謝敏娟 徐石張 傅小一
血管緊張素轉換酶基因多態(tài)性與兒童原發(fā)性腎病綜合征關聯(lián)性的系統(tǒng)評價和Meta分析
謝敏娟1徐石張2傅小一1
目的 系統(tǒng)評價血管緊張素轉換酶(ACE)基因多態(tài)性與兒童原發(fā)性腎病綜合征(PNS)的關聯(lián)。方法 計算機檢索PubMed、EMBASE、Wiley Online Library、Cochrane圖書館、Science Citation Index、Google Scholar、中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、中國生物醫(yī)學文獻數(shù)據(jù)庫和維普數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時間為2000年1月1日至2014年5月31日,納入ACE基因多態(tài)性與兒童PNS關聯(lián)的病例對照研究。提取PNS組和對照組基因型和等位基因頻率,計算各納入文獻對照組Hardy-Weinberg平衡(HWE),并進行文獻偏倚評價。采用Stata 12.0軟件,對PNS組和對照組ACE基因DD、DI、II基因型和D、I等位基因頻率的差異行Meta分析。結果 14篇文獻進入Meta分析,共納入2 849例研究對象,其中PNS組1 264例,對照組1 585例。14篇文獻偏倚風險較大。①D等位基因頻率PNS組高于對照組(OR=1.277,95%CI 1.080~1.509,P=0.004);I等位基因頻率PNS組低于對照組(OR=0.811,95%CI 0.738~0.892,P<0.001)。②DD基因型頻率PNS組高于對照組(OR=1.505,95%CI 1.136~1.994,P=0.004);II基因型頻率PNS組低于對照組(OR=0.746,95%CI 0.634~0.877,P<0.001);DI基因型頻率PNS組與對照組差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(OR=0.932,95%CI 0.805~1.079,P=0.347)。③6篇文獻對照組不符合HWE,剔除后8篇文獻行敏感性分析,結果無明顯變化;④DD基因型和D等位基因的文獻間具有異質性,對照人群的來源、種族可解釋部分的異質性,HWE與否不是異質性的原因。結論ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因與兒童PNS的關聯(lián)性不確定,如果有關聯(lián),強度可能較低。
血管緊張素轉換酶; 基因多態(tài)性; 兒童; 腎病綜合征; Meta分析
隨著分子生物學技術的廣泛應用,某些與原發(fā)性腎病綜合征(PNS)發(fā)病相關的致病基因陸續(xù)被發(fā)現(xiàn),其中包括較為常見的血管緊張素轉換酶(ACE)基因[1,2]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACE基因的第16內(nèi)含子中存在287 bp片段的缺失(D)與插入(I),主要表現(xiàn)為缺失純合子DD,并能影響血液中ACE水平[3,4]。之后多項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ACE基因的D或I等位基因與多種腎臟病(如糖尿病腎病、IgA腎病)存在關聯(lián)[5~7]。ACE基因多態(tài)性與PNS是否存在聯(lián)系,目前仍無明確結論。Zhou等[8,9]曾對ACE基因多態(tài)性與兒童PNS的關聯(lián)性行系統(tǒng)評價,但該研究未能對不同種族ACE基因多態(tài)性與PNS的關聯(lián)性進行分析,尤其缺乏中國兒童PNS的數(shù)據(jù)。本文在已發(fā)表相關Meta分析的基礎上,進一步檢索和納入中國PNS患兒的文獻,探討ACE基因多態(tài)性與PNS的關聯(lián)性。
1.1 文獻納入標準 ①ACE基因與PNS關聯(lián)性的病例對照研究;②文獻中有關于PNS診斷標準的描述;③PNS組年齡<18歲,對照組為健康成人或兒童;④采用PCR技術行ACE基因檢測,PCR引物序列根據(jù)Rigat等[3]采用的ACE基因序列設計;⑤文獻中提供了兩組ACE各基因型或等位基因的例數(shù);⑦中文和英文文獻。
1.2 文獻排除標準 重復發(fā)表的文獻。
1.3 文獻檢索策略
1.3.1 數(shù)據(jù)庫 計算機檢索PubMed、EMBASE、Wiley Online Library、Cochrane圖書館、Science Citation Index、Google Scholar、中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、中國生物醫(yī)學文獻數(shù)據(jù)庫和維普數(shù)據(jù)庫。檢索起止時間均為2000年1月至2014年5月。并回溯檢索到相關文獻的參考文獻。
1.3.2 檢索式 中文檢索詞:血管緊張素、血管緊張素轉換酶、基因、多態(tài)性、兒童、小兒、腎病綜合征等;英文檢索詞:angiotensin converting enzyme、ACE、nephrotic syndrome、NS、gene、polymorphism、childen、pediatric、idiopathic。以PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫為例,英文檢索式:“angiotensin converting enzyme” (MeSH) OR pediatric (MeSH) OR “nephritic syndrome” (MeSH);以CBM數(shù)據(jù)庫為例,中文檢索式:血管緊張素轉換酶 AND 兒童 AND 腎病綜合征。
1.4 文獻篩選、資料提取和偏倚評價 由謝敏娟、徐石張完成,如遇分歧由傅小一決定。
