Exploration of Water and Soil Conservation’s Function in Construction of Eco-environment

Fengliang ZHANG, Xingping FENG*

1. Geotechnical Company of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Investigation Design&Research Institute of Water Conservancy&Hydropower, the Ministry of Water Resources, Saybagh District 830000, China;

2. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

Water and soil conservation and eco-environment construction are always a fundamental state policy in China.Specifically, water and soil conservation lays foundation for construction of eco-environment and the two aspects are closely related. Therefore, it is of significance for regional economy development and harmony of human and nature to acknowledge the role of water and soil conservation in eco-environment construction, and intensify prevention of water and soil losses.The eco-environment consists of soil,light, soil and heat, as well as biocenosis, and ecosystem balance is a kind of dynamic natural balance established for a long term.Once destroyed,the balance would be broken and hardly to be rebuilt, and irretrievable consequences will follow. If water and soil conservation work is not well prepared,water and soil losses would occur, affecting coordinated ecosystem and resulting in destruction or even deterioration of eco-environment balance.Water and soil conservation construction is a systematic engineer involving multiple subjects and departments, including ecology, geography,sociology, economics, agronomy,forestry, agrostology, hydraulics, as well as the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Agriculture,the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development,and the Ministry of Transport, and households.Therefore,water and soil conservation and environment construction could proceed well only by paying attention to the relationship between the two aspects.

A Fundamental Policy of Water and Soil Conservation for Comprehensively Control of Water Impounding And Sand Reducing

It is a fundamental demand for ecological civilization to achieve harmony between people and nature andguarantee sustainable development in terms of ecology, economy and society.However,the characters and principles of water and soil conservation should be recognized, including improving ecology, resolving production or households’ problems, improving agricultural production, developing rural economy and increasing farmer’s incomes[1].Water and soil conservation should conducted in a small region under the guidance of adjusting measures to local conditions, scientific planning, biological measures, engineering measures, and agricultural technology measures, in order to formulate a comprehensive prevention system and coordinate ecological, economic and social benefits to integrate treatment of water and soil losses with helping people getting rich and regional economy evolvement. Until now,much progress has made on water and soil conservation, on basis of national or town experience.

It is crucial to take measures with highlights in order to accelerate the treatment and development dominated by water and soil conservation to effectively control water and soil losses,reduce sediment accumulation, improve local agricultural production and eco-environment, enhance agricultural comprehensive productivity, develop regional economy, and advance people to get rid of poverty, to make it a typical demonstration engineer for key treatment of water and soil losses nationwide. It is notable that the water and soil conservation project should be conducted as per location conditions. Furthermore, a series of key eco-projects should be conducted along the upstream of the Yangtze River,the Yellow River, and in the areas around Beijing and Tianjin,including to reinforce returning the grain plots to forestry and protection on natural forests, carrying out dam construction and hydropower project in a large scale in Loess Plateau, and arranging eco-water rationally in inner lands to restore oasis and control desertification.Besides,it is key to advance environment reconstruction in southwestern mountainous areas, red-soil and slope-collapse regions in South China.For the 6 decades,water and soil conservation has actually improved ecoenvironment effectively in China. China is one of countries undergoing the most serious water and soil losses which has become a key environment problem.What’s worse,water and soil losses directly lead to deposition of rivers and lakes, deteriorating floods,and destroying eco-environment.Specifically, the area of water and soil losses totals 1.016 million km2nationwide. In treatment work, basic farmlands have constructed for 13 million hm2; 46 million hm2soil conservation forests are planted;water conservancy and soil conservation projects,such as warp land dam, small reservoir, and impounding reservoir, are constructed for more than 6.8 million.Furthermore,vegetation coverage has increased by 11.46% , effectively improving ecoenvironment. Water and soil conservation has reduced soil erosion 1.5 billion tons annually in an average way.Additionally,due to years of treatment,the silts entering Wuding River, a tributary of the Yellow River, has reduced by 55% , and soil erosion also decreased by 1/3 in upper reaches thanks for treatments. On the other hand, College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, made monitoring on rivers surrounding counties of Gansu Province, the 5thsubplot of Loess Hilly-gully Region, in terms of treatment on slopes and sediment retaining, for 5 successive years, as per field surveying and arrangement of monitoring stations of sand retaining and transportation. The results showed that both of slope treatment and dam projects perform well in intercepting sands, of which dam projects made more contribution,because dam projects would enhance datum plane of erosion, stabilize slope and ditch,and control gully bed downcutting,which will effectively retain silts of runoffs and prevent soil and water losses. Besides key dam for gully harness, lots of dams, cisterns, ponds,pools and channels are constructed in Yanwachuan Watershed, especially for gully head protection which will prevent erosions caused by floods.

Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC, water and soil conservation is proceeding stably and fast. As key prevention work of water and soil conservation advances, rural areas with water and soil losses are improving significantly, and crops can be supplied by most households, so that the silts in rivers or ponds reduce dramatically, which effectively improves regional eco-environment,and promotes sustainable use of water and soils.Soil erosion can be reduced by water and soil conservation as much as 1 500 million ton every year and crop growth would be as high as 18 billion kg.It can be concluded that the treatment of watercourse not only decreases silts into banks, but also protects coastal farmlands, which relieves natural disasters on human beings and guarantees economic sustainable development of mountainous areas.According to status quo of water and soil losses in China, the issue is resolved based on zoning prevention. Specifically, the prevention zones include key prevention region, key monitoring region and key treatment region. For key prevention regions,precautions and prevention measures should be taken to maintain ecological shelter zones;monitoring work should be intensified in key monitoring regions to prevent new water and soil losses caused by people; comprehensive treatments should be conducted in key treatment regions to control water and soil losses and improve eco-environment.

In 1993,for example,since Daling River in Liaoning Province was listed into eight national key treatment regions of water and soil conservation,the 8thFive-year planning had been accomplished.The work of small watershed management was carried out in 116 rivers, with the concerning counties extending from 2 to 7, and 160 000 hm2areas with water and soil losses were well controlled, involving 480 million yuan investments, 110 million m3earth and stones,and 4 117 labors (Fig.1). Taiping River watershed, located in the west of Yichang County, the head area of the Three Gorges Area and the northern bank of Xiling Gorge, 5 km away from the Three Gorge, suffered water and soil losses seriously before treatment.Consequently, lots of sands from slopes enter the Three Gorge directly.

In 1983, Gezhouba Dam and the Three Gorge conducted large-scalecomprehensive control projects of water and soil losses, with progresses made. After 10 y treatments, water and soil conservation proved much significant, for instance, water and soil losses comprehensive prevention systems have been established, performing excellently in reducing sands and restoring water. Specifically, in watersheds, the system reduced 18.9%-25.6%watercourse runoff,and 45%-74.12% sands or silts in reservoirs. What’s more, water-holding capacity of farmlands improved by 25.8%-34%, the value of flood peak decreased by 23% and replenishment capacity of exhausted rivers enhanced by 7%. Besides, the contribution of water and soil conservation in reducing silts reached as high as 80.4% .Fengjiashan Reserve, Shaanxi Province,took the opportunity of water and soil losses treatment and made progresses. For example, totaling 1

205.78 hm2areas were treated in previous years, including 500.76 hm2soil and water conservation forests, economic forests, 149.34 hm2grasslands,474.36 hm2closed areas and 6.72 km roads, which cost 2.640 5 million yuan(Table 1).

