楊定生
請看下題:
The scientist does not study nature _____ it is useful to do so. He studies it because he takes pleasure in it.
A. until B. though C. because D. unless
該題答案為C。本題似乎簡單,但不少同學(xué)感到束手無策。
其實,解決該題的關(guān)鍵是對該題句意的正確理解。句意為:這位科學(xué)家研究自然不是因為這樣做有用,他研究它是因為他從中體會到了樂趣。
這是一個not ... because句型。我們對該句型的正確理解,應(yīng)基于否定詞not是對because從句的否定。
又如:I was not kind to him because he was poor. 我不是因為他貧窮才對他友善的。
I didnt take a raincoat because it was raining.我不是因為下雨才帶雨衣的。
注意,若句型是“not...,because...”,則意思就大不一樣了。
如:I was not kind to him,because he was rude. 我對他不友善,因為他無禮。
這種not置于主句謂語動詞部分,實則是對狀語從句的否定的這種“聲東擊西”的做法,常稱之為“否定的轉(zhuǎn)移”。
其實,對“否定的轉(zhuǎn)移”,我們并不陌生,還曾多次見過。
1. 將賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到主句部分:在主語是第一人稱,謂語動詞為think, believe, suppose,imagine等,且在一般現(xiàn)在時的句中,賓語從句中的否定形式常須轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中。如:
Im sorry,but I dont think I know you.對不起,我想我并不認識你。
I dont believe hell come,will he? 我想他不會來的,是吧?
2. 在“表示感覺的動詞(seem,appear,look,feel,sound等)+ 表語或表語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句的否定詞常轉(zhuǎn)移到這些動詞的前面。如:
Jack doesnt seem to like you.(= Jack seems not to like you.)杰克看來不喜歡你。
He doesnt appear to be satisfied. 他似乎不滿意。
It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道去哪里。
It doesnt sound as if he knew what had happened. 聽起來他好像不知道剛才所發(fā)生的事。
3. 有時狀語(副詞、介詞短語、不定式等)或狀語從句中的否定詞可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語動詞前。如:
The ant is not gathering food for itself alone. 螞蟻不只是為自己采集食物。
I didnt come to Beijing to have holidays. 我到北京來不是為了度假。
He didnt take the boy from the tracks to safety to win his own fame.他把男孩從鐵軌上抱到安全地帶,不是為了獲得個人的名譽。
I didnt buy the book because I was interested in poetry. 我買這本書不是因為我對詩歌感興趣。
4. I hope后接否定答語時。如:
—You havent lost the ticket,have you?
—I hope not. I know its not easy to get another one at the moment.
——你沒把票弄丟,是吧?
——我希望沒有。我知道這個時候再去弄一張票不容易。
(責任編校?筑彭益)