蒙古包的變遷

蒙古包是內蒙古草原上一道獨特的風景線，白色的氈布在金色的陽光下熠熠生輝，與周圍的綠草構成了一幅絕美的草原畫卷。蒙古包不僅是草原牧民遮風擋雨的居所，更是草原文化的獨特象征，承載著歲月的沉淀和文化的厚重。

The yurt is a unique sight on the InnerMongolian grasslands， its white felt shimmering inthe golden sunlight and creating a stunning pastoralscene against the surrounding green grass. The yurtis not only a shelter from the wind and rain but alsoa distinctive symbol of pastoral culture with a longhistory.

蒙古包在古代被稱作“穹廬”“氈包”或“氈帳”，在蒙古語中則表示“家”的意思。蒙古包的整體結構為球形，實用美觀，簡約卻不簡單。從實用性來看，球形結構能提供更大的居住空間，同時也有利于分散蒙古包所承受的外來壓力。蒙古包的門朝向東南方，這沿襲了蒙古族認為旭日東升含吉祥寓意的傳統(tǒng)，既方便牧民估算時間，又能避免強烈的冷風直入。

In ancient times， yurts were referred to asqionglu， zhanbao， or zhanzhang in Chinese. TheMongolian term that refers to yurt means “home.”The overall structure of a yurt is spherical， practicaland aesthetically pleasing， simple yet full-featured.From a practical standpoint， the spherical shapeprovides a larger living space and helps distributeexternal pressures. The door of the yurt facessoutheast， following the Mongolian tradition ofassociating the rising sun with good fortune， whichnot only helps herders estimate time but also preventsstrong cold winds from entering directly.

蒙古包白色的外觀與蒙古族人民崇尚白色的傳統(tǒng)息息相關。在蒙古族人民的眼中，白色寓意著美好、平安、純潔。因此，在諸多顏色中，蒙古族人民選擇白色作為蒙古包的外觀顏色，毛氈上面再用各種刺繡圖案加以點綴，使蒙古包兼具實用價值和美學價值。白色的蒙古包好似倒映在草原上的白云，與碧綠的草原、成群的牛羊構成了一幅美麗的圖畫。

The white exterior of the yurt is closely tied tothe Mongolian’s appreciation for the color white. Intheir view， white symbolizes beauty， safety， and purity.Thus， among various colors， the Mongolian peoplechose white for the yurt’s exterior， often adorned withintricate embroidery patterns， blending practicalitywith aesthetic value. From far away， the white yurtresembles clouds reflected on the grassland， forminga beautiful picture alongside thelush greenery and herds of cattleand sheep.

蒙古族人民在建造蒙古包時，多采用就地取材的方式，只對原材料做一些簡單的加工。這樣，既不會過多消耗材料，也減輕了對勞動力的需求。這種就地取材的綠色設計理念彰顯了蒙古族人民敬畏自然、適應自然的生活智慧。

When building a yurt， the Mongolian peopletypically use locally sourced materials with minimalprocessing. This approach not only conservesresources but also reduces labor demands. Thisenvironmentally conscious approach of designreflects the Mongolian people’s respect for andadaptability to nature.

傳統(tǒng)的蒙古包在搭建時，選址十分關鍵，而搭建的過程則相對簡單。在搭建蒙古包之前，牧民會選擇一個地勢平坦、水草豐美的地方，根據(jù)所需要蒙古包的大小先畫一個圓形，以便確定蒙古包的位置。位置固定后，牧民便會在圓內找到蒙古包的中心點，并固定一個中心桿，在圓的最外側確定門窗的位置。做完這些之后，牧民就可以開始搭建蒙古包的框架了。

Choosing the right site for a traditional yurt iscrucial， though the construction process is relativelystraightforward. Herders would select a flat arearich in water and grass， and mark a circular outlinebased on the desired size of the yurt to determine itslocation. Once the location is decided， they find thecenter point within the circle and secure a centralpole， and determine the locations for doors andwindows at the outer edge. Aftercompleting these steps， they canbegin constructing the yurt’sframe.