Table 1 The achievements of comprehensive treatments on water and soil losses in Fengjiashan Reserve,Shaanxi Province

Table 2 Water resources in China during 2000-2012

Pengyang County is located in the southeast of Ningxia, and the east of Liupan Mountain. It has a total area of 2 528.65 km2, but the area of water and soil losses is 2 129 km2. Therefore,it is considered as the sub-region of hilly-gully regions of the Loess Plateau. Specifically, perennial mean precipitation reaches 450 mm,and water resources total 89.20 million m3,with 339 m3per capita. It can be concluded that it is a region dominated by both of water resource scarcity and project construction-induced water scarcity. The County is dominated by mountains and rivers are few, so that soil fertility keeps lower.It is a key water and soil losses region in China.Characterized by rare rain and arid climate,the County has been affected in terms of rural economy. Since 1983,local government always takes the harmonious coexistence between people and nature as a priority in agricultural development in Pengyang under the principle of ecology-based county. Thanks for the years of efforts from the whole county, Pengyang has changed in terms of mountains, water and roads. What’s more, farmer’s incomes improve accordingly. From 2011, Water and Soil Conservation Law has been implemented in Pengyang County on basis of unit treatment of watersheds to explore a new way for changing watershed management from ecology-oriented to ecology and economy-oriented, with progress. For instance, the treatments involve totaling 106 watersheds,1 418 km2regions of water and soil losses,46 constructed water and soil conservation dams, 97 (small or moderate)warp-land dams, and over 20 000 small-scale water conservation projects, so that forest coverage rate grows from 3% to 29.7% and watershed treatment from 11.1% to 66.6%.In general, an overall prevention system of water and soil losses is formulated and agriculture position further reinforced(Fig.2).

Agricultural Production Structure Improved by Water and Soil Conservation

Agricultural production structure,also called agricultural department structure, refers to the constitutions and proportions of agricultural production departments and components of the departments in an agricultural enterprise, a region or even a country[2],such as constitutions and proportions of crop farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production, and fishery departments. Agricultural production structure is a basic issue concerning agricultural productivity in terms of rational organization and development, which plays a key role in promoting agricultural production development. The adjustment, therefore, is very important for economy evolvement recently, for the adjustment of the structure not only rationalizes an industry structure and product structure in terms of quantity, but also well arranges and utilizes resources, reducing discharges of pollutants,material and energy consumptions,and improving economic benefits. On the other hand, the adjustment of agricultural production structure also proposes demands on water and soil conservation industry, as well as provides opportunities. With consideration ofwater and soil conservation, only by advancing virtuous circle of rural economy should coordinated development of resources, economy and environment be accomplished.

The treatment capitals and experience can be obtained from ecological construction industries from different regions, and industrialization allows the allocation of water and soils as per economic leverage and market discipline, formulating water and soil conservation resources, industries and product chains in order to guarantee virtuous circle and sustainable development of water and soil conservation and ecological construction[3]. It is notable that water and soil conservation work should be carried out according to natural and economic characters in rivers to make full use of national land resources,exploit huge potential of resources, establish multi-economic structure involving planting, feeding,processing, producing, supplying and marketing and cultivate new economic growth points[4]. It should recognize that the treatment of water and soil losses dominated by industry development strengthens water and soil conservation achievements and improves agricultural production conditions simultaneously, relieving the conflicts of high population, few resources and poor environment. In practice, many enterprises and public institutions,farmers or individual industrial and commercial enterprises, relying on preferential policies, invest capitals,technologies and information to treatment of water and soil losses, and change the barren mountains, formulating an industry chain characterized by regional distribution, professional production, large-scale operation, industrial development, and systematic services.Xuejieyuan Village,Lingquan Town, Shilou County, Shanxi Province, is a poverty-stricken village,but farmlands are much more. For example, farmland per capita totals 0.67 hm2.Since 1995,the village started irrigation and water conservancy projects and more then 1 million yuan was invested in three years, so that highstandard farmlands are constructed and slopes below 30°have changed to fertile farmlands. In 1993, because apple was a hot sale, the village organized farmers to grow 20 hm2apple trees and orchard can be 0.33 hm2per capita in peak period. When walnut trees replaced apple trees, the area of walnut tree reached 200 hm2, and the forests can be 0.53 hm2per capita, so that farmers benefited a lot.The village population was 328 and the estimated incomes reached 1.50 million yuan in 2009. In 2010, what’s more, the net income per capita achieved 4 500 yuan in 2010(Fig.3).