1.4.1 文獻篩選和資料提取 閱讀文題和摘要排除明顯不相關的文獻,對可能符合納入標準的文獻閱讀全文決定是否納入。提取項目包括:第一作者、發(fā)表時間、國家、語種、對照人群類型、樣本量、樣本來源、實驗方法、PNS組和對照組ACE各基因型(DD、DI、II)的例數(shù)和等位基因的頻數(shù)。對納入文獻對照組行Hardy-Weinberg平衡(HWE)檢驗。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學分析 采用Stata 12.0軟件行Meta分析,采用比值比(OR)作為效應量行Meta分析。行文獻間異質性檢驗,P<0.1為文獻間存在統(tǒng)計學異質性,采用隨機效應模型;P≥0.1為文獻間具同質性,采用固定效應模型合并結果。對于存在顯著統(tǒng)計學異質性的文獻,采用亞組分析和回歸分析行異質性原因分析。發(fā)表偏倚檢驗采用漏斗圖和Begg檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 文獻檢索結果 依據(jù)本文文獻檢索策略獲得270篇文獻,14篇文獻[10~23]符合納入和排除標準進入本文系統(tǒng)評價(圖1)。14篇文獻共納入2 849例研究對象,其中PNS組為1 264例,對照組為1 585例。文獻[12~15]以健康成人為對照組,余文獻以健康兒童作為對照組;中國人群的研究7篇[17~23]。納入14篇文獻的一般情況和ACE基因型、等位基因數(shù)據(jù)見表1。
圖1 文獻篩選流程圖
Fig 1 Flow chart of aricle screening and selection process
2.2 文獻偏倚風險評價 圖2顯示,14篇文獻條目1、4、6、8~10、12~14符合率為0,條目2、3符合率為92.9%,條目7的符合率為57.1%,條目5的符合率為21.4%,條目11的符合率為14.3%。
2.3 發(fā)表偏倚 對14篇納入文獻的DD基因型行發(fā)表偏倚檢驗,漏斗圖對稱(圖3),Begg檢驗P=0.743,提示發(fā)表偏倚可能性不大。
表1 納入14篇文獻的基本情況(n)
Notes HWE: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; HC: healthy children; HA: healthy adult
圖2 納入14篇文獻的偏倚風險評價結果
Fig 2 Quality of 14 included studies
Notes 1:power;2:controls characterization;3:case characterization;4: LD exploration;5:polymorphism identification;6:genotyping error check;7:Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium;8: blinding;9:multiple testing ;10:covariate adjusment;11:risks;12:population stratification adjustment;13:replication;14:functional study
2.4 Meta分析結果
2.4.1 D和I等位基因與PNS的關聯(lián)性 報道D等位基因文獻的異質性檢驗I2=61.2%,有統(tǒng)計學異質性,采用隨機效應模型合并結果。Meta分析結果顯示,D等位基因頻率PNS組高于對照組,OR=1.277,95%CI 1.080~1.509,P=0.004(圖4)。
報道I等位基因文獻的異質性檢驗I2=8.5%,無統(tǒng)計學異質性,采用固定效應模型合并結果。Meta分析結果顯示,I等位基因頻率PNS組低于對照組,OR=0.811,95%CI 0.738~0.892,P<0.001(圖4)。
2.4.2 不同基因型與PNS的關聯(lián)性 報道DD基因型文獻間存在統(tǒng)計學異質性(P=0.013,I2=51.6%),采用隨機效應模型合并結果,Meta分析結果顯示,DD基因型頻率PNS組高于對照組,OR=1.505,95%CI 1.136~1.994,P=0.004(圖5) 。
圖3 DD基因型發(fā)表偏倚的漏斗圖
Fig 3Funnel plot of D allele
報道II和DI基因型文獻間具同質性(I2分別為18.8%和7.6%),固定效應模型的Meta分析結果顯示,II基因型頻率PNS組低于對照組,OR=0.746,95%CI 0.634~0.877,P<0.001(圖5),DI基因型頻率PNS組與對照組差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,OR=0.932,95%CI 0.805~1.079,P=0.347(圖5,6)。
2.5 敏感性分析 本文6篇文獻對照組不符合HWE,剔除后8篇文獻行敏感性分析,Meta分析結果顯示,D等位基因頻率PNS組高于對照組,OR=1.521,95%CI: 1.273~1.820;DD基因型頻率PNS組亦高于對照組,OR=2.083,95%CI:1.542~2.805(表3),與原結果相比無明顯變化。
2.6 異質性原因分析 DD基因型和D等位基因文獻間具顯著異質性,以對照人群來源、國家、HWE行異質性原因分析,表3顯示,DD基因型非中國人群、成人對照的文獻間無統(tǒng)計學異質性,D等位基因成人對照的文獻間無統(tǒng)計學異質性。HWE與否不是異質性的原因。
圖4 D、I等位基因與PNS關聯(lián)性的Meta分析
圖5 DD、II基因型與PNS關聯(lián)性的Meta分析
圖6 DI基因型與PNS關聯(lián)性的Meta分析
Fig 6 Meta analysis of relationship between DI genotype and PNS
本文Meta分析納入14篇ACE基因與兒童PNS的遺傳關聯(lián)性研究,行14個條目的文獻質量評價顯示,9/14個條目的符合率為0,僅2個條目的符合率>90%,2個條目的符合率<25%,且有6篇文獻對照組不符合HWE,提示本文Meta分析納入的文獻具有局限性。14篇文獻的發(fā)表偏倚可能性不大。本Meta分析的證據(jù)強度低。
Lee等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),42%的DD基因型患者進展為終末期腎病(ESRD),而在II基因型中僅有25%的患者最終發(fā)展為ESRD[24]。Frishberg等[25]研究顯示,近50%攜帶D等位基因的患者隨訪過程中出現(xiàn)腎功能損害,II基因型者腎功能均正常。Luther等發(fā)現(xiàn)2/21例基因型II患者出現(xiàn)腎功能損害,50例攜帶等位基因D的患者中,超過60%出現(xiàn)腎功能損害[26]。存在等位基因D的患兒更易進展為局灶性節(jié)段性腎小球硬化[24,27],提示ACE基因多態(tài)性可能與PNS相關。
表3 等位基因D與基因型DD的亞組分析
