南京新殯儀館，南京，江蘇，中國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)： 朱雷，龔愷Architects： ZHU Lei， GONG Kai

南京新殯儀館，南京，江蘇，中國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)： 朱雷，龔愷
Architects： ZHU Lei， GONG Kai

南京殯儀館搬遷項(xiàng)目工程（又稱“1231工程”）被納入南京市2010年“十大民生工程”。新殯儀館占地約23hm2，建筑面積50，000m2（含骨灰紀(jì)念堂10，000m2）。新館館址位于南京市雨花臺(tái)區(qū)鐵心橋街道馬家店村西天寺墓園以南，大周路（京滬高鐵）以北，基地主要為丘陵地帶，三面環(huán)山。

設(shè)計(jì)力圖實(shí)現(xiàn)功能性和精神性的雙重目標(biāo)。應(yīng)對(duì)特殊地形條件限制，采取“地景式”的設(shè)計(jì)策略，將建筑介入地形，也將地形引入建筑。借助地形的分化，安置功能模塊，一方面結(jié)合自然生態(tài)，減少土方工程；另一方面則借山取勢(shì)，提升精神內(nèi)涵。

在上述目標(biāo)和策略的引導(dǎo)下，最終形成“一條主軸，三段序列”的總體格局?！耙粭l主軸”沿三面環(huán)山的地形縱向伸展，借山取勢(shì)，以現(xiàn)代建筑的處理方式回應(yīng)中國(guó)殯葬文化的傳統(tǒng)，凸顯“以山為寢”的場(chǎng)地形式和空間意境?！叭涡蛄小痹谥鬏S上漸次展開，以呼應(yīng)地形變化，滿足功能需求：第一段序列面臨外部道路，銜接兩側(cè)山腳，起“悼念臺(tái)”；第二段序列架于中間山谷之上，接于兩翼山腰之間，設(shè)“守靈橋”；第三段序列環(huán)于后部主峰之周，留出自然山巔，成“紀(jì)念環(huán)”。

悼念臺(tái)

悼念臺(tái)位于軸線開端，臨道路，銜山腳而起，主要布置大-中-小各類悼念廳，臺(tái)下和臺(tái)后藏有部分生產(chǎn)服務(wù)功能。悼念臺(tái)整體平面呈環(huán)形發(fā)散，臺(tái)前留出休息廊和悼念廣場(chǎng)，可供大量人流集散；廣場(chǎng)東側(cè)布置有開敞的業(yè)務(wù)廳，與悼念臺(tái)相連。登臺(tái)而上，可望后方的守靈橋、紀(jì)念環(huán)和自然峰巔。

守靈橋

過(guò)悼念臺(tái)，即到守靈橋。此處建筑主體架于中間山谷之上，接于兩翼山腰之間，故稱“守靈橋”，主要布置為守靈間。橋下兩側(cè)架空，留出景觀綠化及人行和車行交通。橋后為等灰區(qū)，再往后經(jīng)道路相隔，局部掩于主峰之下，安置火化生產(chǎn)部分。從中部門廳上到守靈橋，前觀守靈廣場(chǎng)和悼念臺(tái)，后瞻紀(jì)念環(huán)及自然山體，建筑壯美，環(huán)境靜謐，滌蕩心靈。

紀(jì)念環(huán)

紀(jì)念環(huán)相對(duì)獨(dú)立，位于主軸線盡端，環(huán)于自然峰巔之周，為骨灰堂。骨灰堂下部結(jié)構(gòu)接于山體，呈放射狀，引導(dǎo)人流拾階而上，并于外側(cè)形成大小不同的扇形存放區(qū)和接待區(qū)；骨灰堂上層為環(huán)形結(jié)構(gòu)，架于下部結(jié)構(gòu)之上，外圈納屋頂天光而入。整個(gè)紀(jì)念環(huán)內(nèi)側(cè)依山而設(shè)，呈臺(tái)階狀，上下連通，背靠山體部分預(yù)留為紀(jì)念墻（相關(guān)部門已在此安置城市英烈墻）。順臺(tái)梯而上，出骨灰堂，向外可望周匝全貌；環(huán)內(nèi)則是自然山巔，依舊青松藹藹。

