書面表達中的“不一致”

李順發(fā)

一個句子必須表達一個完整的、前后語意一致的意思。如果把不相干的意思放在一個句子里或一個句子表達不完整，就會出現邏輯問題。句子無論長短，在安排上要合乎邏輯，銜接自然，使句內語意關系明確。而同學們在習作過程中常出現懸垂修飾語、指代不明、缺少過渡詞語、非平行結構和語意不完整的分割句等錯誤。例如：

誤： Being an honest man， Tom worked very hard.

正： Being an honest man， Tom never tells a lie.

誤： Liu Hua is a kind-hearted girl. She will be successful in anything she tries.

正： As she has a strong will and confidence in herself， Liu Hua may be successful in anything she tries.

誤： Rose is in love with John， John is in love with Mary.

正： Rose is in love with John， but John is in love with Mary.

書面表達中主要不一致的錯誤有以下幾大類：

一、比較對象不一致

在英語的比較句型中，兩個待比較的對象應具有可比性，這也就是語法上說的比較對象的一致性問題。有的同學在進行英語寫作時，經常忽略這個一致性問題，從而寫出一些不符合英語習慣的句子。

誤：The population of China is much larger than Japan.

正：The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.

點撥 ?the population of China應與the population of Japan比較，而不能與Japan比較，即誤句主要錯在比較對象不一致。在組織此類句子時，為避免重復，正句中的the population of China用that of China代替。

誤：The style of the new building is different from the old one.

正：The style of the new building is different from that of the old one.

正：The new building is different from the old one in style.

點撥 ?用different表示比較時，也要注重比較對象的一致性。就本題而言，新的style應與舊的style比，或新的building與舊的building比，而不能將兩者混在一起。

二、主謂不一致

在英語中，句子的主語和謂語動詞在人稱和數上必須一致。由于受漢語的影響，許多同學在寫作時經常忽略句子的主謂一致關系，從而造成錯誤。

誤：Anyone can borrow the books， and it cost nothing to borrow them.

正：Anyone can borrow the books and it costs nothing to borrow them.

點撥 ?第一個分句的時態(tài)是一般現在時，故第二個分句中的動詞cost不可能是動詞的過去式，且由于句子主語是it，故謂語動詞應用一般現在時的單數形式costs，而不能用cost。

誤：He as well as his parents have been to the Great Wall.

正：He as well as his parents has been to the Great Wall.

點撥 ?當作主語的名詞或代詞后有as well as， in addition to， including， with， along with， together with， but， except等引導的成分時，謂語動詞的單復數仍由前面的主語決定。如：My English teacher together with his family is from England.

誤：Not only John but also I are going to Shanghai next week.

正：Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next week.

點撥 ?在由not only ... but also ...， not just ...but ...， or， either ... or ...， neither ... nor ...連接主語的句子中及在there be句型中，謂語動詞的單復數按就近原則處理，即按與謂語動詞最靠近的那個主語來確定謂語動詞的單復數形式。如：Neither you nor she is a teacher.

三、單復數不一致

名詞有可數和不可數之分，而可數名詞又有單數與復數之區(qū)別。在英語寫作中，名詞單復數也是許多同學經常忽略的一個問題。

誤：On the way home I took a lot of picture because since the scenery was so beautiful. Ill have them developed this afternoon.

正：On the way home I took a lot of pictures because the scenery was so beautiful. Ill have them developed this afternoon.

點撥 ?take picture中的picture為可數名詞，根據下文中的them可知，此處應用復數形式pictures。

誤：He has been working so hard recently that he has got good mark in all his subjects.

正：He has been working so hard recently that he has got good marks in all his subjects.

點撥 ?從后面的subjects來看，mark應用復數形式，說的是在各科考試中都取得了好成績。

四、非謂語形式不一致

動詞的非謂語形式一直是英語學習中的一個難點，而動詞非謂語形式的一致性問題更是許多同學經常忽略的一個問題。

誤：To know what is good and doing what is right are two different things.

正：To know what is good and to do what is right are two different things.

點撥 ?由and連接的兩部分為并列主語，前一部分用不定式結構，后一部分也應用相同的結構。

誤：Fishing is his favourite hobby， and to collect coins is also his hobby.

正：Fishing is his favourite hobby， and collecting coins is also his hobby.

點撥 誤句的問題就在于句子不平行（不一致），因為and前后都為句子，按英語習慣其結構形式應該一致。

五、代詞不一致

代詞一致的問題主要存在于性別一致、數的一致（單復數問題）和代詞的格等方面。

誤：There are forty students in our class， and thirty of them are boys.

正：There are forty students in our class， and thirty of us are boys.

點撥 從前一分句可看出，本句談論的是“我們班”的情況，故后一分句也應用第一人稱。

誤：Once one has money， we can do what he wants （to do）.

正：Once one has money， he can do what he wants （to do）.

點撥 誤句中前面提到的是one has money，后面又有what he wants，we與前后代詞不一致，故應改為he。

六、搭配不一致

搭配不一致主要指句中的固定搭配應保持完整并與上下文一致。

誤：He worked so hard as he could catch up with his classmates.

正：He worked so hard that he could catch up with his classmates.

點撥 從固定形式上看，有so ... as ...， so ... that ...等。但從句意上看，此處應該用so ... that ...，才能保持句意及結構的一致。

誤：I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow.

正：I was so tired that I fell asleep the moment my head touched the pillow.

點撥 此處the moment是名詞作連詞，表示“一……就……”，前面不能加at。

七、邏輯主語不一致

按英語習慣，當非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語應與句子主語保持一致，否則便會造成錯誤。

誤：After reading the letter， tears ran down his cheeks.

正：After he read the letter， tears ran down his cheeks.

正：After reading the letter， he burst into tears.

點撥 ?after引導動名詞作狀語時，要注重其邏輯主語與句子主語保持一致。

誤：Given more time， the work could have been done better.

正：Given more time， we could have done the work better.

點撥 ?在上句中，given是give（給）的過去分詞，given more time是過去分詞短語，在句中用作狀語，表示條件，相當于If we had been given more time。按照英語語法，分詞短語用作狀語，它的邏輯主語必須與句子主語保持一致。

八、句子之間的邏輯關系不清

誤：It hit the old man down but the driver， a woman， didnt stop her car. ?Finding she had caused an accident， the woman sped her car to flee away. The old man and I saw the cars number. Its AC864. The old man couldnt move， I decided to help him.

正：It hit the old man down but the driver， who was a woman， didnt stop her car. Finding she had caused an accident， the woman sped her car to flee away. Fortunately， I saw the cars number. Its AC864. Noticing the old man couldnt move， I decided to help him.