王錦軍
蛇床子素對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞生長和TGF-β誘導(dǎo)侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的干預(yù)作用
王錦軍
目的 觀察蛇床子素對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的殺傷及侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的影響。方法 將人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2用不同濃度的蛇床子素干預(yù)后,采用MTT法檢測(cè)蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞增殖的抑制作用;PI染色流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)DNA含量,測(cè)定蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞周期的影響;采用transwell技術(shù)檢測(cè)HepG2細(xì)胞在TGF-β培養(yǎng)體系中蛇床子素對(duì)細(xì)胞侵襲力的影響;Western blot檢測(cè)腫瘤侵襲力相關(guān)蛋白MMP-9和vimentin的表達(dá)。結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組比較,蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞有顯著的抑制作用(P<0.05);蛇床子素各濃度組48h與24h比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);蛇床子素各濃度組72h與48h比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);蛇床子素100、150、200μM濃度組與對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);蛇床子素150與100μM濃度組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);蛇床子素200與150μM濃度組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);蛇床子素加TGF-β各濃度組細(xì)胞個(gè)數(shù)明顯低于對(duì)照組(P均<0.05);100、150、200μM蛇床子素加TGF-β組MMP-9表達(dá)量與對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);100、150、200μM蛇床子素加TGF-β組vimentin表達(dá)量與對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);蛇床子素加TGF-β各濃度組間細(xì)胞個(gè)數(shù)、MMP-9、vimentin表達(dá)量比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。結(jié)論 蛇床子素能抑制人肝癌細(xì)胞的生長和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。
肝癌;腫瘤侵襲;蛇床子素;HepG2;TGF-β;MMP-9
肝細(xì)胞肝癌是世界上最常見的肝臟原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤,約占腫瘤總發(fā)病率的5.6%[1]。肝癌的不良預(yù)后和高侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移性以及對(duì)常規(guī)治療手段如化療放療的高抵抗性導(dǎo)致肝癌居癌癥死亡率的第三位[2]。癌細(xì)胞屬于上皮細(xì)胞來源,然而在腫瘤發(fā)展過程中腫瘤細(xì)胞逐漸失去上皮細(xì)胞特征并獲得間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞特性,這一過程稱之為上皮細(xì)胞間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)型(EMT)[3]。EMT是腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)鍵過程,是腫瘤發(fā)展和致死的關(guān)鍵因素[4]。在EMT過程中,腫瘤微環(huán)境中的TGF-β是重要的調(diào)節(jié)因子,它通過信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路上調(diào)間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞骨架蛋白如波形蛋白(vimentin)及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)等促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲正常組織并發(fā)生腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[5-7]。蛇床子素(osthole)是從中藥蛇床子中提取的活性物質(zhì),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蛇床子素具有抗?jié)裾?、皮膚瘙癢,抗炎癥,抗肝炎以及抗腫瘤作用[8-10]。蛇床子素對(duì)于多種腫瘤均具有良好抑制作用,然而其對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞生長和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的抑制作用卻很少報(bào)道。本研究觀察蛇床子素對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞系HepG2的生物效應(yīng),探討其對(duì)肝腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的影響。
1.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2細(xì)胞系購于ATCC(American Type Culture Collection,美國模式培養(yǎng)物研究所),培養(yǎng)在RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基中,含10%胎牛血清,100U/L青霉素和100mg/mL鏈霉素,培養(yǎng)環(huán)境為37℃恒溫且通入5%的CO2。
