周長(zhǎng)武趙錫海李 澄
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胸主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊影像學(xué)研究進(jìn)展
周長(zhǎng)武1趙錫海2李 澄3
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;主動(dòng)脈,胸;超聲心動(dòng)描記術(shù),經(jīng)食管;磁共振血管造影術(shù);體層攝影術(shù),X線計(jì)算機(jī);血管造影術(shù);正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像術(shù);藥物療法;治療結(jié)果;綜述
胸主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)易損斑塊是急性缺血性卒中的潛在栓子來(lái)源[1]。引起缺血性卒中的栓子中,18%~24%來(lái)源于胸主動(dòng)脈易損斑塊[2-5]。而缺血性卒中患者如未接受藥物治療,其主動(dòng)脈易損斑塊可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致卒中復(fù)發(fā)或增加死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6]。因此,早期識(shí)別胸主動(dòng)脈易損斑塊并對(duì)其進(jìn)行有效治療,有助于卒中的預(yù)防及改善預(yù)后。
經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖(transesophagealechocardiography,TEE)、CT血管成像(CTA)、磁共振血管成像(MRA)和正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像/X線計(jì)算機(jī)體層成像儀(PET/CT)是評(píng)價(jià)胸主動(dòng)脈易損斑塊的常用影像學(xué)方法。然而,各種影像學(xué)方法在顯示胸主動(dòng)脈AS易損斑塊方面均具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足。此外,應(yīng)用影像學(xué)方法監(jiān)測(cè)胸主動(dòng)脈AS病變的藥物治療效果亦有一定的研究?jī)r(jià)值。本文對(duì)胸主動(dòng)脈AS病變的影像學(xué)相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展做一綜述,探討胸主動(dòng)脈影像學(xué)的發(fā)展方向。
作為卒中潛在栓子的重要來(lái)源,胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注。Cui等[7]認(rèn)為在缺血性卒中患者中,主動(dòng)脈弓粥樣硬化斑塊的發(fā)生率為40.6%,其中易損斑塊占84.8%。主動(dòng)脈弓易損斑塊對(duì)卒中事件的發(fā)生具有一定的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,尤其在隱源性卒中中[8]。一項(xiàng)尸檢研究結(jié)果表明,卒中患者的主動(dòng)脈弓潰瘍性斑塊的發(fā)生率為26%,這種潰瘍性斑塊在隱源性卒中患者中的發(fā)生率高達(dá)61%[9]。
AS易損斑塊的病理學(xué)特征主要表現(xiàn)為大脂質(zhì)核、薄纖維帽、斑塊內(nèi)出血、纖維帽破裂、炎癥反應(yīng)或新生血管化[10]。有研究表明,主動(dòng)脈弓AS易損斑塊的主要病理學(xué)特征包括斑塊厚度≥4mm、斑塊突向管腔、管腔內(nèi)可移動(dòng)成分及潰瘍斑塊等[11]。
2.1TEE特征 TEE是較早嘗試用于評(píng)價(jià)胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的影像學(xué)檢查方法。TEE可以精確測(cè)量動(dòng)脈管壁內(nèi)中膜厚度,因此能夠探測(cè)早期的胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊。Pop等[12]報(bào)道了72例卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作患者的TEE研究結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)主動(dòng)脈弓AS斑塊的發(fā)生率高達(dá)44.4%。Okura等[13]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在檢測(cè)到的21例胸主動(dòng)脈復(fù)雜斑塊(厚度≥4mm)中,有52%位于降主動(dòng)脈。而Katsanos等[14]的研究顯示卒中患者降主動(dòng)脈復(fù)雜斑塊的發(fā)生率為25.4%。
近年來(lái),有學(xué)者應(yīng)用新的TEE成像技術(shù)對(duì)胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊進(jìn)行成像。Ito等[15]應(yīng)用同步多平面TEE進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果與傳統(tǒng)TEE相比,同步多平面TEE的檢查時(shí)間明顯縮短[(33±11)s 比(57±28)s],兩者最大管壁厚度的測(cè)量值有較好的一致性(r=0.95),提示同步多平面TEE能夠快速而準(zhǔn)確地檢測(cè)主動(dòng)脈弓斑塊,尤其是復(fù)雜斑塊。Carminati等[16]應(yīng)用TEE的3D形態(tài)學(xué)多視圖組合技術(shù)對(duì)降主動(dòng)脈進(jìn)行重建,可以多平面、多角度觀察斑塊的特征,有助于易損斑塊的判定。超聲分子影像學(xué)在研究胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊方面亦有一定的進(jìn)展。多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,GP IIb/IIIa受體是易損斑塊的生物標(biāo)志物,因此Guo等[17]應(yīng)用MB-cRGDs檢測(cè)AS病變內(nèi)皮活化血小板上的GP IIb/IIIa受體,從而早期識(shí)別易損斑塊。
