汪誠(chéng) 張如鴻 張群 許志成 許楓 李大濤 李意源 李天雅
全耳再造中改良顱耳角成形術(shù)的臨床應(yīng)用研究
汪誠(chéng) 張如鴻 張群 許志成 許楓 李大濤 李意源 李天雅
目的探討并評(píng)價(jià)改良顱耳角成形術(shù)在全耳再造中的應(yīng)用及臨床效果。方法2012年9月至2014年6月,對(duì)161例先天性小耳畸形患者進(jìn)行全耳再造。一期術(shù)后6個(gè)月行二期手術(shù),采用改良顱耳角成形術(shù)完成顱耳角重建:人工骨材料作為支撐支架,耳后筋膜包裹支架,耳后枕部刃厚皮片植皮。結(jié)果本組患者術(shù)后隨訪6~18個(gè)月(平均12個(gè)月),151例患者術(shù)后顱耳角形態(tài)滿意;10患者術(shù)后顱耳角瘢痕攣縮較明顯,影響顱耳角角度。9例患者顱耳角植皮區(qū)下部色澤變深或出現(xiàn)表皮壞死,經(jīng)換藥處理后愈合良好。結(jié)論改良顱耳角成形術(shù)能較好地呈現(xiàn)滿意的顱耳角結(jié)構(gòu)。
先天性小耳畸形顱耳角成形術(shù)耳后筋膜皮瓣顱耳角
doi∶10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2015.02.014
先天性小耳畸形在顱頜面畸形中的發(fā)病率較高,僅次于唇腭裂,在我國(guó)的發(fā)病率為1/1931[1]。上世紀(jì)50年代,Tanzer[2]報(bào)道運(yùn)用自體肋軟骨進(jìn)行全耳再造引發(fā)關(guān)注;之后,Brent[3-6]、Nagata[7-11]、Fermin[12]和Zhang等[13-14]先后報(bào)道了耳再造的相關(guān)經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及手術(shù)方法改進(jìn),并獲得較好的術(shù)后效果。Nagata報(bào)道的二期法耳再造更是被視為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法。
追求完美亞單位結(jié)構(gòu)的全耳再造是現(xiàn)行的趨勢(shì),二期耳再造術(shù)中顱耳角的成形對(duì)耳外形的塑造尤為重要。2012年9月至2014年6月,我們運(yùn)用人工材料骨水泥支架作為支撐重建顱耳角,分離耳后筋膜包裹支架,并行耳后刃厚皮片移植覆蓋顱耳溝完成顱耳角成形,效果滿意,報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料
本組共161例,男89例,女72例;年齡7~37歲,平均13歲。右耳105例,左耳53例,雙側(cè)3例,共164側(cè);臘腸型116側(cè),耳甲腔型42側(cè),耳垂型6側(cè)。所有患者均為先天性小耳畸形患者,乳突區(qū)皮膚正常,無(wú)外傷或其他手術(shù)遺留瘢痕。
一期手術(shù)參照Nagata法[7-10]手術(shù)切口設(shè)計(jì),去除殘耳軟骨及制備乳突區(qū)皮膚,將自體肋軟骨雕刻耳支架埋植于患側(cè)耳區(qū)皮下?;颊咭黄谛g(shù)后恢復(fù)情況均可,無(wú)感染及支架外漏,再造耳一期結(jié)構(gòu)自然清晰。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
一期術(shù)后6個(gè)月行二期耳再造術(shù),即顱耳角成形術(shù)。術(shù)前根據(jù)再造耳情況評(píng)估耳后取皮面積,并作標(biāo)記線,同時(shí)標(biāo)記外耳輪切口線。
患者氣管插管全身麻醉。耳后取皮區(qū)局麻藥腫脹注射,以22號(hào)刀片取刃厚皮片,沿外耳輪手術(shù)切口標(biāo)記線切開(kāi),確保不損傷皮下筋膜層,向耳側(cè)分離耳支架,保留耳支架下附著筋膜淺層,以提供軟骨支架血供。分離范圍以使再造耳達(dá)到健側(cè)相同的顱耳角的角度為參考。以醫(yī)用樹(shù)脂和羥基磷灰石復(fù)合人工骨材料支架為顱耳角的支撐材料,0.2 mm鋼絲將骨水泥支架底板固定于耳后筋膜上,調(diào)整支架位置以便再造耳的位置、角度、軸向,盡可能接近健側(cè)。
沿切口向枕側(cè)分離皮膚與耳后筋膜,保留頭皮下脂肪層以確保不損傷毛囊而引起脫發(fā)。分離范圍:外耳輪最高點(diǎn)向上方1.5 cm左右,最低點(diǎn)約低于耳垂下極1 cm,枕側(cè)距外耳輪切口緣約3 cm。在保證耳后筋膜足夠包裹支架時(shí)離斷筋膜,翻轉(zhuǎn)向耳側(cè)剝離。6-0可吸收線將耳后筋膜縫合于外耳輪邊緣。
將耳后皮瓣適當(dāng)向前推進(jìn),從而減少植皮區(qū)域,并以5-0的PDS線固定于耳后筋膜深層。將刃厚皮片覆蓋筋膜表面,3-0編織線間斷固定,植皮區(qū)與耳后取皮區(qū)均油砂覆蓋,氯霉素紗布加壓包扎。術(shù)后10 d拆除敷料及縫線。
本組161例患者,術(shù)后隨訪6~18個(gè)月,平均12個(gè)月。術(shù)后152例患者耳后筋膜及植皮均完全成活;9例患者顱耳溝下段局部皮片(面積<1.5 cm2)色澤變深或出現(xiàn)表皮壞死,但筋膜血運(yùn)基本正常,無(wú)支架外漏,經(jīng)換藥處理后愈合,術(shù)后1個(gè)月復(fù)查,壞死表皮均脫落后愈合。151患者顱耳角形態(tài)可,植皮區(qū)瘢痕平整,患者對(duì)顱耳角形態(tài)滿意;10例患者耳后瘢痕攣縮嚴(yán)重,與健側(cè)顱耳角的角度差別較大(圖1、2)。
圖1 典型病例:患者,男,10歲,先天性小耳畸形Fig.1 Typical case:an 10-year-old boy presented w ith lobule-typem icrotia
圖2 典型病例:患者,男,13歲,先天性小耳畸形Fig.2 Typical case:an 13-year-old boy presented w ith concha-typem icrotia
外耳是擁有15個(gè)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的三維立體體表器官。因此,全耳再造具有較大的挑戰(zhàn)性。而同時(shí)具備美觀作用和實(shí)際功能的亞單位結(jié)構(gòu)顱耳角,更是全耳再造術(shù)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。