1.2 試 劑 RPIM-1640培養(yǎng)基購于Gibco公司,胎牛血清購于杭州四季青生物工程有限公司,transwell小室購于美國康寧公司;蛇床子素、二甲亞砜、MTT、碘化丙啶(PI)購于美國Sigma公司;βactin、MMP-9、vimentin抗體購自美國Cell signal公司。
1.3 細(xì)胞增殖抑制試驗(yàn) 將HepG2細(xì)胞按2×103/孔接種于96孔板,加入 200μL含10%FBS的RPIM-1640培養(yǎng),設(shè)置3個(gè)復(fù)孔,并分別加入0(對(duì)照組)、50、100、150和200μM的蛇床子素培養(yǎng)24、48及72h,加5mg/mL MTT 20μL,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4h。棄上清,往孔中加150μL DMSO,震蕩使紫色絮狀物完全溶解,570nm波長下用酶標(biāo)儀檢測(cè)OD值,腫瘤細(xì)胞生長抑制率=(OD對(duì)照組-ODosthole)/OD對(duì)照組× 100%。
1.4 細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè) 在HepG2細(xì)胞中分別加入0(對(duì)照組)、50、100、150和200μM的蛇床子素培養(yǎng)48h,收集細(xì)胞用生理鹽水洗2次,用70%乙醇在4℃固定過夜后用生理鹽水清洗,加入(50μg/mL)RNA酶,100μg/mL PI在暗處染色30min后立即用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期,G2期細(xì)胞所占比率可表示為腫瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)入G2/M阻滯[11]。
1.5 腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲試驗(yàn) 在transwell小室中接種1×104個(gè)HepG2細(xì)胞置于24孔板中,上室培養(yǎng)基為無血清RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基并加入2ng/mLTGF-β及各濃度蛇床子素,下室培養(yǎng)基為含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640。培養(yǎng)24h后取出transwell小室,用生理鹽水洗去小室內(nèi)的細(xì)胞,將transwell膜用3%多聚甲醛固定15min后用0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色20min,低倍鏡(×100)觀察4個(gè)隨機(jī)選擇的區(qū)域,計(jì)算細(xì)胞總數(shù)。
1.6 Western blot試驗(yàn) 在HepG2細(xì)胞中分別加入不同濃度的蛇床子素培養(yǎng)24h,然后將細(xì)胞裂解后做Western blot檢測(cè)MMP-9和Vimentin的表達(dá),蛋白表達(dá)量由它們?cè)谀z片上顯色后的灰度與相應(yīng)βactin的灰度比表示。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 所有實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,應(yīng)用SPSS10.0軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),采用非配對(duì)雙邊t檢驗(yàn)以及單因素方差分析,P<0.05認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 蛇床子素對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞系HepG2的抑制作用與對(duì)照組比較,蛇床子素各劑量組均呈現(xiàn)出抑制效應(yīng),呈劑量依賴性,且隨著蛇床子素治療時(shí)間的延長,對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長的抑制作用顯著增加。見表1,圖1。
表1 蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞的抑制作用(±s)
表1 蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞的抑制作用(±s)
注:與對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.05;與24h比較,▲P<0.05;與48h比較,△P<0.05
組別對(duì)照組蛇床子素組孔數(shù) 抑制率(%)33333濃度(μM)0 50 100 150 200 24h 0 5.4±1.7* 16.2±3.1* 31.4±4.8* 40.2±5.1* 48h 0 8.7±3.5* 27.8±4.7*▲48.5±4.3*▲66.3±5.9*▲72h 0 19.4±3.6*△48.4±4.4*△78.1±6.9*△87.6±7.0*△
圖1 蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞抑制作用
2.2 蛇床子素通過G2/M阻滯抑制HepG2細(xì)胞周期
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)蛇床子素濃度達(dá)到150μM時(shí),進(jìn)入G2期的HepG2細(xì)胞從對(duì)照組的1.9%增加到15.4%,表明蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞有G2/M阻滯作用,使腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖周期停滯,從而抑制和殺傷肝腫瘤細(xì)胞。見表2。
表2 蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞周期的阻滯效應(yīng)(±s)
表2 蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞周期的阻滯效應(yīng)(±s)
注:與對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.05;與100μM組比較,▲P<0.05;與150μM組比較,△P<0.05
組別對(duì)照組蛇床子素組孔數(shù)33333濃度(μM)0 50 100 150 200 G2/M阻滯(%)1.9±0.2 3.2±0.4 6.7±1.6* 15.4±2.7*▲20.6±3.6*△
