張志棟,劉慶偉,李 勇,趙 群,范立僑,王 冬,趙雪峰,檀碧波,焦志凱,劉 羽
納米炭淋巴示蹤劑在進展期胃癌根治術中的應用價值
張志棟,劉慶偉,李勇,趙群,范立僑,王冬,趙雪峰,檀碧波,焦志凱,劉羽
目的 探討納米炭淋巴示蹤劑在進展期胃癌根治術中的應用價值。方法 選取2013年10月—2014年5月河北醫(yī)科大學第四醫(yī)院外三科進展期胃癌患者56例,采用隨機數(shù)字表法將患者分為納米炭組和對照組,各28例?;颊呔邮芪赴└涡gD2式全胃切除術,納米炭組在手術過程中給予納米炭示蹤劑,對照組則不給予。標本離體后,尋找淋巴結,并記錄檢獲淋巴結數(shù)目、直徑和所需時間;納米炭組記錄淋巴結黑染,分組送病理檢查,常規(guī)HE染色,顯微鏡觀察淋巴結腫瘤轉移情況。結果 納米炭組淋巴結檢獲(43.8±10.3)枚,高于對照組的 (31.4±8.6)枚(t =6.45,P=0.002);檢獲所需時間(19.5±4.9)min短于對照組的(31.7±5.3)min(t=4.52,P=0.013)。納米炭組檢獲直徑<5 mm的淋巴結率為58.5% (422/721),高于對照組的37.9% (209/551)(χ2=53.01,P<0.05);納米炭組黑染檢獲最小淋巴結直徑為(1.7±0.5)mm,小于對照組的(2.2±0.7)mm(t=3.16,P<0.05)。納米炭組檢獲淋巴結轉移率為34.3% (247/721),高于對照組的17.4% (96/551)(χ2=44.95,P<0.05)。納米炭組黑染率為84.9% (612/721),黑染淋巴結轉移率為38.1%(233/612),高于未黑染淋巴結轉移率12.8%(14/109) (χ2= 26.15,P<0.05)。黑染淋巴結轉移率亦高于對照組淋巴結轉移率 (χ2=60.94,P<0.05)。結論 納米炭淋巴示蹤劑在進展期胃癌淋巴結清掃中可達到良好的淋巴結示蹤效果,提高了淋巴結檢出數(shù)目及小淋巴結檢出數(shù)目。
胃腫瘤;納米炭示蹤劑;淋巴結;胃癌根治術
張志棟,劉慶偉,李勇,等.納米炭淋巴示蹤劑在進展期胃癌根治術中的應用價值 [J].中國全科醫(yī)學,2015,18(3):255-258.[www.chinagp.net]
Zhang ZD,Liu QW,Li Y,et al.Clinical value of carbon nanoparticle lymphatic tracer in radical resections for advanced gastric cancer.[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(3):255-258.
