗菌機(jī)理、耐藥性、藥效學(xué)、藥動(dòng)學(xué)、水溶性、聯(lián)合用藥以及藥劑學(xué)等方面進(jìn)行綜述,以期為擴(kuò)大該藥在獸醫(yī)臨床上的應(yīng)用范圍以及新制劑的研制提供參考。
氟苯尼考;研究進(jìn)展
氟苯尼考(Florfenicol)又稱氟甲砜霉素,是甲砜霉素的3 位氟衍生物,屬新型酰胺醇類抗生素。該藥于1988年由美國先靈-葆雅公司成功研制的一種新型獸醫(yī)專用氯霉素類廣譜抗菌藥,1990年首次在日本上市;三年后在挪威上市,商品名為Aquatlor;1995年氟苯尼考注射劑在法國上市,商品名為Nuflor;我國于1999年批準(zhǔn)氟苯尼考為國家二類新獸藥。目前氟苯尼考已廣泛應(yīng)用于獸醫(yī)臨床防治細(xì)菌性疾病,例如巴氏桿菌引起的牛呼吸道感染、乳腺炎;豬傳染性胸膜肺炎;黃痢;白痢;雞大腸桿菌病、禽霍亂等。伴隨著全球養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的集約化快速發(fā)展,臨床上細(xì)菌感染愈加趨向繼發(fā)性、混合性及復(fù)雜性,近年來,相繼有大量耐氟苯尼考菌株的滋生、不規(guī)范用藥導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)氟苯尼考藥物毒性、新型制劑技術(shù)可改善氟苯尼考藥物性能等報(bào)道。本文就氟苯尼考藥物的現(xiàn)有研究報(bào)道進(jìn)行綜述。
氟苯尼考的結(jié)構(gòu)式如圖1所示,化學(xué)名稱為D(+)-蘇-1-對(duì)甲砜基苯基-2-二氯乙酰氨-3-氟丙醇,分子式為C12H14Cl2FNO4S,分子量為358.22。氟苯尼考作為甲砜霉素的氟化衍生物,與氯霉素相比均不含有硝基,因此其不會(huì)引起畜禽的再生障礙性貧血。氟苯尼考為白色或類白色的結(jié)晶性粉末;無臭,在二甲基甲酰胺中極易溶解,在甲醇中溶解,在冰醋酸中微溶,在水或氯仿中極微溶解,0.5%水溶液的pH 為4.5~6.5。
圖1 氟苯尼考結(jié)構(gòu)圖
氟苯尼考的作用機(jī)理主要是表現(xiàn)在與70S核蛋白體的50S亞基上的A位緊密結(jié)合,阻礙了肽酰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的轉(zhuǎn)肽反應(yīng),使肽鏈不能延伸,而抑制細(xì)菌蛋白質(zhì)的合成。細(xì)菌對(duì)氯霉素類藥物的耐藥機(jī)制主要與耐藥基因floR 有關(guān)[1],1996年Kim等首次分離鑒定出氟苯尼考耐藥基因pp-floR[2];2000年Clochaert和Keyes分別報(bào)道了牛源和雞源大腸桿菌的氟苯尼考耐藥基因[3-4];2002年Bischoff以及2004年Blikcwdee也相繼報(bào)道了豬源大腸桿菌的氟苯尼考耐藥基因[5-6]。從分子結(jié)構(gòu)上看,氯霉素和甲砜霉素容易讓病原菌產(chǎn)生氯霉素乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶而導(dǎo)致耐藥,氟苯尼考將甲砜霉素分子結(jié)構(gòu)C3位置上的羥基(-OH)取代為氟原子(F)能有效解決這一問題[7],從耐藥角度考量,氟苯尼考很顯然優(yōu)于氯霉素和甲砜霉素。
氟苯尼考屬動(dòng)物專用的廣譜抗菌藥,抗菌譜與甲砜霉素相似,但抗菌活性優(yōu)于甲砜霉素。Shin等分析了氟苯尼考對(duì)臨床分離的243株豬源和牛源胸膜肺炎桿菌、巴氏桿菌、溶血性曼氏桿菌以及支氣管炎博德特菌的敏感性,結(jié)果顯示最低抑菌濃度(MIC)為0.12~4 μg/mL,且MIC90≤1 μg/mL[8];Berge等報(bào)道了氟苯尼考對(duì)28株羊源多殺性巴氏桿菌和39株羊源溶血性曼氏桿菌有很好的敏感性[9];Marie等報(bào)道了氟苯尼考對(duì)110株豬鏈球菌有較強(qiáng)的抗菌活性[10];Fuente等同樣分析出氟苯尼考對(duì)60株副豬嗜血桿菌有著很好的敏感性[11];本文作者前期參考CLSI中的微量肉湯法,檢測出氟苯尼考對(duì)豬鏈球菌的MIC為0.125~4 μg/mL、對(duì)豬胸膜肺炎放線桿菌的MIC為0.5 μg/mL以及對(duì)副豬嗜血桿菌的MIC為0.25~0.5 μg/mL[12]。總結(jié)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)表明,氟苯尼考相比其他常用抗菌藥物有著較強(qiáng)的抗菌活性,氟苯尼考對(duì)耐氯霉素和甲砜霉素的大腸桿菌、沙門菌、克雷伯菌等亦有效。