2.3 蛇床子素抑制TGF-β誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移將HepG2細(xì)胞用不同濃度的蛇床子素處理48h,顯微鏡計(jì)數(shù)transwell膜上的細(xì)胞數(shù)測(cè)定HepG2細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著蛇床子素劑量的增加,transwell膜上的細(xì)胞數(shù)顯著減少(見表3),表明蛇床子素能抑制肝腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。為了在蛋白水平上進(jìn)一步研究蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞侵襲能力的影響,采用Western blot法檢測(cè)TGF-β誘導(dǎo)的侵襲相關(guān)蛋白MMP-9和Vimentin表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著蛇床子素劑量的增加,MMP-9和Vimentin表達(dá)降低,表明蛇床子素通過下調(diào)HepG2細(xì)胞MMP-9和Vimentin表達(dá)抑制TGF-β依賴的腫瘤侵襲能力。見表3,圖2。
圖2 蛇床子素對(duì)TGF-β處理的HepG2細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的抑制作用
表3 蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞侵襲能力的抑制作用(±s)
表3 蛇床子素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞侵襲能力的抑制作用(±s)
注:實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅰ組:50μM蛇床子素+TGF-β;實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅱ組:100μM蛇床子素+TGF-β;實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅲ組:150μM蛇床子素+TGF-β;實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅳ組:200μM蛇床子素+ TGF-β;與對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.05;與實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅰ組比較,▲P<0.05;與實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅱ組比較,▼P<0.05;與實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅲ組比較,△P<0.05
組別對(duì)照組TGF-β組實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅰ組實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅱ組實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅲ組實(shí)驗(yàn)Ⅳ組孔數(shù)333333 TGF-β濃度(ng/mL)022222蛇床子素濃度(μM)005 0 100 150 200細(xì)胞個(gè)數(shù)(個(gè))125.4±21.7 432.8±44.9 381.6±41.5* 285.3±39.8*▲134.8±22.5*▼101.6±23.7*△MMP-9/β-actin 0.24±0.05 0.69±0.09 0.63±0.09 0.50±0.08*▲0.33±0.04*▼0.18±0.03*△vimentin/β-actin 0.28±0.04 0.62±0.08 0.58±0.07 0.46±0.06*▲0.29±0.05*▼0.21±0.04*
腫瘤生長微環(huán)境中的TGF-β與腫瘤發(fā)生EMT有密切的聯(lián)系,腫瘤的侵襲能力依賴于TGF-β的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,當(dāng)TGF-β與Ⅱ型TGF-β受體結(jié)合后激活Ⅰ型TGF-β受體,Ⅰ型TGF-β受體是一種跨膜絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶,它能進(jìn)一步使轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Smads2和Smads3發(fā)生磷酸化激活,從而上調(diào)侵襲相關(guān)蛋白如MMP-9和vimentin的表達(dá)促進(jìn)EMT的發(fā)生[12-13]。
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道很多天然藥物具有十分顯著的抗肝腫瘤作用,并且有高效、低毒、高腫瘤選擇性的特點(diǎn),有很大的研究?jī)r(jià)值[14-15]。蛇床子素是一種天然藥物,在臨床上已經(jīng)大量應(yīng)用,證實(shí)了它的低毒低副作用特性。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蛇床子素還具有十分良好的抗肝腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的生物活性。此外,蛇床子素還能顯著抑制TGF-β誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤侵襲效應(yīng),表明蛇床子素能減少肝癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,對(duì)肝腫瘤患者的預(yù)后起到十分積極的作用。本研究結(jié)果提示蛇床子素可能在人肝癌治療中有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
[1]Sherman M.Hepatocellular Carcinoma:Epidemiology,Surveillance,and Diagnosis[J].Semin Liver Dis,2010,30(1):3-16.
[2]Enguita-Germán M,F(xiàn)ortes P.Targeting the insulin-like growth factor pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World J Hepatol,2014,6(10):716-737.
[3]Zhu QC,Gao RY,Qin HL,et al.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer[J].Asian Pasific J Cancer Pre,2013,14(5):2689-2698.
