“七選五閱讀”題型解讀

楊富章

真題點(diǎn)擊 （2015年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷） 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。

Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady， gradual increases in the length of the runs. 36 ， buy the best-fitting running shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet， so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right， walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 37 . As always， you should stretch（伸展） at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.

During the first week， do not think about distance， but run five minutes longer each day. 38 ， it is wise to take a day off to rest. But during the next week， set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run. 39 . After two weeks， start timing yourself. 40 . Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter， you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.

A. After six days

B. For a good marathon runner

C. Before you begin your training

D. With each day， increase the distance by a half mile

E. If they still feel good， you can begin running in them

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

G. Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time

閱讀理解七選五（也有閱讀填空等稱呼），即給出一篇缺少5個(gè)句子的文章，對(duì)應(yīng)有七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處。

題型特點(diǎn)

1. 注重考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力。閱讀本質(zhì)上是一種理解、吸收、鑒賞、評(píng)價(jià)文章的思維過(guò)程，“七選五”不但要求同學(xué)們從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，理解句子和段落之間的聯(lián)系，對(duì)連貫性、一致性等語(yǔ)段特征把握熟練，還要具備用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)分析長(zhǎng)難句的能力。它的選項(xiàng)一般分為三類：主旨概括句、過(guò)渡性句子和注釋性句子。

2. 選材特征。文體上以說(shuō)明文為主，比如新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷，2015年講的是“重建信任”，2014年是“幫助孩子為未來(lái)作準(zhǔn)備”，2013年是“商業(yè)和企業(yè)管理”，2012年是“青少年如何緩解壓力”……所選文章寫作線索清晰明了，邏輯嚴(yán)密。文章的長(zhǎng)度通常在180～250詞之間。

解題策略

1.根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷

做題時(shí)最重要的是要讀懂空白前后的句子，明白這幾句話的確切意思，然后根據(jù)意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項(xiàng)中選取正確答案。在讀懂意思的基礎(chǔ)上，利用線索詞等進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)答案。如上文中的36、37、39、40題：

36. C。上文提到跑馬拉松，下文說(shuō)要買一雙合腳的鞋子。所以這里說(shuō)的應(yīng)該是訓(xùn)煉前的準(zhǔn)備工作。

37. E。上文提到鞋子到手之后要再次核實(shí)是否舒服，下文說(shuō)的是跑之前要拉伸以防受傷，開(kāi)始運(yùn)動(dòng)只能是在確保鞋子沒(méi)有問(wèn)題之后，所以選E。

39. D。前句講第二周要設(shè)定一個(gè)目標(biāo)，本段第一句又說(shuō)第一周不要考慮距離，所以設(shè)空所在的句子自然應(yīng)該是討論加長(zhǎng)跑步的距離。如何增加？自然是每天比前一天多一點(diǎn)。

40. G。上文說(shuō)的是兩周過(guò)去之后，下文說(shuō)的是可以在比賽開(kāi)始之前設(shè)定一個(gè)時(shí)間表了，所以兩周過(guò)去之后，應(yīng)該設(shè)定新的目標(biāo)了。

2.留意線索詞

對(duì)線索詞的敏感是一種重要的能力。最主要的線索詞是空白前后的名詞和動(dòng)詞，尋找答案時(shí)要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找對(duì)應(yīng)的同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的詞語(yǔ)，其次是代詞、數(shù)詞、表示時(shí)間/年代的詞或是表示地點(diǎn)/名稱的專有名詞。尤其是在讀不懂句子的情況下，利用這樣的線索詞尋找答案是很有效的方法。如上文中的第38題：

38. A?？疾閷?duì)上下文的理解。上文提到練習(xí)的第一周應(yīng)該怎么做，下文說(shuō)要休息一天，然后提到第二周如何如何，所以這里說(shuō)的應(yīng)該是練習(xí)六天后要休息一天，剛好是一周。week和a day of是線索詞。

3.根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)詞判斷

由于英語(yǔ)的句與段之間經(jīng)常會(huì)運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞或某些具有關(guān)聯(lián)作用的副詞表示銜接和過(guò)渡，因此文章中和選項(xiàng)中表示各種邏輯關(guān)系的路標(biāo)性信號(hào)詞在選擇答案時(shí)都是很重要的線索。在做題時(shí)可將這三個(gè)層面的線索很好地結(jié)合起來(lái)。例如：表示并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞，一般表示前后句子的名詞或句意具有同指性；表示轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系的詞則往往表示前后句子的名詞同指，但句意對(duì)立，或褒貶對(duì)立或是否對(duì)立；表示例證關(guān)系的詞則意味著在舉例之前或之后有表述概念或觀點(diǎn)的句子，句中往往會(huì)有復(fù)述名詞出現(xiàn)。

4.根據(jù)試題所在的位置來(lái)確定

（1）挖空位置在段首

①這種情況下所缺的通常是段落主題句。一般段落的中心都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一段的開(kāi)頭部分。因此可以根據(jù)段落一致性原則，推斷出該段的主題句。

例1 According to some psychologists， if parents are always telling a child that he or she is a fool or an idiot，then the child is more likely to keep doing silly and foolish things. So it is probably better for parents to say very positive things to their children.