然而應(yīng)用TEE對(duì)胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊進(jìn)行成像具有一定的局限性:①TEE是一種侵入性檢查方法,存在發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn);②在顯示主動(dòng)脈弓病變時(shí),TEE存在一定的盲區(qū);③TEE在識(shí)別易損斑塊特征如斑塊內(nèi)出血等方面能力有限。
2.2CT特征 胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊成分復(fù)雜,鈣化是常見(jiàn)成分之一。CT是顯示鈣化斑塊最敏感的影像學(xué)方法。此外,CT還可以清晰顯示AS病變相關(guān)的壁內(nèi)血腫,表現(xiàn)為新月形(升主動(dòng)脈和降主動(dòng)脈)或線形(主動(dòng)脈弓)的等或稍高密度病灶,鈣化內(nèi)膜的內(nèi)移是壁內(nèi)血腫的特征性表現(xiàn)[18]。CT增強(qiáng)掃描可以準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊潰瘍[19-21]。Chuang等[22]應(yīng)用CT研究胸主動(dòng)脈鈣化和非鈣化斑塊的危險(xiǎn)因素的差異,結(jié)果顯示年齡與吸煙是鈣化和非鈣化的共同危險(xiǎn)因素,非鈣化斑塊的危險(xiǎn)因素主要是性別(女性多見(jiàn))及空腹血糖,鈣化斑塊的危險(xiǎn)因素主要是高血壓及高脂血癥。Saboo等[23]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),主動(dòng)脈弓和降主動(dòng)脈近端是最容易發(fā)生鈣化的部位。Chatzikonstantinou等[1]認(rèn)為中度斑塊(少發(fā),小斑塊)最常見(jiàn)于主動(dòng)脈弓,重度斑塊(多發(fā),大斑塊)最常見(jiàn)于主動(dòng)脈弓及降主動(dòng)脈,高血壓與斑塊的存在具有顯著相關(guān)性,但斑塊部位與顱內(nèi)梗死區(qū)域之間無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。Raman等[24]開(kāi)發(fā)了自動(dòng)算法,用以描繪胸主動(dòng)脈外管壁輪廓,并計(jì)算非鈣化斑塊的管壁厚度,結(jié)果顯示存在AS斑塊的主動(dòng)脈管壁厚度達(dá)(3.4±1.6)mm。CT因其軟組織分辨率低,無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確鑒別易損斑塊特征如斑塊內(nèi)出血、纖維帽破裂等。因此,CT在胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊成像方面也具有一定的局限性。
2.3PET/CT特征 近年來(lái),PET/CT被逐步應(yīng)用于胸主動(dòng)脈AS病變的研究。氟脫氧葡萄糖(fluorodeoxyglucose,F(xiàn)DG)可以作為分析AS斑塊炎癥反應(yīng)的潛在信號(hào)來(lái)源。為了更好地進(jìn)行斑塊成像,準(zhǔn)確把握FDG攝取時(shí)間尤為重要。既往研究顯示,巨噬細(xì)胞攝取FDG在2~3h后達(dá)到峰值,在這一時(shí)間進(jìn)行成像能夠獲得最佳的檢測(cè)效果和量化數(shù)據(jù),并且無(wú)顯著的信號(hào)衰減[25-27]。Meirelles等[28]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),伴有糖尿病、高血壓、高脂血癥或心血管疾病的患者更容易發(fā)生鈣化斑塊,伴有鈣化斑塊的穩(wěn)定性與18F-FDG的攝取無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。通常斑塊鈣化是相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的,但50%以上的鈣化斑塊發(fā)生18F-FDG攝取,其原因仍需進(jìn)一步研究[29]。Razavian等[30]通過(guò)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基于基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶活動(dòng)性的分子成像可以揭示AS病變的異質(zhì)性,可能是跟蹤斑塊生物學(xué)行為及藥物治療反應(yīng)的有效工具。PET/CT不能準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的成分,但可以評(píng)估斑塊表面的炎癥反應(yīng),可以從另外一個(gè)角度鑒別斑塊的易損性。
2.4MRI特征 MRI在研究胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊特征方面具有一定的進(jìn)展。為了更好地顯示胸主動(dòng)脈斑塊的特征,多數(shù)學(xué)者致力于研究開(kāi)發(fā)適合于胸主動(dòng)脈(尤其是主動(dòng)脈弓)的血管壁成像技術(shù),如多對(duì)比度成像或小視野成像以及呼吸導(dǎo)航、心電門控等的綜合應(yīng)用[31-35]。