本文ACE基因多態(tài)性的Meta分析結果提示, DD基因型和D等位基因與PNS的發(fā)生存在統(tǒng)計學關聯(lián),但文獻間存在統(tǒng)計學異質性,以對照人群來源、國家行亞組分析,能部分解釋異質性的來源。同時本文納入的14篇文獻中有6篇(42.9%)對照組不符合HWE,提示ACE基因可能不是一個特異性的PNS相關的基因,異質性來源與HWE無關,進一步對HWE或非HWE文獻的敏感性分析顯示,結果無明顯變化。
本文Meta分析結果效應值的95%CI下限接近無效值1,行亞組分析后更為明顯,特別是中國人群DD基因型與PNS的關聯(lián)性差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,結果存在顯著的不精確性,提示ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因與兒童PNS的關聯(lián)性不確定,如果有關聯(lián),強度可能較低。
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(本文編輯:丁俊杰)
Relationship between ACE gene polymorphisms and pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a meta-analysis
XIEMin-juan1,XUShi-zhang2,FUXiao-yi1
(1DepartmentofPathology,YichunUniversity,Yichun336000; 2DepartmentofNephrology,YichunPeople'sHospital,JiangxiProvince,Yichuan336000,China)
FU Xiao-yi,E-mail:1059139963@qq.com
ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (PNS).MethodsCase-control studies searched from the database of PubMed, EMBASE, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane Library, Science Citation Index, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastucture, Wanfang Data, China Biology Medicine, China science and technology journal were recruited to summarize the association betweenACEgene polymorphisms with PNS from January 2000 to May 2014. Meta-analysis of the frequency of D, I alleles and DD, DI, II genotypes between PNS group and the control group were performed by Stata 12.0 software.Results Fourteen literatures including 2 849 subjects (1 264 in PNS group and 1 585 in the control group) were recruited. ① The frequency of D allele in PNS group was higher than that in the control group (OR=1.277,95%CI 1.080-1.509,P=0.004)and the frequency of I allele in PNS group was lower than that in the control group (OR=0.811,95%CI 0.738-0.892,P<0.001). ② The frequency of DD genotype in PNS group was higher than that in the control group (OR=0.746,95%CI 0.634-0.877,P<0.001), the frequency of II genotype in PNS group was lower than that in the control group (OR=0.746,95%CI 0.634-0.877,P<0.001) and there was no significant difference of the frequency of DI genotype between PNS and the control groups. ③ Six literatures did not meet Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but it did not bias the study by sensitive analysis. ④ The articles reported D allele and DD genotype showed significant heterogeneity. The control group and race could explain partial heterogeneity, but Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was not the cause of heterogeneity.ConclusionThe relation about DD gene and D allele with PNS was not indubitable. The strength of the association about ACE gene and PNS gene was possibly lower.
Angiotensin converting enzyme; Gene polymorphism; Pediatrics; Nephritic syndrome; Meta-analysis
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2015.05.009
1 江西省宜春學院病理教研室 宜春,336000;2 江西省宜春市人民醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科 宜春,336000
傅小一,E-mail:1059139963@qq.com
2015-01-24
2015-07-12)