在主軸線下部和后部，結(jié)合地形和功能需要，適當(dāng)安排生產(chǎn)區(qū)域，以高壓線為界，分前后兩塊，以地下通道相連。其中火化區(qū)位于后部，處于整體地塊的下風(fēng)區(qū)，并利用西北側(cè)的地形凹口形成排風(fēng)道。主軸線東側(cè)，留出相對(duì)獨(dú)立和安靜的辦公管理區(qū)域。

整體布局考慮到分區(qū)合理與遠(yuǎn)近期結(jié)合，在用地北側(cè)、西側(cè)和東南側(cè)預(yù)留一定發(fā)展空間，保留功能拓展的潛力?！?/p>

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人/Project Directors： 朱雷，齊昉/ZHU Lei， QI Fang

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area： 23hm2

建筑面積/Floor Area： 50，000m2

建造時(shí)間/Construction Period： 2010-2012

1 總平面/General plan

2 從業(yè)務(wù)廳望悼念臺(tái)/View of tribute stand

3 守靈橋/Wake bridge

The relocation project of Nanjing Funeral Parlor （also known as the "1231 Project"） was part of Nanjing's "Ten Major Livelihood Projects" in 2010. The new funeral parlor covers an area of about 23 hectares with 50，000-square meter floor area （including 10，000-square meter Ash Memorial Hall）. The new parlor is located to the south of Xitiansi Cemetery in Majiadian Village， Tiexinqiao Street，Yuhuatai District， Nanjing， and to the north of Dazhou Road （Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway）. The project site is mainly on hilly terrain surrounded by mountains on three sides.

The design aims to achieve both goals of functionality and spirituality. Responding to the constraints of the special terrain condition， a "landscape style" design strategy was adopted to blend the architecture and the topography into each other. Functional blocks were arranged according to the division of the terrain. On the one hand， natural ecology was considered to reduce earthworks； on the other hand， hilly terrain was used to enhance the spiritual connotation.

Under the guidance of the above objectives and strategies， the overall layout of "one axis， three series" is formed. "One axis" extends longitudinally on the terrain surrounded by mountains on three sides. Taking advantage of the hilly terrain， modern architectural approaches are adopted to respond to the traditional Chinese funeral culture， highlighting the site topography and spatial concept to make "hill as bedroom". The "Three series" extend one after another along the axis in light with the terrain changes to meet the functional requirements： the first series faces external road and links the foothills on both sides， where the "Tribute Stand" was built；the second series is set up in the middle of the valley between two wings halfway up the hills， where the "Wake Bridge" was erected； the third series loops around the main peak at the back keeping the mountain top intact to form a "Memorial Ring".

1. Tribute Stand

The Tribute Stand is located at the starting point of the axis， facing the road and connected to the foothill. It is composed of mainly large， medium and small-sized memorial halls， with production and service space hidden beneath and in the back of the stand. The plan of the entire stand is in ring shape and radiating out. There are rest porch and tribute square in front of the stand to accommodate large crowds of people. To the east of the square，a spacious service hall is connected to the tribute stand. Stepping on top of the stand， one can have a good view of the Wake Bridge， the Memorial Hall and the natural peak in the back.

2. Wake Bridge

The Wake Bridge is located behind the Tribute Stand. It is set in the middle of the valley between two wings halfway up the hills， hence the name "Wake Bridge"， with mainly rooms to keep the coffin. The bridge is raised up on both sides leaving space for greenery and landscape， as well as pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Behind the bridge， it is the waiting area for the ashes - further back， separated by the road and partly hidden beneath the main peak is the area for cremation production. Going up the Wake Bridge from the lobby in the middle，one can see the Wake Square and the Tribute Stand at front and the Memorial Ring and the natural mountain in the back. The magnificent buildings and the serene atmosphere help cleanse the soul.