早期,多數(shù)學(xué)者應(yīng)用二維MRI研究胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的特征。2000年,F(xiàn)ayad等[36]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用二維MRI能清晰顯示斑塊的負(fù)荷、成分及分布等特征,其評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果與TEE具有高度的一致性。然而,二維MRI技術(shù)存在成像速度慢、覆蓋范圍小、主動(dòng)脈弓處血流抑制不充分、層面間分辨率低的缺點(diǎn),這些缺點(diǎn)限制了這一技術(shù)在胸主動(dòng)脈斑塊成像方面的應(yīng)用。
隨著MRI技術(shù)的發(fā)展,三維高分辨率MR管壁成像技術(shù)由于存在掃描速度快、覆蓋范圍廣、主動(dòng)脈弓區(qū)域血流信號(hào)抑制充分等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊診斷和治療評(píng)價(jià)方面發(fā)揮越來(lái)越重要的作用。MR管壁成像不僅可以評(píng)價(jià)斑塊的分布與成分特征,還可以準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量斑塊的負(fù)荷,如管腔面積、管壁面積、最大管壁厚度以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管壁指數(shù)等。Mihai等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),三維質(zhì)子加權(quán)快速自旋回波序列在主動(dòng)脈斑塊定量方面具有較好的可操作性和可重復(fù)性。主動(dòng)脈弓區(qū)域血流動(dòng)力學(xué)十分復(fù)雜。Wehrum等[38]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),降主動(dòng)脈近端反流性血流現(xiàn)象普遍存在,尤其是缺血性卒中患者,其發(fā)生率明顯高于正常對(duì)照組(32.8% 比9.5%,P<0.05),提示反流性主動(dòng)脈血流機(jī)制可能在腦梗死過(guò)程中發(fā)揮一定的作用[39]。Kim等[40]研究主動(dòng)脈弓易損斑塊與顱內(nèi)病變的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)主動(dòng)脈弓易損斑塊的患者存在顱內(nèi)多個(gè)血供區(qū)的多發(fā)小缺血灶的可能性更大,這些病變常位于皮層下和邊界地帶區(qū)域。MRI以其高分辨率、多對(duì)比度成像等優(yōu)點(diǎn)能夠準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別斑塊的成分,判斷斑塊的易損性,使其在胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊成像方面具有無(wú)可替代的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
Noyes等[41]系統(tǒng)性回顧了AS斑塊的轉(zhuǎn)歸過(guò)程,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),使用他汀類藥物治療AS斑塊的平均轉(zhuǎn)歸時(shí)間為19.7個(gè)月,提示患者應(yīng)該接受約2年的強(qiáng)化降脂治療后再考慮減少他汀類藥物的劑量。各種影像學(xué)方法在評(píng)價(jià)胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊藥物治療效果方面均有應(yīng)用。
3.1應(yīng)用TEE評(píng)價(jià)藥物治療斑塊的療效 Kaneko等[42]采用瑞舒伐他汀(5mg/d)治療6個(gè)月,主動(dòng)脈弓AS斑塊直徑顯著減小[(5.8±2.2)mm 比(5.1±2.1)mm,P<0.05],斑塊趨于穩(wěn)定。Sakamoto等[43]的研究顯示,經(jīng)過(guò)3年的強(qiáng)化低脂治療,降主動(dòng)脈斑塊面積顯著減?。?.52cm2比0.63cm2,P<0.001)。Watanabe等[44]聯(lián)合應(yīng)用TEE和PET/CT觀察2種藥物(匹伐他汀和普伐他?。┲委烝S斑塊的效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),匹伐他汀不僅能夠減小內(nèi)中膜厚度[(2.85±0.76)mm比(2.58± 0.63)mm,P<0.05)],而且在治療斑塊炎癥方面比普伐他汀有效,因此認(rèn)為匹伐他汀在穩(wěn)定主動(dòng)脈斑塊方面優(yōu)于普伐他汀。
3.2應(yīng)用CT評(píng)價(jià)藥物治療斑塊的療效 關(guān)于應(yīng)用CT評(píng)價(jià)藥物治療斑塊療效的研究鮮有報(bào)道。Takeda 等[45]應(yīng)用CT評(píng)估動(dòng)物抗血小板治療AS病變,結(jié)果表明在抗血小板治療過(guò)程中,相位-對(duì)比X線、CT不僅可以測(cè)量斑塊的體積,還可以通過(guò)組織質(zhì)量密度的差異來(lái)檢測(cè)AS斑塊的成分,因此可以用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)抗血小板治療斑塊的效果。
3.3應(yīng)用PET/CT評(píng)價(jià)藥物治療斑塊的療效 PET/CT通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)FDG信號(hào)衰減的程度,可以觀察胸主動(dòng)脈斑塊他汀類藥物治療的效果。Tawakol等[46]研究同一藥物不同劑量治療AS斑塊的效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)化他汀類藥物治療能顯著降低斑塊對(duì)FDG的攝?。?0mg/d比10mg/d,14.4%比4.2%,P<0.001),這一變化可能代表AS炎癥的轉(zhuǎn)歸。Mizoguchi等[47]認(rèn)為對(duì)于糖耐量受損或糖尿病患者,吡格列酮能夠有效降低AS斑塊炎癥反應(yīng)的程度。