Conflicts between Supply and Demand of Water Resources by Water and Soil Conservation

The balance of water supply and demand refers to the relationship between water available and practical demands, of which the former is related to development technology,and the latter related to productivity, people’s living standard and utilization technology of water. Therefore, the quantities of water available and practical demand tend to be volatile. There are three basic laws of supply and demand,as follows:If supply keeps higher than demand,a surplus of water occurs. If supply is equal to demand, it is an ideal state, which incorporates that the development of water resource accommodates to production and living demands presently.If supply is lower than demand, it means water resources are in short and it is necessary to develop water sources and save water in production and daily life.It is notable that the balance between water supply and demand is a comparative term and the imbalance always exists. Hence, it is a must to research the relationship between demand and supply continuously to lay foundation for formulation of macro decision-making, rational distribution and adjustment. Of water resources, fresh water from atmosphere,rivers and lakes and shallow groundwater on Earth are directly made use of by human beings,covering 0.3% of stored water of the Earth’s water. Currently, the world is confronted by the issue of insufficient water resources and water insufficiency and contamination have become a widespread problem in countries[5-6].

At present, China suffers from clean water scarcity.For example,water resources total 2 800 billion m3(Table 2) and the quantity per capita accounts for only 1/2 of the world level.What’s worse,82%surface water and 70% ground water is distributed along the Yangtze River and the southern regions. Water resources in NorthChina, Northwest China, and Northeast China just represent 18% of national level. According to statistics, the arid areas in China cover over 20 provinces or cities.With land area of 5 million km2, water scarcity is serious,totaling 30 billion m3water,for agricultural uses and the regions are situated in the areas with serious water and soil losses. For instance, in Loess Plateau with an area of 640 000 km2, the area of extensive water and soil losses reaches as high as 430 000 km2, taking up to 67.2% and in undulated hilly region in Northeast China with an area of 1 million km2, the region with soil and water losses can be about 420 000 km2, representing 42%. It is known that water and soil conservation measures perform quite well in intercepting surface runoff. In arid or semiarid area with water and soil losses,water and soil conservation measures significantly increase infiltration quantity and relieve the conflict of supply and demand of water resources,laying foundation for agriculture development.

With accelerating industrialization and urbanization in China, there is an increasing demand on water for manufacturing industry and cities. On the other hand,China is a large agricultural country, but the concept of saving water in agriculture is not so popular.Consequently, agricultural water use rate keeps lower and water waste becomes serious, deteriorating supply and demand of water resources, affecting crop growth,laying pressure on drinking water in rural areas, and decreasing farmer’s incomes. In general,the conflict of water supply and demand seriously has caused uncountable economic losses for industry and agriculture. Nevertheless, much progress has been made on economy and ecology thanks for sustainable use of water and soil, which provides enlightenment that water management and water and soil conservation are an organic integrity and only for water management on basis of water and soil conservation could it be healthy,stable and sustainable. On the other hand, both of water management and conservation work are core responsibility shouldered by administrative departments in charge, which are a crucial part of eco-construction, and locate on the frontier of eco-construction as well, providing a platform, guaranteeing economy evolvement and laying foundation for build well-off society in an all-around way. Therefore, highlights should be given to water management and conservation (Fig.4). In 2011, No. 1 Central Document explicitly proposed to implement the strictest water management system, construct the control of water use quantity, efficiency and receiving capacity of pollutants. In 2012, the State Council issued the Opinions of the State Council on Implementing the Strictest Water Resources Management System, and it is necessary to establish “red line”for controlling receiving pollutions in functional zones. What’s more, the“red line” of water resource development is crucial for water management of the Yellow River. Therefore, it is a must to establish the “red line”in administration of water resources and strictly control water consumptions on basis of comprehensive analysis of water resources carrying capacity.