對(duì)于再造耳顱耳角支撐支架材料的選擇,國(guó)內(nèi)外有不同報(bào)道。Nagata[11]報(bào)道運(yùn)用肋軟骨作為支撐材料起到較好的效果,但瘢痕攣縮和長(zhǎng)期外界壓力可能導(dǎo)致軟骨吸收,而達(dá)不到穩(wěn)定的顱耳角角度,且肋軟骨作為支架材料加大了軟骨的需求量,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致胸廓畸形的發(fā)生概率增大。本組161例患者均運(yùn)用醫(yī)用樹(shù)脂和羥基磷灰石復(fù)合人工骨材料支架,作為顱耳角的支撐材料,達(dá)到了較滿意的療效。人工骨支架具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):①避免切取更多肋軟骨;②較好的組織相容性,本組術(shù)后隨訪中未出現(xiàn)人工材料排異導(dǎo)致支架外漏的情況;③支架具有較好的韌性,未出現(xiàn)斷裂等情況。術(shù)中運(yùn)用鋼絲固定骨水泥材料支架,避免了絲線等固定可能出現(xiàn)的支架移動(dòng)、傾倒,使顱耳角的穩(wěn)定性更好。
耳再造二期術(shù)中顱耳角支撐支架包裹筋膜的選擇,是另一討論熱點(diǎn)。Nagata[6-11]和Fermin[12]報(bào)道使用顳淺筋膜包裹支架取得了較好的療效;但也有報(bào)道傾向于使用耳后筋膜翻轉(zhuǎn)包裹[15-17]。本組患者術(shù)中均運(yùn)用耳后筋膜進(jìn)行支架包裹,絕大部分患者術(shù)后筋膜血供良好,移植皮片成活良好,僅9例患者靠近耳垂部位的皮膚顏色變深,個(gè)別出現(xiàn)小面積壞死,這可能與耳后筋膜靠近乳突部位,血供較差相關(guān)。另外,術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)乳突區(qū)筋膜層次相比其他部位欠清晰,與淋巴結(jié)及胸鎖乳突肌的乳突部分黏連。術(shù)后打包的不穩(wěn)定或皮片下血腫,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致移植皮片壞死。
本組患者再造耳的耳后枕部區(qū)域作為供皮區(qū),避免了取皮后瘢痕明顯的缺陷?;颊咝g(shù)后均未在供皮區(qū)遺留明顯瘢痕,同時(shí)未明顯影響該區(qū)域毛發(fā)生長(zhǎng),僅少數(shù)患者出現(xiàn)點(diǎn)狀瘢痕,但在患者可接受范圍內(nèi)。本組病例中盡管大部分患者術(shù)后顱耳角瘢痕較平坦,但仍有少數(shù)患者出現(xiàn)較明顯的瘢痕攣縮,導(dǎo)致顱耳角與健側(cè)角度差距較大??赡芘c刃厚皮片較薄,無(wú)法抵抗瘢痕攣縮有關(guān),需要與以其他類型皮片進(jìn)行對(duì)照研究以進(jìn)一步明確。本組中部分患者進(jìn)行乳突區(qū)推進(jìn),術(shù)后顱耳角瘢痕面積較少,效果滿意。
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Application of M odified Ear Elevation in Ear Reconstruction
WANG Cheng,ZHANG Ruhong,ZHANG Qun,XU Zhicheng,XU Feng,LI Datao,LI Yiyuan,LI Tianya.Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,Shanghai Nine People's Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai200011,China.Corresponding author:ZHANG Ruhong(E-mail:zrhm@msn.com).
Objective To investigate the application and effects of the modified ear elevation in ear reconstruction. M ethods From Sep.2012 to Jun.2014,161 cases with congenitalmicrotia were received ear reconstruction.Themodified elevation in second stage was performed 6 months after first-stage operation for auriculocephalic angle reconstruction.EH composite wedge was transplanted at the rear side of framework,then the homolateral postauricular fascial flap was used to cover the postauriclar-frame,finally split-skin graft were transplanted on the fascia surface.Results All patients were followed up for 6-18months(mean 12 months).In 151 patients,reconstructed auriculocephalic angle was close to the normal side.In other 10 patients,severe scar contracture was observed.Darker epidermis or partial grafted skin necrosis(<1 cm2) were observed in 9 cases,and were healed by dressing.Conclusion Modified ear elevation in second stage can achieve satisfactory structure of auriculocephalic angle.
Congenitalmicrotia;Ear elevation;Postauricular fascial flap;Auriculocephalic angle
R622
A
1673-0364(2015)02-0104-03
2014年12月3日;
2015年2月27日)
200011上海市上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第九人民醫(yī)院整復(fù)外科。
張如鴻(E-mail:zrhm@msn.com)。