3.4應(yīng)用MRI評(píng)價(jià)藥物治療斑塊的療效 MRI是一種無(wú)創(chuàng)性、可重復(fù)性高的影像學(xué)手段,被廣泛用于評(píng)估藥物治療斑塊的效果。Gottlieb等[48]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于中-重度胸主動(dòng)脈AS病變的患者,大劑量他汀類藥物(辛伐他汀80mg/d)能有效減小主動(dòng)脈管壁面積和增加管腔面積。Ayaori等[49]研究高脂血癥患者使用苯扎貝特治療主動(dòng)脈斑塊的療效(苯扎貝特400mg/d),經(jīng)過(guò)1年的治療,胸主動(dòng)脈斑塊管壁面積顯著減小[(134±49)mm2比(123±48)mm2,P<0.001)],但管腔面積無(wú)顯著變化。Yogo等[50]比較了瑞舒伐他汀治療胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的療效,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)化治療的效果明顯優(yōu)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療[(6.5±5.1)mg/d比(2.9±3.1)mg/d],管壁面積(減小9.1% 比 3.2%,P=0.01),提示強(qiáng)化他汀類藥物治療可以提供更好的臨床結(jié)果。他汀類藥物治療胸主動(dòng)脈斑塊的效果在特定人群中可能會(huì)有一定的差異。Schmitz等[51]應(yīng)用MRI觀察雜合子家族性高膽固醇血癥患者長(zhǎng)期降脂治療的效果,經(jīng)過(guò)7.5~21年的治療,降主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊負(fù)荷仍然高于對(duì)照組[管壁面積:(123±23)mm2比(102±18)mm2,P<0.01;管壁厚度:(1.63±0.28)mm 比(1.37±0.16)mm,P<0.001]。
本文重點(diǎn)闡述了胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的影像學(xué)特征以及應(yīng)用影像學(xué)方法評(píng)價(jià)藥物治療斑塊的效果等相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展。在評(píng)價(jià)胸主動(dòng)脈AS易損斑塊方面,常用的影像學(xué)方法包括TEE、CTA、PET/CT、MRA和高分辨率MRI。其中,TEE能夠準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量?jī)?nèi)中膜厚度并能發(fā)現(xiàn)早期斑塊;CTA能夠準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別斑塊內(nèi)的鈣化;PET/CT通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)FDG攝取的變化,從而反映斑塊炎癥的活動(dòng)性;高分辨率MR管壁成像,尤其是三維管壁成像,能夠多方位、多角度地評(píng)估胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的分布、負(fù)荷及成分等特征,是目前評(píng)價(jià)胸主動(dòng)脈易損斑塊特征及治療效果的最佳無(wú)創(chuàng)性影像學(xué)手段。
在評(píng)價(jià)胸主動(dòng)脈斑塊方面,對(duì)易損斑塊特征如脂質(zhì)核或斑塊內(nèi)出血等進(jìn)行特異性成像是未來(lái)發(fā)展的方向之一。最近,Wang等[52]開(kāi)發(fā)了三維高分辨率MR管壁成像序列,該序列一次成像可以同時(shí)獲得非增強(qiáng)血管圖像及斑塊內(nèi)出血的圖像,可能在胸主動(dòng)脈易損斑塊的評(píng)價(jià)方面發(fā)揮一定的作用。此外,通過(guò)MRI動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描,觀察斑塊內(nèi)對(duì)比劑的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度隨時(shí)間的變化幅度,以此判斷斑塊局部的管壁通透性,從而評(píng)價(jià)AS易損斑塊的炎癥反應(yīng)及新生血管化程度[53- 54]。
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(本文編輯 馮 婕)
R543;R445
10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2016.05.019
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81271536,81361120402);江蘇省普通高校專業(yè)學(xué)位研究生科研實(shí)踐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(SJLX_0621)。
1.揚(yáng)州市第一人民醫(yī)院影像科 江蘇揚(yáng)州 225000;2.清華大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程系,清華大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)影像中心北京 100084;3.東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院放射科 江蘇南京210009
趙錫海 E-mail:xihaizhao@tsinghua.edu.cn
2015-11-17
2016-01-12