3. Memorial Ring

The Memorial Ring is relatively isolated， lying at the far end of the main axis and circling around the natural mountain top， functioning as the Ash Hall. The bottom structure of the Ash Hall is connected to the mountain in radiating form， guiding the crowds up the steps. Various sizes of fan-shaped storage and reception areas are arranged on the outer side. The upper annular structure of the Ash Hall is built on top of the bottom structure and the outer loop captures day light from the roof. The inner side of the entireMemorial Ring sits into the mountain as steps， with upper and bottom levels connected to each other. A memorial wall is reserved at the space against the mountain at the back （related authority has placed the city's martyr wall there）. Going up along the steps and exiting the Ash Hall， one can have a panoramic view of the overall setting； inside the ring lies the natural mountain top covered with verdant pines.

In the bottom and back parts of the main axis，coordinated with the site topography and functional needs， production areas are appropriately arranged. A high-voltage corridor divides this area into two parts， front and rear， which are connected by an underground passage. The cremation area is located in the rear which is the downwind area of the entire site， and a valley in the northwest is used as an exhaust passage. To the east of the main axis， an office management area is located in this relatively independent and quiet part.

The overall layout arranges various zones properly and combines long-term and short-term development plans. Spaces are reserved in the north，west and southeast areas of the site for potential expansion and development in the future.□

4 紀(jì)念環(huán)/Memorial ring

5 紀(jì)念環(huán)剖面/Sections of memorial ring

評(píng)論

胡越：對(duì)于殯儀建筑來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一組規(guī)模龐大的建筑群。設(shè)計(jì)師在功能需求與地形之間取得了某種平衡。如果按照某種慣性思維去考慮，似乎國(guó)內(nèi)這類建筑經(jīng)常呈現(xiàn)出一種不恰當(dāng)?shù)闹袊?guó)傳統(tǒng)建筑形態(tài)或者某種中國(guó)式的歐陸風(fēng)情，這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)卻采用了一種適當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)代風(fēng)格將這類建筑設(shè)計(jì)得恰如其分。

周漸佳：南京新殯儀館所代表的是另一種宏大的敘事。與其他幾個(gè)小型項(xiàng)目相比，它本身展現(xiàn)出的在建筑序列上的清晰性更接近于中國(guó)人對(duì)紀(jì)念性空間的理解，“一軸三環(huán)”中出現(xiàn)的單純有力的幾何體量進(jìn)一步加深了這種印象。也是這些巨大的幾何體量將原先殯儀館內(nèi)的功能進(jìn)行拆解與整合，將流線拉長(zhǎng)，以一種敘事的方式完成整個(gè)儀式。在這里，由軸線開始的整個(gè)序列的體驗(yàn)是極為重要的，它既使對(duì)空間的感受不斷變化，也強(qiáng)化了行走本身所經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間感，同時(shí)伴隨著山勢(shì)、景觀與建筑相互交映。

Comments

HU Yue: In comparison to the typical funeral home typology， this is a huge architectural complex. The designers have also managed to achieve a balance between functional requirements and topography. From this perspective， it is a well-designed funeral home which adopts an appropriately modern style， differing from other similar buildings in China that present either an inappropriate traditional Chinese architectural form or some kind of hybrid Chinese-European style.

ZHOU Jianjia: This project is grounded on a grand narrative. Compared to the other relatively small projects， the explicit rises and sequences seen here are more in tune to how the Chinese understand monumental spaces. The powerful geometric forms in this "one axis three rings" composition further consolidate this understanding. In these grand volumes， the program of the former funeral home is restructured， and its circulation is prolonged； likewise， the ritual now follows a sense of linear narrative. Walking up the axis allows a constant experience of different spaces and also a sense of the passage of time， accompanied with the interweaving of mountain scenes，landscape， and architecture.

Nanjing New Funeral Parlor， Nanjing， Jiangsu， China， 2012

6 火化間室內(nèi)/Interior view of furnace room

7 殯葬管理處室內(nèi)/Interior view of mortician office