淋巴結轉移情況是判斷胃癌患者預后的重要指標,也是決定術后整個治療策略的重要依據(jù)。在第7版TNM分期中,以淋巴結轉移數(shù)目進行N分期。因此,應將淋巴結盡可能準確、徹底地進行檢出及檢查,才能提高患者腫瘤分期的準確性,如實反映病情[1]。但是,目前直視觸摸法耗時長且容易遺漏淋巴結,特別是小淋巴結,而這些淋巴結同樣可能存在轉移。Hanna等[2]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胃癌根治手術中44.1%的轉移性淋巴結直徑<5 mm。本研究選取進展期胃癌患者,采用術中在腫瘤周圍注射納米炭淋巴示蹤劑,觀察檢獲淋巴結數(shù)目、大小、黑染情況及所需時間,評價其在進展期胃癌根治術中淋巴結清掃的臨床應用價值。
1.1納入與排除標準 納入標準:(1)術前胃鏡及活檢病理且根據(jù)影像學檢查及術中探查排除遠處轉移,診斷為胃體或高位胃體癌,均為進展期胃癌;(2)術前未進行放化療;(3)既往無胃部手術史。排除標準:術中探查合并其他腫瘤及存在遠處轉移者。
1.2一般資料 選取2013年10月—2014年5月河北醫(yī)科大學第四醫(yī)院外三科收治的進展期胃癌患者56例,其中男34例,女22例;年齡41~76歲,平均 (58.1 ±11.4)歲。采用隨機數(shù)字表法將患者分為納米炭組和對照組,各28例。兩組患者性別、年齡、分化程度、腫瘤直徑、TNM分期比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05,見表1)?;颊呔炇鹬橥鈺?。
1.3納米炭示蹤劑及給藥方法 納米炭混懸注射液采用25 mg/劑 (重慶萊美藥業(yè)生產)。術中先行探查,確認無腹膜、肝臟和其他器官轉移,腫瘤可以切除后,胃前壁腫瘤直接注入納米炭混懸液,后壁腫瘤先進行胃游離,待位置暴露后再注入。方法:用皮試細針在距腫瘤病灶邊緣漿膜下,潛行一段距離后多點進行緩慢注射(4~6個注射點),每點注射量0.1~0.3 ml,共50 mg (1 ml)試劑在3 min內注射完畢,注射后用紗布加壓,注射時傾斜角度盡量縮小,避免注入血管內(見圖1)。
圖1 腫瘤周圍漿膜下注射納米炭Figure 1 Injection of carbon nanoparticle under the serous coat around the tumor
表1 兩組患者基本資料比較Table 1 Comparison of general information between the two groups
1.4手術方法及標本處理 56例患者手術均由同一組胃腸手術經驗豐富的醫(yī)師按照標準施行胃癌根治術D2式全胃切除術,納米炭組在手術過程中給予納米炭示蹤劑,對照組則不給予。標本離體后由專人負責解剖,以2~3mm間隔連續(xù)剪切標本,尋找淋巴結,并記錄檢獲淋巴結數(shù)目、直徑和所需時間;納米炭組記錄淋巴結黑染并標明是否黑染,分組送病理檢查,常規(guī)HE染色,顯微鏡觀察淋巴結腫瘤轉移情況。
1.5統(tǒng)計學方法 采用SPSS 13.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析,計量資料以(±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料的分析采用χ2檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1兩組檢獲淋巴結數(shù)目及所需時間比較 納米炭組共檢獲淋巴結721枚,平均 (43.8±10.3)枚,檢獲淋巴結所需時間為(19.5±4.9)min;對照組共檢獲淋巴結551枚,平均 (31.4±8.6)枚,檢獲淋巴結所需時間為(31.7±5.3)min。納米炭組淋巴結檢獲數(shù)目高于對照組,檢獲所需時間短于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=6.45,P=0.002;t=4.52,P=0.013)。
2.2兩組檢獲淋巴結直徑比較 納米炭組檢獲直徑<5 mm的淋巴結率為58.5% (422/721),對照組檢獲直徑<5 mm的淋巴結率為37.9% (209/551),兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義 (χ2=53.01,P<0.05);納米炭組黑染檢獲最小淋巴結直徑為 (1.7±0.5)mm,對照組檢獲最小淋巴結直徑為(2.2±0.7)mm,兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=3.16,P<0.05)。
2.3兩組淋巴結轉移率比較 納米炭組共檢獲轉移淋巴結247枚,淋巴結轉移率為34.3% (247/721);對照組檢出轉移淋巴結96枚,淋巴結轉移率為17.4%(96/ 551),兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=44.95,P<0.05)。納米炭組黑染淋巴結612枚,黑染率為84.9% (612/721);黑染淋巴結中轉移淋巴結233枚,黑染淋巴結轉移率為38.1% (233/612);未黑染淋巴結中轉移淋巴結14枚,轉移率為12.8% (14/109);黑染淋巴結與未黑染淋巴結轉移率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=26.15,P<0.05)。黑染淋巴結轉移率與對照組淋巴結轉移率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義 (χ2=60.94,P<0.05)。納米炭在轉移淋巴結與未轉移淋巴結中的顯微鏡形態(tài)見圖2、3。
