施氮量對(duì)四川盆地小麥生長(zhǎng)及灌漿的影響

李朝蘇， 湯永祿 *， 吳 春， 吳曉麗， 黃 鋼， 何 剛， 郭大明

(1四川省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物研究所， 農(nóng)業(yè)部西南地區(qū)小麥生物學(xué)與遺傳育種重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，四川成都 610066； 2江油市農(nóng)業(yè)局，四川江油 621700)

施氮量對(duì)四川盆地小麥生長(zhǎng)及灌漿的影響

李朝蘇1， 湯永祿1 *， 吳 春1， 吳曉麗1， 黃 鋼1， 何 剛2， 郭大明2

(1四川省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物研究所， 農(nóng)業(yè)部西南地區(qū)小麥生物學(xué)與遺傳育種重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，四川成都 610066； 2江油市農(nóng)業(yè)局，四川江油 621700)

氮； 小麥； 物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)； 灌漿特性

小麥?zhǔn)侨蜃钪匾募Z食作物之一，受生態(tài)條件、生產(chǎn)水平的制約，區(qū)域間小麥產(chǎn)量差異極大，雖有小面積單產(chǎn)突破9000 kg/hm2[1-4]，但全世界平均單產(chǎn)僅有2800 kg/hm2，我國(guó)也不足5000 kg/hm2，即使生產(chǎn)條件較好的區(qū)域，大面積單產(chǎn)也僅有6000 kg/hm2左右，和根據(jù)各地光溫資源估算的產(chǎn)量潛力仍有較大的差距[5-7]。

西南麥區(qū)是我國(guó)第三大小麥優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)區(qū)，常年播種面積210×104hm2，受生態(tài)條件所限，生產(chǎn)水平和黃淮、長(zhǎng)江中下游等區(qū)域有明顯差距，有關(guān)高產(chǎn)技術(shù)探索雖已有30余年，但直至本世紀(jì)初才在育種和栽培技術(shù)上有所突破，選育出一批以川麥104、川麥42為代表的具超高產(chǎn)潛力的新品種，實(shí)產(chǎn)驗(yàn)收屢次突破9000 kg/hm2[4, 10-11]。本研究選擇近年通過(guò)國(guó)家審定、并在長(zhǎng)江上游區(qū)域有著廣泛種植的兩個(gè)新品種川麥104和內(nèi)麥836，研究施氮量對(duì)其物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)和灌漿特性的影響，以明確西南地區(qū)高產(chǎn)、超高產(chǎn)小麥群體的規(guī)律特點(diǎn)，為完善西南地區(qū)小麥高產(chǎn)栽培技術(shù)提供理論和技術(shù)依據(jù)。

1 材料和方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)采用裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)，品種為主區(qū)，施氮量為副區(qū)，施氮水平分別為0、90、135、180、225 kg/hm2，小區(qū)面積12 m2，3次重復(fù)。每年的10月30日播種，免耕撬窩點(diǎn)播，行距24 cm，窩距13 cm，每窩播12粒種子，播種后覆蓋粉碎的稻草。出苗后勻苗，基本苗保持在220苗/m2左右，2012年內(nèi)麥836的田間出苗率較低，其各小區(qū)基本苗在170苗/m2左右。施氮處理底肥和拔節(jié)期追肥比例分別是60%和40%，五氧化二磷和氧化鉀用量按75 kg/hm2作底肥施用，氮、 磷、 鉀分別由尿素、過(guò)磷酸鈣和氯化鉀提供，施肥時(shí)將尿素和氯化鉀溶于少量水中澆施，其他時(shí)間不再灌溉。在苗期化學(xué)除草，孕穗和灌漿期防治蚜蟲(chóng)。

1.2 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目及方法

1.2.1 莖蘗變化 勻苗后，每小區(qū)沿對(duì)角線方向確定3個(gè)代表性樣點(diǎn)，每點(diǎn)1行連續(xù)的5窩，調(diào)查基本苗，并于分蘗盛期、拔節(jié)始期、開(kāi)花期和成熟期調(diào)查樣點(diǎn)內(nèi)的莖蘗數(shù)或穗數(shù)，換算群體莖蘗數(shù)及穗數(shù)。