[4]Xu J,Lamouille S,Derynck R.TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition[J].Cell Res,2009,19(2):156-172.
[5]Munger JS,Sheppard D.Cross talk among TGF-b signaling pathways,integrins,and the extracellular matrix[J].Cold SpringHarb PerspectBiol,2011,3(11):a005017.
[6]Sipos F,Galamb O.Epithelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-toepithelial transitions in the colon[J].World J Gastroenterol,2012,18(7):601-608.
[7]Zhang B,Halder SK,Kashikar ND,et al.Antimetastatic role of Smad4 signaling in colorectal cancer[J].Gastroenterology,2010,138(3):969-980.
[8]Balayssac S,Gilard V,Malet-Martino M,et al.Analysis of herbal dietary supplements for sexual performance enhancement:first characterization of propoxyphenyl-thiohydroxyhomosildenafil and identification of sildenafil,thiosildenafil,phentolamine and tetrahydropalmatine as adulterants[J].J Pharm Biomed Anal,2012,63:135-150..
[9]Lin YC,Lin JC,Way TD,et al.Osthole inhibits insulin-like growth factor-1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition via the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in human brain cancer cells[J].J Agric Food Chem,2014,62(22):5061-5071
[1 0]Gao Z,Wen Q,Zou S.Osthole augments therapeutic efficiency of neural stem cells-based therapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis[J].J Pharmacol Sci,2014,124(1):54-65.
[1 1]Kong Y,Chen J,Chen C,et al.Cucurbitacin e induces cell cycle g2/m phase arrest and apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer[J].PLoS One,2014,9(7):e103760.
[1 2]Lampropoulos P,Zizi-Sermpetzoglou A,Papavassiliou AG,et al.TGF-beta signalling in colon carcinogenesis[J].Cancer Lett,2012,314(1):1-7.
[1 3]Sipos F,Galamb O.Epithelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-toepithelial transitions in the colon[J].World J Gastroenterol,2012,18(7):601-608.
[1 4]Lachenmayer A,Alsinet C,Llovet JM,et al.Molecular approaches to treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Digestive and Liver Disease,2010,3:S264-S272.
[1 5]Song G,Luo Q,Shi Y,et al.Effects of oxymatrine on proliferation and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells[J].Colloids and Surfaces B:Biointerfaces,2006,48(1):1-5.
(收稿:2014-08-07 修回:2014-11-03)
Osthole Inhibited The Growth and TGF-β-induced Invasion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
WANGJinjun.The Central Hospital of Jinhua City,Jinhua(321000),China
Objective To investigate the effects of osthole on proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells.Methods HepG2 cells were treated with various concentrations(50,100,150,200μM)of osthole.The proliferation of osthole-treating HepG2 cells was measured by using MTT assay.Cell cycle of the HepG2 cells treated with osthole was evaluated by flow cytometry with PI staining.The effect of osthole on invasion induced by TGF-β was measured by transwell method.The expressions of invasion related proteins MMP9 and vimentin were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with control group,osthole significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells(P<0.05).The growth of HepG2 cells in all osthole groups was different between 24h treatment and 48h treatment and between 72h treatment and 48h treatment(all P<0.05).Significant difference in HepG2 cell growth was found between 100,150,200μM of osthole group and control group(all P<0.05),between 150μM and 100μM of osthole groups(P<0.05),and between 200μM and 150μM of osthole groups(P<0.05).Compared with control group,the HepG2 cell growth,the expression of MMP-9 and vimentin in all osthole plus TGF-β groups was significantly different(all P<0.05).The cell count and the expression of MMP9 and vimentin were statistically different among different concentration of osthole plus TGF-β groups(all P<0.05).Conclusion Osthole can inhibit the growth and invasion in hepatocellula carcinoma.
hepatocellular carcinoma;tumor invasion;osthole;HepG2;TGF-β;MMP-9
浙江省金華市中心醫(yī)院兒一科(金華 321000)