氟苯尼考給藥后在體內(nèi)吸收迅速、分布廣泛、半衰期長、血藥濃度高、能較長時(shí)間的維持血藥濃度,主要經(jīng)肝、腎代謝。動(dòng)物種類及給藥方式的不同,藥動(dòng)學(xué)過程略有差異,這可能與肝微粒體酶系的差異有關(guān)。相關(guān)藥動(dòng)學(xué)參數(shù)如表1所示。氟苯尼考對(duì)敏感菌的MIC值一般在2 μg/mL左右,而其在大多種屬動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的藥物濃度均高于2 μg/mL,且MRT較長,從防耐藥給藥方案角度看,氟苯尼考用于治療劑量應(yīng)為15~20 mg/kg,1~2 d給藥一次。
目前改善氟苯尼考水溶性的方式主要有兩種,一是從藥劑學(xué)的角度研制氟苯尼考包合物等新劑型[20],但羥丙基-β-環(huán)糊精等包裹材料價(jià)格較為昂貴,并不適用于獸藥制劑。二是對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行修飾和改造制成氟苯尼考前體,如氟苯尼考磷酸酯、氟苯尼考二酸單酯等[21],雖有較高的溶解度,但制備條件苛刻,制備原料及反應(yīng)試劑價(jià)格昂貴,不適應(yīng)工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。目前臨床上主要還是以氟苯尼考原形給藥。
表1 氟苯尼考在各種動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的主要藥動(dòng)學(xué)參數(shù)
合理使用兩種或兩種以上藥物,利用藥物間的協(xié)同作用或相加作用研制復(fù)方制劑,可適當(dāng)降低臨床耐藥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、提高藥物治療效果、減輕不良反應(yīng)以及降低養(yǎng)殖成本等。查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),總結(jié)氟苯尼考聯(lián)合用藥及其復(fù)方產(chǎn)品主要有:氟苯尼考與泰樂菌素以2︰1的比例組方使用,商品名為FTD-inj[22];氟苯尼考與鹽酸多西環(huán)素注射液[12],商品名為Funicon[23];氟苯尼考-氟尼辛葡甲胺注射液。美國默克動(dòng)物保健公司研制,商品名:Resflor Gold[24],法國REVEEX公司研制,商品名:Flunicol[25];氟苯尼考-雙氯芬酸注射液,墨西哥Medker公司研制,商品名:Florfenicplex;氟苯尼考-泰樂菌素-地塞米松注射液,菲律賓Jickstar Pharma公司研制,商品名:Flordex-T。
國內(nèi)外均有大量關(guān)于新型氟苯尼考緩釋制劑的報(bào)道,且都具有很好的全身和局部耐受性及較小的刺激性、延長消除半衰期,降低給藥次數(shù)、提高生物利用度等。① 氟苯尼考納米乳[26]:與普通制劑相比,峰濃度提高3.42倍、生物利用度上升134.5%;② 氟苯尼考固體脂質(zhì)納米粒[27]:緩釋性能強(qiáng)、穩(wěn)定性好、毒性低;③ 氟苯尼考混懸液[28-29]:混懸效果好、分散性能強(qiáng)、刺激性低以及便于注射給藥;④ 氟苯尼考脂質(zhì)體[30]:制備方法簡單可行且性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定。近年來快速發(fā)展的納米等制劑技術(shù)為氟苯尼考新制劑的開發(fā)奠定了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。