1.2.2 個(gè)體和群體質(zhì)量 在分蘗盛期、拔節(jié)初期、開(kāi)花期和成熟期，每小區(qū)取代表性的4窩植株，將地下部分剪掉，在分蘗盛期和拔節(jié)期將植株分為葉片和莖鞘兩部分，開(kāi)花期分為綠葉、黃葉+莖鞘、穗三部分，成熟期分為葉片、莖鞘、穗和籽粒四部分烘干稱重，并用干重法測(cè)定葉面積。根據(jù)各時(shí)期調(diào)查的群體數(shù)量計(jì)算群體干物質(zhì)積累量、葉面積指數(shù)，并按照周玲等[12]的方法計(jì)算花前干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移量、轉(zhuǎn)移物質(zhì)貢獻(xiàn)率等指標(biāo)，具體計(jì)算方法如下：

花前干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移量(kg/hm2)=開(kāi)花期地上部分干物質(zhì)積累量-成熟期地上部分營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)量

轉(zhuǎn)移物質(zhì)貢獻(xiàn)率(%)=干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移量/籽粒產(chǎn)量×100

1.2.3 產(chǎn)量和穗部農(nóng)藝結(jié)構(gòu) 各小區(qū)收獲全部穗，晾曬后用小區(qū)脫粒機(jī)脫粒并稱重，用PM-8188 New型谷物水分測(cè)定儀測(cè)試稱重時(shí)的籽粒水分含量。各小區(qū)取樣損失面積為0.5 m2，根據(jù)小區(qū)籽粒產(chǎn)量、含水量以及實(shí)際收獲面積折算13%含水量下的單產(chǎn)和氮素農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率。具體計(jì)算方法如下：

產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2)=小區(qū)實(shí)收產(chǎn)量×(1-籽粒稱重時(shí)含水量)×10000/[(12-0.5)×0.87]

氮素農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率(kg/kg)=(施氮區(qū)籽粒產(chǎn)量-空白區(qū)籽粒產(chǎn)量)/施氮量

收獲籽?；旌暇鶆蚝箅S機(jī)數(shù)出兩個(gè)500粒稱重計(jì)算千粒重，兩份樣品重量差數(shù)與平均數(shù)之比保持在5%以內(nèi)。在成熟期干物質(zhì)測(cè)定的樣本中隨機(jī)取30個(gè)穗調(diào)查穗部農(nóng)藝性狀，包括穗長(zhǎng)、小穗數(shù)、退化小穗數(shù)和穗粒數(shù)等。

1.2.4 灌漿參數(shù) 初花期每個(gè)小區(qū)標(biāo)記長(zhǎng)勢(shì)一致且同一天開(kāi)花的100個(gè)穗，在開(kāi)花7 d后每隔5 d取10穗，將每穗粒剝出，統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)目后烘干稱重。采用Logistic方程[W=K/(1+eA+Bx)]對(duì)其干物質(zhì)積累過(guò)程進(jìn)行模擬(決定系數(shù)R2均在0.99以上)，其中W為觀測(cè)的籽粒質(zhì)量，x為開(kāi)花至觀測(cè)時(shí)的天數(shù)，A和B為方程對(duì)不同處理確定的參數(shù)，K為擬合最大籽粒質(zhì)量[13]。

對(duì)該方程求一階導(dǎo)數(shù)W′，可得籽粒生長(zhǎng)速率方程，并可得到以下積累特征參數(shù)：

籽粒生長(zhǎng)起始勢(shì) C0=K/(1+eA)；

籽粒最大灌漿速率出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間Tmax(d)= -A/B；

最大灌漿速率

Rmax[g/(1000粒·d)]= -KB/4。

灌漿速率曲線的2個(gè)拐點(diǎn)：

t1,2=-(A±1.317)/B；

有效灌漿期T0.99K=-(4.59512+A)/B；

漸增期灌漿速率 R1=K/(1+ eA-Bt1)/t1；

快增期灌漿速率 R2= [K/(1+ eA-Bt2)- K/(1+ eA-Bt1)]/(t2-t1)；

緩增期灌漿速率 R3= [K/(1+ eA-BT0.99K)- K/(1+ eA-Bt2)]/(T0.99K-t2)；

平均灌漿速率R= K/(1+ eA-BT0.99K)/T0.99K。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析