Water and Soil Conservation as a Major Way for Improving Agricultural Ecoenvironment in Mountainous Regions

The major issue caused by deterioration of eco-environment on agricultural production is water and soil losses in terms of slope farmlands,wastelands, and gullies[7]. Agricultural production should develop simultaneously with the treatments of the problems and sustainable development of agricultural production would be achieved in the process of improving eco-environment of the three aspects[8]. Specifically, terraced fields should be constructed in slope farmlands; trees, grasses, and orchards should be planted or built in wastelands; dams or small watershed can be built for gullies. Besides, a set of wind prevention and sand fixation should be prepared in windy desert areas. It can be concluded that water and soil conservation has improved agricultural production condition and eco-environment, advancing economy development in a stable, sustainable and rapid way.

Since the establishment of China,Yulin City, Shaanxi Province took the opportunity in reinforcing ecological construction in different historical stages to well prepare water and soil conservation work and adopted the strategy of treating soils in the south,sands in the north and water in the whole city, under the guidance of“prevention first, overall planning,comprehensive prevention and control, acting according to circumstances, reinforcement of management and attention to profits”, targeting to control water and soil losses caused by human beings and accelerating water eco-environment construction. Hence, much progress has been made in five aspects (Fig.5), as follows:Firstly,key water conservation projects have been successfully implemented, including key prevention projects in Wuding River, and Huangfuchuan River, IBRD loans for treatment of Jialu River,key treatment projects of the Yellow River,dam projects of small watersheds, and eco-projects of sea-buckthorn.Specifically,the area of comprehensive treatment in the city reached 21 510.7 km2,basic farmlands 432 580 hm2, water-conserved forest 1160 240 hm2, economic fruit forest 181 490 hm2, manual planting grass 322 030 hm2, closing hillside for erosion control 54 730 hm2, warp land dam 23 474, and fixed or semi-fixed deserts 400 000 hm2. It can be concluded that the treatment effects achieve 58%, with significant ecological, economic and social benefits, and many treatment projects have become demonstration engineering for eco-environment construction in the city or even Shaanxi Province. Secondly, the monitoring work of water conservation is reinforced,and water and soil losses caused by people have controlled.Moreover, monitoring and management of related projects are further intensified, and investments for construction reached 1.8 million yuan in the end of 2008.Generally speaking,1 million yuan was invested;totaling 120 water conservation projects were conducted and vegetation measures covered 1 200 km2,with a prevention area of 1 500 km2. What’s more, governments’ recognition on water and soilconservation is improving, with implementation of the policies of designing,implementing and monitoring and“safety first, dominated by precaution and comprehensive treatment”. Thirdly,the policy of closing hillsides to livestock grazing is implemented strictly,with progress made on ecological remediation.Since January 1st,2002,the policy is put into effect, covering barren mountains, valleys and deserts and more vegetation is planted, under the guidance of “prevention and protection first” and “harmonious coexistence between human and nature.Fourthly, water conservation monitoring is carried out in a comprehensive way, and related monitoring institutions have been established in county or city level, formulating water conservation monitoring network. Finally,the promotion work is accomplished,which significantly improves people’s consciousness of water protection.