A. Parents should also be careful about what they say to young children.

B.The children are then more likely to grow up bright and intelligent.

解析 A。閱讀空后內(nèi)容可知“根據(jù)一些心理學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，如果父母總是說(shuō)孩子傻，那么孩子就可能做傻事，因此父母應(yīng)該多說(shuō)一些積極的話”。根據(jù)“挖空位置在段首，所缺的通常是段落主題句”的原則，可以推斷出挖空內(nèi)容一定與父母對(duì)孩子所說(shuō)的話相關(guān)，這樣很容易就可以判斷A項(xiàng)為本段的主題句。

②要關(guān)注與后文的關(guān)系。著重閱讀挖空后面的第一、二句，確定相關(guān)信息詞，然后在選項(xiàng)中查找與之相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。閱讀時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)瞻前顧后，以確定答案。例如：

例2 They say its boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another， Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak！

A. Some people dont like Muzak.

B. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.

解析 A。挖空后的第一句話中出現(xiàn)的相關(guān)信息詞They與A項(xiàng)中的Some people為指代關(guān)系；根據(jù)boring可以反推dont like。

（2）挖空位置在段尾

這種情況下所缺的通常是結(jié)論或概括性語(yǔ)句。注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的關(guān)鍵詞。

例3 There is no doubt that analyzing the exact data is important to assessment of an actual event. But data should be dealt with wisely. We often get wrong data which mislead us. Remember， data have no feeling but we humans have. Data dont mean much to people if we do not have the abilities to analyze the data with the knowledge and confidence to judge whether they are true or false. .

A. We should try our best to be wise thinkers

B. Sometimes our hearts and minds are more sensitive than data

解析 A。此題挖空位置在段尾，空格前的論述內(nèi)容是“雖然數(shù)據(jù)很重要，但是如果我們沒(méi)有能力運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)分析數(shù)據(jù)，沒(méi)有自信去判斷它們正確與否，那么數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)就毫無(wú)意義”。這段話得出的結(jié)論應(yīng)該是“我們要盡最大努力成為一名睿智的思考者”，因此A項(xiàng)是正確答案。

（3）挖空位置在段中

挖空位置如果在段中，則其所填句子含義應(yīng)與前句、后句保持一致。因此，同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲱}時(shí)要關(guān)注體現(xiàn)前后句邏輯關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。例如：

例4 There are a number of things you can do to beat your fears. One important approach is to become an expert in your problem. There are countless books and websites providing up-to-date theories and explanations about fears. If you become an expert in your fear， you will be able to make good decisions about the best treatment to overcome it.

A. You can also go to lectures and workshops.

B. Making some simple changes to your diet can make you look good.

解析 A。上述例句挖空位于段中，根據(jù)“上下求索，瞻前顧后”的原則，答題時(shí)要關(guān)注體現(xiàn)前后句邏輯關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。閱讀空格前句子可知其內(nèi)容為克服恐懼的方法；閱讀選項(xiàng)后可以鎖定含有遞進(jìn)含義also的A項(xiàng)，其內(nèi)容也是進(jìn)一步提供克服恐懼的方法。

例5 Stone Age people hunted wild animals for their meat， which had much less fat than domestic ones. They ate a lot of fresh wild vegetables and fruits. They didnt have milk or any other dairy products， and they made very little use of grains. ， We eat six times more salt than our ancestors. We eat more sugar. We eat twice as much fat but only one third as much protein and much less Vitamin C.

A. Stone Age people lived a simple life.

B. But today，we enjoy eating a lot of these.

C. In that case，they would live much healthier.

解析 B。以上例句挖空位于段中，閱讀空前空后句子，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)空前內(nèi)容是石器時(shí)代人們的飲食習(xí)慣；空后所描述的是現(xiàn)代人的飲食習(xí)慣。因此空前內(nèi)容與挖空內(nèi)容為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，可鎖定含有關(guān)聯(lián)詞but的B項(xiàng)。

下面就讓我們來(lái)應(yīng)用一下上文提到的方法：

（2015年高考北京卷）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出正確的填入空白處。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。

This Way to Dreamland

Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant， especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of whats happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy. 71 ，hey annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.

But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 72 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions？

So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool？

First， understand that some opportunities （機(jī)會(huì)） for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. 73 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while youre daydreaming， try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple， like taking a shower or walking， or even making meaningless drawings.

Its also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate. “Mindfulness”， being focused， is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. 74

Finally， you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 75

Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.

A. Having interesting things to think about also helps.

B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves.

C. Without wandering minds， we wouldnt have relativety， Coke or Post-it notes.

D. At one time， daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.

E. It involves slow， steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.

F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct， quite unlike sleep dreams， which may be hard to understand.

G. Therefore， its a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when youre in the daydream zone.

答案 BCEAG