采用 Excel 2003 和DPS v12.50 軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行整理、統(tǒng)計(jì)分析和作圖。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 主要性狀的聯(lián)合方差分析

綠汁鎮(zhèn)地處河谷地帶，道路交通不便，加之山路崎嶇，運(yùn)輸核桃只能是小、中型貨車(chē)，外運(yùn)成本高，交通運(yùn)輸條件差，導(dǎo)致在收購(gòu)過(guò)程中單價(jià)上偏低。

試驗(yàn)產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)量結(jié)構(gòu)及不同生育期干物質(zhì)積累量、葉面積指數(shù)的聯(lián)合方差分析結(jié)果(表1和表2)表明，施氮水平、品種以及年際間氣候條件均對(duì)產(chǎn)量及各構(gòu)成因子有顯著的影響，施氮水平對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響大于品種和年份，品種對(duì)穗粒數(shù)的影響效應(yīng)大于施氮量和年份，而年份對(duì)有效穗數(shù)、千粒重、收獲指數(shù)的影響更大。兩因素互作對(duì)產(chǎn)量、有效穗數(shù)、單位面積粒數(shù)和收獲指數(shù)均無(wú)明顯影響，但施氮量與品種、品種與年份互作對(duì)穗粒數(shù)和千粒重有顯著或極顯著影響。施氮量、品種與年份三者無(wú)明顯的互作效應(yīng)(表1)。

施氮水平、品種以及年份對(duì)分蘗、拔節(jié)期的干物質(zhì)積累量和葉面積指數(shù)有極顯著影響，尤其是年份影響效應(yīng)更大。2012年小麥分蘗階段雨水充沛，群體數(shù)量大，干物質(zhì)積累量多；而2013年分蘗期降雨較常年明顯偏低，分蘗數(shù)受影響，干物質(zhì)積累量也明顯低于2012年。雖然施氮量、年份對(duì)開(kāi)花期、成熟期的干物質(zhì)積累量也有顯著影響，但品種間差異已不顯著，而且年份的影響也低于分蘗和拔節(jié)階段。除拔節(jié)期干物質(zhì)積累量和葉面積指數(shù)具有施氮量和年份互作效應(yīng)、開(kāi)花期葉面積指數(shù)存在品種與年份互作效應(yīng)外，其他生育期的干物質(zhì)積累量和葉面積指數(shù)無(wú)兩者或三者的互作效應(yīng)(表2)。

表1 產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)量結(jié)構(gòu)的聯(lián)合方差分析Table 1 Combined analysis of variances of grain yield and yield components

注(Note): * —P<0.05; ** —P<0.01.

表2 不同生育期干物質(zhì)積累量和葉面積指數(shù)的聯(lián)合方差分析Table 2 Combined analysis of variances of dry matter accumulation and leaf area index in different growth stages

注(Note): * —P<0.05; ** —P<0.01.

2.2 產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)量結(jié)構(gòu)

雖然年際間產(chǎn)量和各構(gòu)成因子有明顯變化，但隨著施氮量的增加多數(shù)參數(shù)值均呈上升趨勢(shì)。同一施氮水平下CM104的產(chǎn)量高于NM836，兩個(gè)品種均在N 135 kg/hm2處理時(shí)產(chǎn)量達(dá)到較高水平，與N 180 kg/hm2和N 225 kg/hm2處理差異不顯著，且較90 kg/hm2處理有大幅升高。依據(jù)兩年平均產(chǎn)量(y)和施氮量(x)的關(guān)系分別對(duì)NM836和CM104建立一元二次方程，其中NM836：y= - 0.0934x2+ 35.991x + 6651.5(P<0.01)，最高產(chǎn)量施氮量為192.7 kg/hm2，理論最高產(chǎn)量為10118.7 kg/hm2。川麥104：y= -0.1056x2+ 44.023x + 6724.6(P<0.01)，最高產(chǎn)量施氮量為208.4 kg/hm2，理論最高產(chǎn)量為11312.8 kg/hm2。隨著施氮量的增加，氮素農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率呈明顯下降趨勢(shì)，NM836的降幅大于CM104。