Water and soil conservation, a key project for establishment of ecological civilization, is a fundamental way for improving natural environment and helping farmers getting rid of poverty. In 2009, Xiyugou watershed initialized combined-treatments on Muguagou, Yulinzhi and Dongyugou watersheds. For example, 98 new silt arresters are constructed, including 4 key silt arresters, 4 medium-sized silt arresters, 2 small silt arresters and 88 silt arresters for productions. Besides,farmland tracks of 13 km are completed, and economic forests of 52 hm2and water-conserved forests of 360 hm2are planted.In general,the region with an area of 2 300 hm2has been well treated, increasing 70 hm2farmlands and benefiting 11 natural villages, and 1 600 people. It is obvious that previous desolate lands and ditches have changed to highly-yielding farmlands, ecological gullies, and scenic spots, advancing agriculture development and improving farmer’s incomes (Fig.6). In 2013, Shanxi Province gave highlights to 13 water conservation projects in povertystricken counties in Luliangshan Village, water and soil conservation project in the 3rdphase in upper reaches of Fen River, and treatments of wastelands, which advanced national or provincial tasks of water and soil conservation, involving sources of sandstorms,slope to terrace and comprehensive treatments of dams and beaches.Besides,the project of water conservation and poverty alleviation was applied in the 13 counties,including Daning, Yonghe, Xixian, Fenxi,Jixian, Zhongyang, Xingxian, Linxian,Fangshan, Lanxi, Shilou, Baode, and Kelan,to carry out construction of agricultural infrastructure according to local conditions and promoting comprehensive development of agriculture, in order to guarantee the treatment development scale higher than 3 300 hm2and high-standard dams-oriented farmlands at 53 000 hm2.

Guarantee of Water and Soil loss Treatments in Accelerating Ecological Construction

Precipitation, vegetation, landform, and soil are major factors influencing soil and water losses, as well as components of eco-environment[8-9].Specifically, landform forms a geomorphic unit; vegetation makes contribution to a photosphere; soils are matrix of a geomorphic unit and plant matrix; precipitation is under influence of both environment and climate[10].Therefore, natural disasters, such as water and soil losses,floods,landslide,and debris flow,are prone to occurring once the factors are destroyed. Considering from human factors, because of population surge, mining, project construction, lots of natural resources are destroyed, resulting in water and soil losses in varying degrees, and deteriorating the losses (Fig.7). It is notable that water and soil losses caused by natural or human factors both result from destruction on eco-environment,which would be considerably reduced by well-protected vegetation. Fujian Province takes measures to improve awareness of the public in terms of ecology and environment protection and stimulate cadres to participate treatment of water and soil losses,protect eco-environment,and acquaint with the urgency and duty of eco-environment protection, in order to well deal with the relationship between economic evolvement and eco-protection, strictly implement treatment of water and soil losses,as well as monitoring work, to coordinate development and protection. As a result, the treatments on water and soil losses proceeds faster thanks for treatments on small or medium-sized watersheds in key regions, channel cleanout, new construction of reservoir, drinking water projects in rural areas, water-saving transformation in irrigation areas,construction of key projects and water conservancy(Fig.8).

According to the 12thFive-year Plan on water and soil conservation,the principle of protection first,comprehensive treatment, zoning prevention,promotion by projects, ecological remediation, and technology supports should be abided by. Therefore, 12 key engineering projects, including water and soil conservation in old revolutionary base areas, water and soil conservation oriented by agricultural comprehensive development, comprehensive treatment in small watersheds and slope farmlands, 5 key projects,such as debris-retaining works of midreach of the Yellow River, and overall treatment in Loess Plateau, and 18 key management and reform projects,such as prevention and monitoring system, eco-compensation mechanism of water and soil conservation,technology standard system,are to be established, which determines major tasks and key projects related to reform and management and development during the 12thFive-year Plan,as well as overall planning of national water and soil conservation work[11-12].Therefore, it is necessary to well prepare and advance the projects,involving comprehensive treatment of slopebased farmlands, overall development of plants for water and soil conservation,and maintenance of water source regions. Furthermore, it is of importance to reinforce construction of water and soil conservation S&T demonstration park, advance S&T innovation of water and soil conservation, and improve science contribution to eco-construction to make research on key projects of the work in a well-planned way relying on scientific institutions and colleges,on basis of scientific research. Additionally, the projects of large-scale treatments should be incorporated into water and soil conserva-tion work under guidance of the scheme. It is notable that farming is forbidden in slopes over 25°and water and soil conservation monitoring and prediction system should be improved to render services for national economy and social development and provide references for concerning projects.

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