蒙古包的框架一般為木架結構，以便起到支撐作用?？蚣苡伞肮恰薄盀跄帷薄疤漳X”三部分組成。首先需要搭建的是蒙古包的外圍——哈那。哈那是蒙古包的圍壁，主要由規(guī)格統(tǒng)一的紅柳木條構成，紅柳木條交叉形成菱形網狀結構，再由毛繩連接固定好。哈那不僅能起到支撐作用，同時決定著蒙古包的大小。哈那固定好后，通過烏尼將哈那與陶腦連接起來。烏尼的長度和角度決定著蒙古包的高度。陶腦是蒙古包的天窗，主要由檀木或榆木制作而成，可以通風采光。當你在草原地區(qū)聽到“太陽照到陶腦圈了”，說明太陽升起來了；如果牧民說“太陽照到烏尼中間了”，說明該將一早出去放羊的人換回來了。因此，蒙古族人也將此時的太陽稱為“迎接羊倌的太陽”。

The frame is typically made of wood to providestructural support and consists of three main parts：hana， uni and tonao. The first part to be constructed isthe hana， meaning the outer wall， made of uniformlysized red willow branches， which are woven intoa diamond-shaped lattice and secured with ropes.The hana not only supports the structure but alsodetermines its size. Once the hana is fixed， the uniconnects it to the tonao. The length and angle of theuni determine the yurt’s height. The tonao serves asa skylight， made primarily from sandalwood or elm，allowing for ventilation and light. In the grasslands，when someone says， “The sun has reached the tonaoring，” it means the sun has risen; if they say， “The sunhas reached the middle of the uni，” it indicates that it’stime to bring back those who went out to herd sheep.Thus， the Mongolian people also refer to the sun atthis time as “the sun welcoming the herders.”

蒙古包的框架固定好后，接下來需要給蒙古包披上“外衣”——苫氈。苫氈是覆蓋在蒙古包外圍的毛氈，主要由羊毛搟制而成，具有防風保暖的重要作用。根據(jù)所處位置的不同，可以將苫氈分為蓋氈、頂氈、圍氈和地氈四種。牧民根據(jù)氣溫的變化來增減毛氈，氣溫降低時增加毛氈用來保暖；氣溫回暖時減少毛氈，以便通風。苫氈固定好后，便是安裝蒙古包的煙囪，以起到排煙的作用。至此，一個蒙古包就搭建好了。蒙古包的內部裝飾一般根據(jù)主人的喜好進行設計。

After the frame is complete， the yurt is coveredwith shanzhan， a felt layer made from sheep woolthat plays a vital role in wind proofing and insulation.Depending on the actual place of installment，shanzhan can be divided into four types： coveringfelt， top felt， wall felt， and ground felt. Herders add orremove layers of felt based on temperature changes，adding more for warmth in colder weather andreducing them for ventilation in warmer conditions.Once the shanzhan is secured， the chimney isinstalled for smoke ventilation. At this point， the yurtis fully assembled， and the interior decorations aredesigned according to the owner’s preferences.

草原上氣候干旱，各地降水不均，不同地區(qū)牧草的生長與品質參差不齊，因此，牧民們過著逐水而居的生活。蒙古包搭建和拆卸都比較方便，往往只需要幾匹馬、幾頭駱駝就可以實現(xiàn)自由移動，相比于其他類型的建筑，更適合游牧生活。因此，蒙古包成了草原上蒙古族人民的得力伙伴。

The grassland climate is dry with unevenprecipitation， and the growing season and quality ofpasture vary across regions， which has led herdersto live a water-centric lifestyle. Yurts are easy to setup and dismantle， often requiring just a few horsesor camels for moving， making them more suited fora nomadic way of life than other types of buildings.Consequently， yurts have become invaluablecompanions for the nomadic Mongolian people.

如今，蒙古包以其美麗的外形和濃厚的文化內涵，逐漸成為草原上最具代表性的文化符號之一，每年吸引著無數(shù)的海內外游客前來體驗。為了克服傳統(tǒng)蒙古包的缺點，許多年輕的牧民紛紛投身于現(xiàn)代蒙古包的研究。其中最具代表性的便是低能耗式蒙古包和裝配式蒙古包。它們不僅實現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代科技與蒙古族文化的完美融合，冬暖夏涼，還大大提高了蒙古包的環(huán)保性、經濟性、實用性和美觀性。

Today， yurts， with their beautiful design and rich cultural connotations， are becoming one of themost iconic cultural symbols of the grasslands， attracting countless tourists from near and far each year.To overcome the shortcomings of traditional yurts， many young herders are dedicated to researchingmodern yurts， including low-energy and prefabricated models. These innovations not only merge moderntechnology with Mongolian culture， providing warmth in winter and coolness in summer， but alsosignificantly enhance the yurt’s environmental friendliness， economy， practicality， and aesthetic appeal.

蒙古包是游牧民族數(shù)千年生活智慧的結晶，陪伴牧民們度過了漫長的歲月，是游牧民族生活中不可或缺的一部分。在廣袤無垠的大草原上，蒙古包像一列列移動的“白色列車”，滿載著牧民的希望，駛向幸福，駛向未來。

The yurt is the culmination of thousands of years of nomadic wisdom， accompanying herders throughlong years and forming an indispensable part of their lives. Across the vast grasslands， yurts resemble a fleet ofmoving “white trains，” carrying the hopes of herders toward happiness and the future.