表3 施氮量對(duì)不同品種產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)量結(jié)構(gòu)及氮素農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率的影響Table 3 Effect of the N rates on yield, yield components and nitrogen agricultural utilization efficiency

注(Note): 同列數(shù)值后面不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一年度、同一品種處理間差異達(dá)到5%顯著水平Values followed by different letters in a column are significant within the same year and cultivar among different treatments at the 5% level; ES—Effective spikes, GNS—Grain numbers per spike, GNH—Grain number per hectare; TGW—1000-grain weight; HI—Harvest index; LR—Lodging ratio; NAUE—Nitrogen agricultural utilization efficiency.

2.3 群體干物質(zhì)積累量變化

表4 施氮量對(duì)不同品種干物質(zhì)積累量的影響(kg/hm2)Table 4 Effect of the N rates on dry matter accumulation

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫(xiě)字母表示同一品種不同處理間差異達(dá)到5%顯著水平Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among different treatments for the same cultivar at 5% level.

圖1 不同生育階段干物質(zhì)積累量Fig.1 Dry matter accumulation at different growth stages[注(Note)： S-T—播種至分蘗期From seeding to tillering, T-J—分蘗至拔節(jié)期 From tillering to jointing; J-F—拔節(jié)至開(kāi)花期From jointing to flowering; F-M—花期至成熟期 From flowering to maturity.]

2.4 不同生育階段干物質(zhì)積累量

2.5 開(kāi)花前物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移量及轉(zhuǎn)移貢獻(xiàn)率

籽粒產(chǎn)量的物質(zhì)來(lái)源一是開(kāi)花期儲(chǔ)存的物質(zhì)再分配，二是花后光合產(chǎn)物的積累，兩個(gè)來(lái)源對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)因區(qū)域、品種、栽培措施不同而異。2012年度，花前干物質(zhì)積累量大，其在花后轉(zhuǎn)移量也較高，其中N 135 kg/hm2處理處于一個(gè)較低水平，而N 90 kg/hm2處理和N 180 kg/hm2處理處于一個(gè)較高水平，兩個(gè)品種轉(zhuǎn)移的量因處理不同互有高低。2013年，開(kāi)花期干物質(zhì)積累量相對(duì)較少，花后干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移量也較少，但和其他處理相比，N 135 kg/hm2處理仍處于一個(gè)較低水平， 不施氮處理和N 90 kg/hm2處理處于一個(gè)較高水平(圖2)。

從轉(zhuǎn)移物質(zhì)對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率來(lái)看(圖3)，不施氮處理因籽粒絕對(duì)產(chǎn)量低，其花前儲(chǔ)存物質(zhì)對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率較高，N 90 kg/hm2處理轉(zhuǎn)移量大，其貢獻(xiàn)率也較高，而N 135 kg/hm2處理無(wú)論品種和年度均處于一個(gè)較低水平。除2013年CM104外，N 225 kg/hm2處理的轉(zhuǎn)移物質(zhì)貢獻(xiàn)率也處于一個(gè)較低水平。

2.6 對(duì)灌漿特性的影響

灌漿特性的相關(guān)研究結(jié)果表明，千粒重與灌漿速率、灌漿時(shí)間均有顯著或極顯著的相關(guān)性，而與灌漿起始勢(shì)僅有弱的相關(guān)性，籽粒初始大小并不是影響籽粒重量的主要因素。

圖2 施氮量對(duì)花后物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移量的影響Fig.2 Effect of the N rates on dry matter translocation amount after flowering

圖3 施氮量對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移物質(zhì)貢獻(xiàn)率的影響Fig.3 Effect of the N rates on the contribution of remobilization to grain yield

