李宗祥
(甘肅省莊浪一中,平?jīng)?744600)
運(yùn)用“簡縮從句”法簡縮定語從句
李宗祥
(甘肅省莊浪一中,平?jīng)?744600)
在高中階段,隨著學(xué)習(xí)的深入和知識面的增大,學(xué)生已學(xué)習(xí)了許多復(fù)合句式,如:定語從句、狀語從句及名詞性從句。大部分學(xué)生會覺得掌握這些類似的知識越來越難,尤其是在高二接觸非謂語動詞之后,對英語的正確表達(dá)及使用感到吃力。這些問題反映在高中寫作練習(xí)及短文改錯中尤為明顯,不但不會正確運(yùn)用新的語言點(diǎn),而且會把初中原本掌握的簡單句型復(fù)雜化,隨意亂用各種從句,莫名其妙地堆砌分詞、不定式等,“創(chuàng)造”出各種非英語句式。因此,在高中復(fù)習(xí)階段,合理地教給學(xué)生如何表達(dá)復(fù)合句式及簡單句式,以及弄清楚它們之間關(guān)系尤為重要。本文就從定語從句如何簡縮為簡單句著手,討論英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的某些環(huán)節(jié),我們稱之為定語從句的簡縮。
簡縮從句 簡縮 定語從句
從句的謂語動詞如果表示“進(jìn)行,一般或過去”狀態(tài)時可簡縮為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(the participle phrase)。如果從句的謂語動詞是被動結(jié)構(gòu)或先行詞(the antecedent)是從句動作的承受者時,用過去分詞短語(P、P、verb phrase)簡縮。如:
1. Who is that man that is talking with our headmaster?
? Who is that man talking with our headmaster? ( is talking 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 )
2. The woman who works in the company is an engineer.
? The woman working in the company is an engineer. ( works是一般現(xiàn)在時 )
3. A man who wore a pair of sunglasses was seen sitting in the corner.
? A man wearing a pair of sunglasses was seen sitting in the corner.
(wore是一般過去時)
從句里的謂語動詞如果表示一個發(fā)生過或未發(fā)生的行為,或具有情態(tài)意義時,則從句往往可簡縮為不定式短語(the Infinitive phrase)[主、從句主語不一致時,用不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),即:for+從句的主語(賓格)+不定式],如:
1.He is the first man who flew over the Pacific.
? He is the first man to fly over the Pacific
2.Jane is the only girl who attended the meeting in our class.
? Jane is the only girl to attend the meeting in our class.
( 注:第1、2句從句中的謂語動作flew,attended是發(fā)生過的行為)
如果定語從句的謂語為系表結(jié)構(gòu),且表并語是形容詞短語(adjective phrases)時,那么,整個定語從句通??珊喛s為形容詞短語。如:
1.Our headmaster is a person who is always full of confidence.
? Our headmaster is a person always full of confidence.
2.Soldiers must be the persons that are not afraid of death.
? Soldiers must be the persons not afraid of death.
如果定語從句的謂語為系表結(jié)構(gòu), 并且表語是介詞短語(preposition phrases)或近似介詞短語時,那么定語從句往往可以簡縮為介詞短語,如:
1.The boy who is at the gate of the park is an orphan.
? The boy at the gate of the park is an orphan.
2.The building which stands near the hospital used to be a bank.
? The building near the hospital used to be a bank.
3.Please reach me the book that is on the shelf.
? Please reach me the book on the shelf.
4.The man pointed at the boy who was in front of the house.
? The man pointed at the boy in front of the house.
5.I met a strange man who carried an big umbrella.
? I met a strange man with an big umbrella.