2.4藥物不良反應情況 納米炭組患者術中及術后未見相關局部及全身不良反應。
淋巴結轉移是影響胃癌預后的重要因素之一,而淋巴結轉移數(shù)目是主要的獨立預后指標[3-5]。如何在術中及標本組織中檢出多的淋巴結,避免漏檢轉移的淋巴結,以保證胃癌分期的準確性,直接影響患者治療方案的選擇和預后[6-7]。
圖2 納米炭在轉移淋巴結的顯微鏡形態(tài)?。℉E染色,×200)Figure 2 Microscopic morphology of carbon nanoparticle in metastatic lymph nodes
圖3 納米炭在未轉移淋巴結的顯微鏡形態(tài)(HE染色,×200)Figure 3 Microscopic morphology of carbon nanoparticle in nonmetastatic lymph nodes
納米炭混懸液具有高度的淋巴系統(tǒng)趨向性,由普通活性炭加懸劑聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和0.9%氯化鈉溶液經過技術處理制成[8]。納米炭為平均直徑150 nm的團粒,注射到腫瘤周圍組織后,可被巨噬細胞吞噬,并且由于毛細血管基底膜發(fā)育較完全,內皮細胞間隙為30~50 nm,納米炭不能進入血管中。而毛細淋巴管基底膜發(fā)育不完全,內皮細胞呈疊瓦狀排列,間隙可達100~500 nm,納米炭可迅速經淋巴管行走并聚集滯留到淋巴結,使淋巴結染成黑色,實現(xiàn)了腫瘤區(qū)域引流淋巴結染色,達到區(qū)域淋巴結的示蹤作用。Liu等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),淋巴結轉移狀況和分期是影響胃癌患者術后生存時間的預后因素;Son等[10]研究認為,進展期胃癌患者術后至少要檢出16枚淋巴結,才能使N分期更為準確;而Ichikura等[11]研究表明,胃癌手術后切除、送檢淋巴結≥30枚,才可能使N分期更準確;范林軍等[12]研究顯示,納米炭混懸液在乳腺癌患者腋窩淋巴結的黑染率達96.3%;陳海寧等[13]研究顯示,在胃癌根治術中應用納米炭混懸液,淋巴結黑染率為74.6%。本研究結果顯示,納米炭組淋巴結轉移率為 34.3%,高于對照組的 17.4%;淋巴結黑染率為84.9%,黑染淋巴結轉移率(38.1%)高于未黑染淋巴結轉移率 (12.8%);且納米炭組淋巴結檢出時間較對照組縮短。
國內外研究將直徑<5 mm的淋巴結命名為小淋巴結,目前最常用的淋巴結檢測方法仍是眼觀和手觸,對于直徑<5 mm的淋巴結極有可能漏檢[14]。Cserni[15]研究表明,在小淋巴結中存在較高的轉移情況。邵永勝等[16]研究表明,86例胃癌患者手術后共檢出淋巴結4 756枚,其中淋巴結最大直徑≤5 mm的占81.14%;癌轉移的淋巴結共912枚,其中淋巴結最大直徑≤5 mm的占60.96%。徐少杰等[17]研究表明,115例胃癌患者術后共檢出淋巴結2 252枚,有腫瘤轉移的556枚淋巴結中,1~5 mm和6~9 mm淋巴結轉移率分別為12.3% 和26.2%。Axelsson等[18]研究結果顯示,31 679例乳腺癌患者術后檢出的淋巴結越多,淋巴結轉移率可能越高;檢出至少20枚淋巴結代替原有的10~14枚淋巴結,可使直徑為1~5 mm的淋巴結轉移率由14.2%升高到25.9%。本研究結果顯示,納米炭組檢出淋巴結直徑<5 mm的數(shù)目較對照組多,且可檢出較對照組直徑更小的淋巴結。
綜上所述,納米炭示蹤劑在進展期胃癌根治術中具有良好的示蹤效果,指導術中淋巴結的清掃范圍,可增加淋巴結檢出的數(shù)目,降低檢出難度、縮短淋巴結檢出時間,增加小淋巴結檢出數(shù)目,增加淋巴結轉移檢出數(shù),使患者得到準確的病理分期。但使用納米炭示蹤劑是否可改善進展期胃癌患者的預后,仍需進一步較長時間的隨訪研究。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
Clinical Value of Carbon Nanoparticle Lymphatic Tracer in Radical Resections for Advanced Gastric Cancer
ZHANGZhi-dong,LIU Qing-wei,LI Yong,et al.The Third Department of Surgery,the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang 050011,China
Objective To investigate the clinical value of carbon nanoparticle lymphatic tracer in lymph node dissection during radical resections for advanced gastric cancer.Methods 56 patients with advanced gastric cancer who were admitted to the Third Department of Surgery in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University from October 2013 to May 2014,were randomly divided into two groups(carbon nanoparticle group and control group)by random