從整穗來(lái)看，隨著施氮量的增加，平均灌漿速率和漸增期的灌漿速率呈下降趨勢(shì)(圖4)。對(duì)于最大灌漿速率，NM836在180 kg/hm2處理時(shí)即有大幅下降，而CM104在225 kg/hm2才有大幅下降。施氮對(duì)CM104灌漿時(shí)間的影響相對(duì)較小，但有降低NM836快增期和緩增期的趨勢(shì)。

圖4 施氮量對(duì)籽粒灌漿的影響Fig.4 Effect of the N rates on grain filling of whole spike grains

3 討論

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Effect of N rate on growth and grain filling of wheat in Sichuan Basin

LI Chao-su1, TANG Yong-lu1*, WU Chun1, WU Xiao-li1, HUANG Gang1, HE Gang2, GUO Da-ming2

(1CropResearchInstitute,SichuanAcademyofAgriculturalSciences/KeyLaboratoryofBiologyandGeneticBreedinginWheat(Southwest),MinistryofAgriculture,Chengdu610066,China;2AgriculturalBureauofJiangyouCity,JiangyouSichuan621700,China)

【Objectives】Nitrogen (N) has a significant effect on the accumulation, transport and distribution of photosynthetic products of wheat. In order to improve wheat yield potential in Sichuan Basin, effects of different N rates on dry matter production and grain filling of high-yield wheat cultivars were studied in Jiangyou City, Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2013. 【Methods】 A randomized block design with a split plot experiment was laid out and two cultivars, CM 104 and NM 836, were used as the main plot factors. Five N rates were set as sub plots: 0, 90, 135, 180 and 225 kg/hm2. Individual and population biomass, yield, yield components and filling parameters of the two cultivars were tested.【Results】 The yield, yield components, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index are all significantly affected by the N rates, cultivars and interannual climatic conditions. In the same N rate, the yield of CM 104 is higher than that of NM836. In the control, the average yield of NM 836 and CM 104 is 6638.9 and 6717.7 kg/hm2. In the N 135 kg/hm2treatment, the yields of two cultivars are more than 9000 kg/hm2and dry matter accumulation is more than 18000 kg/hm2. When the N rate is higher than 135 kg/hm2, the yield and dry matter accumulation increment become less. The relationship of yields and N rates can be described with a quadratic function, for CM104, y=-0.1056x2+44.023x+6724.6 and for NM836, y=-0.0934x2+35.991x+6651.5 (P<0.05). The theoretical maximum yield and the N rate for the highest yield for CM104 are higher than for NM 836. The increased N rates lead to the increment of dry matter accumulation at all the growing stages, but the differences in increment range are not significant from N rate of 135 to 225 kg/hm2and the highest dry matter accumulation after flowering and the contribution of dry matter translocation is in N rate of 135 kg/hm2. Although higher N rate is beneficial for the formation of effective spikes per hectare and grain numbers per spike, especially for the cultivar of CM 104, but not for the grain filling. The maximum grain-filling rate is decreased substantially in N rate of 180 kg/hm2for NM836, 225 kg/hm2for CM104. The 1000-grain weights in all the N treatments are lower than in control, and negative with N application rate increasing.【Conclusions】 The difference in the dry matter accumulation after flowering is the main reason for the different response to N rate for the two cultivars. Appropriate N application rate is very important for achieving high population biomass, increasing the dry matter accumulation and translocation to the grains after flowering. Under the fertile and less N loss paddy soil condition in Sichuan Basin, the suitable N rate for high yield is 135-150 kg/hm2.

nitrogen; wheat; dry matter production; grain filling

2014-06-09 接受日期： 2014-09-10 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期： 2015-06-01

國(guó)家小麥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-3)；四川省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2011NZ0098-15)；四川省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院優(yōu)秀論文基金資助。

李朝蘇(1980—)，男，山東巨野人，副研究員，主要從事作物高產(chǎn)栽培技術(shù)研究。Tel: 028-84504560, E-mail: xiaoli1755@163.com * 通信作者 Tel: 028-84504601, E-mail: ttyycc88@163.com

S147. 22

A

1008-505X(2015)04-0873-11