氟苯尼考相比于其他氯霉素類藥物具有明顯的毒性低、環(huán)境污染小以及無再生障礙性貧血等,但也具有一定的免疫和胚胎毒性。氟苯尼考能抑制牛血液嗜中性粒細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞的吞噬功能[31]、可降低魚腎和脾臟B細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞的增殖能力[32]、抑制豬體內(nèi)B淋巴細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生進(jìn)而抑制體液免疫,氟苯尼考可使F1代雄性大鼠附睪重量明顯減輕,F(xiàn)2幼仔的哺乳指標(biāo)和存活率降低,因此留種動(dòng)物、妊娠期以及哺乳期動(dòng)物禁用氟苯尼考[33]。
氟苯尼考因其優(yōu)越的藥效學(xué)特征和相對(duì)較低的毒性而廣泛的應(yīng)用于畜禽細(xì)菌感染性疾病,然而伴隨著大劑量的頻繁給藥也導(dǎo)致了耐藥菌株的產(chǎn)生,加之國家對(duì)食品安全問題的重視和藥動(dòng)學(xué)-藥效學(xué)(PK-PD)同步模型愈加成熟的今天,應(yīng)當(dāng)制定科學(xué)合理的給藥劑量和間隔。氟苯尼考對(duì)支原體無效,在防治呼吸道疾病時(shí)應(yīng)注意聯(lián)合用藥。隨著中草藥的快速發(fā)展,如麻杏石甘散等,其提取物在降低細(xì)菌耐藥突變等方面表現(xiàn)突出,因此,建議將氟苯尼考與中草藥或其提取物組方制成復(fù)方制劑以應(yīng)對(duì)臨床細(xì)菌感染性疾病的復(fù)雜性。伴隨著促生長類抗生素的逐漸被禁用,治療型抗生素方面的需要將會(huì)日趨加大,加上新獸藥的匱乏,合理使用如氟苯尼考等現(xiàn)有的治療型抗生素就顯得尤為重要。未來應(yīng)深入對(duì)氟苯尼考的PK-PD、PPK-PPD模型研究,延長其臨床使用壽命,充分發(fā)揮新制劑技術(shù)研制氟苯尼考新型制劑以應(yīng)對(duì)目前獸醫(yī)臨床疾病的復(fù)雜性及危害嚴(yán)重性。
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(編輯:侯向輝)
Advance in the Research of Florfenicol
LI Xian-qiang
(CollegeofAnimalScience,TarimUniversity,KeyLaboratoryofTarimAnimalHusbandryScienceandTechnologyofXinjiangProduction&ConstructionCorps,Alar,Xinjiang843300,China)
Florfenicol is a new broad-spectrum antimicrobial and belonged to chloramphenicol class with called “star of anti-microbial”, which was widely used in veterinary clinical for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in swine, bovine and so on. It had been widely studied on pharmacodynamics (PD), pharmacokinetics (PK) and so on in recent years. And this paper summed up the physical and chemical properties, antibacterial mechanism, drug resistance, PD, PK, water-soluble, combination drug therapy and pharmaceutics of florfenicol to expand its applied range and provide some references for new preparation.
florfenicol; research review
國家自然科學(xué)基金"氟苯尼考對(duì)豬鏈球菌的藥動(dòng)學(xué)-藥效學(xué)同步模型研究"(31660729);塔里木大學(xué)校長基金-青年創(chuàng)新資金項(xiàng)目"氟苯尼考納米混懸劑的制備"(TDZKQN201603)
2016-08-25
A
1002-1280 (2016) 11-0005-04
S859.796