number table method,there were 28 cases in each group.All patients underwent gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy,carbon nanoparticle lymphatic tracer was used in carbon nanoparticle group during operation,carbon nanoparticle lymphatic tracer was not used in control group during operation.The removal tissues were searched for lymph nodes,the number and diameter of lymph nodes,and the required time for lymph nodes detection were recorded.The dyed lymph nodes in carbon nanoparticle group were recorded.All lymph nodes were sent for pathology,and were stained by HE routinely,lymph node tumor metastasis was confirmed by microscope.Results The average number of positive lymph nodes in carbon nanoparticle group(43.8±10.3)was significantly higher than that(31.4 ±8.6)in control group(t=6.45,P=0.002).The mean required time for lymph nodes detection in carbon nanoparticle group(19.5±4.9)min was significantly shorter than that(31.7±5.3)min in control group(t=4.52,P=0.013).The proportion of positive small nodes(<5 mm)in carbon nanoparticle group(58.5%,422/721)was significantly higher than that(37.9%,209/551)in control group(χ2=53.01,P<0.05).The mean minimum diameter of positive small nodes in carbon nanoparticle group(1.7±0.5)mm was significantly less than that(2.2±0.7)mm in control group(t=3.16,P<0.05).The rate of lymph node metastasis in carbon nanoparticle group(34.3%,247/721)was significantly higher than that (17.4%,96/551)in control group(χ2=44.95,P<0.05).The rate of black-dyed lymph nodes was 84.9% (612/721)in carbon nanoparticle group.The metastasis rate of black-dyed lymph nodes(38.1%,233/612)was significantly higher than that(12.8%,14/109)of non-black-dyed lymph nodes(χ2=26.15,P<0.05),and the metastasis rate of black-dyed lymph nodes in carbon nanoparticle group was significantly higher than the metastasis rate of lymph nodes in control group(χ2= 60.94,P<0.05).Conclusion The application of carbon nanoparticle lymphatic tracer in lymph node dissection during radical resections for advanced gastric cancer can reach good effect,and can increase the number of positive lymph nodes,especially can increase the number of positive small nodes.
Stomach neoplasms;Carbon nanoparticle tracer;Lymph nodes;Radical gastrectomy
R 735.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.03.005
河北省科技支撐計劃課題(102761116)
050011河北省石家莊市,河北醫(yī)科大學第四醫(yī)院外三科
李勇,050011河北省石家莊市,河北醫(yī)科大學第四醫(yī)院外三科;E-mail:li_yong_hbth@126.com
2014-10-05;
2014-12-10)